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62-571: Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Дани́лович Ме́ншиков ; 16 November [ O.S. 6 November] 1673 – 23 November [ O.S. 12 November] 1729) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo , Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora ( Duke of Ingria ), Prince of the Holy Roman Empire , Duke of Cosel . A highly appreciated associate and friend of Tsar Peter

124-603: A reigning monarch), Ukrainian and Russian : князь , romanized :  knyaz , etc., are usually translated as "prince" in English. Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such as tsarevich from tsar . Other examples are (e) mirza (da), khanzada , nawabzada , sahibzada , shahzada , sultanzada (all using the Persian patronymic suffix -zada , meaning "son, descendant"). However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of

186-454: A slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there

248-605: A specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such as fils de France in the House of Capet , and Infante . Infante was borne by children of the monarch other than the heir apparent in all of the Iberian monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such as Prince of Asturias in Spain and Prince of Brazil in Portugal. Sometimes

310-782: A specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g. Mian in various of the Punjabi princely Hill States (lower Himalayan region in British India). European dynasties usually awarded appanages to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Britain's royal dukes , the Dauphin in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and

372-778: A style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g., " grand duke " in Romanov Russia or " archduke " in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g. Prince de Tarente for the La Trémoïlle heirs to the Neapolitan throne ), or descends from a ruler whose princely title or sovereign status was not de jure hereditary, but attributed to descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g., Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan , Poniatowski , Ypsilanti ). In some dynasties,

434-491: A sudden illness. On his recovery Peter's fondness for his friend overcame his sense of justice. In 1714 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In the last year of Peter's reign new allegations of fraud by Menshikov came to light, and he was obliged to appeal for protection to the empress Catherine . It was chiefly through the efforts of Menshikov and his colleague Tolstoi that, on the death of Peter, in 1725, Catherine

496-481: A time, holders of such other titles as duke , margrave , landgrave , count palatine , and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of their appanage to the family's original title. This tended to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g. Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst ; Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg ; or Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg ) and, as agnatic primogeniture gradually became

558-404: A title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a seigneurie to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the princes du sang and by the princes étrangers were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside

620-446: A title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France's ancien régime , so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs of Saint-Simon . These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and

682-822: A treaty or a victory. Examples include: Eastern Europe In the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the titles of prince dated either to the times before the Union of Lublin or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them hereditary titles : see The Princely Houses of Poland . In Ukraine, landlords and rulers of Kievan Rus' were called князь ( knjazʹ ), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated as knyaz in Ukrainian (e. g. Ivan Mazepa , "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes of Rurik Dynasty obeyed their oldest brother, who

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744-459: A vassal to a liege lord , nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g. the Princedom of Dombes . Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as princes in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of count or higher. This

806-455: Is a military rank of the highest degree , superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used. The word generalissimo ( pronounced [dʒeneraˈlissimo] ), an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of generale ( 'general' ) thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". The superlative suffix -issimo itself derives from Latin -issimus , meaning "utmost, to

868-444: Is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted) Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles): In Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Ukraine, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Belarus and Hungary

930-541: Is a ruler of a territory that is sovereign or quasi-sovereign, i.e., exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, such as the immediate states within the historical boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire . In medieval and early modern Europe , there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and Gaelic Ireland . In this sense, "prince"

992-495: Is accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king), at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant were often deemed entitled to the crown matrimonial , sharing their consorts' regnal title and rank jure uxoris . However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g., four in Islam ) or official concubines (e.g., Imperial China , Ottoman Empire , Thailand ,

1054-532: Is attested in some surviving styles for e.g., British earls, marquesses , and dukes are still addressed by the Crown on ceremonial occasions as high and noble princes (cf. Royal and noble styles ). In parts of the Holy Roman Empire in which primogeniture did not prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimate agnates had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While titles such as emperor , king , and elector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at

1116-578: Is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy. It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization. It's crucial to use the proper title while speaking to members of the royal family because Brunei is an absolute monarchy , and inappropriate use might be uncomfortable. The heir apparent and crown prince , styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness),

1178-473: Is officially known as Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince); A blood prince is officially known as Pengiran Muda (Prince); their names are styled differently: If they do not have additional titles, the Sultan's sons are addressed as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness); The Pengiran Muda Mahkota's sons are addressed as Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness). Before Qin dynasty , prince (in

1240-512: Is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower. In the Joseon Dynasty , the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. The title was divided into two: the king's legitimate son used the title daegun (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"), but any other male royals used the title gun (군, 君, lit. "prince"). These included the descendants of

1302-608: Is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is the Renaissance use of the term found in Niccolò Machiavelli 's famous work, Il Principe . It is also used in this sense in the United States Declaration of Independence . As a title, by the end of the medieval era, prince was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of

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1364-676: Is usually translated as Huang Zi ( 皇子 , lit. Son of the Emperor) or Wang Zi ( 王子 lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles). As a title of nobility, prince can be translated as Qin Wang according to tradition, Da Gong (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King ( Wang ), or just Zhu Hou ( 诸侯 , lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco). In Japan,

1426-677: The Western Front in 1918 or Joseph Stalin on the Eastern Front in 1945), or if a senior military officer becomes a chief of state or a head of government (like Chiang Kai-shek in the Republic of China or Francisco Franco in Spain ). The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank. In fact

1488-517: The Azov campaigns (1695–1696) against the Ottoman Empire. During the tsar's first foreign tour in the next year, Menshikov worked by his side in the dockyard of Amsterdam , and acquired a thorough knowledge of shipbuilding and colloquial Dutch and German. He acted as subordinate to Boris Sheremetev , who was commander-in-chief during the retreat before Charles XII in 1708, subsequently participating in

1550-602: The Parlement of Paris . These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below ducal peerages , since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs: This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as Fürst in German. An example of this is: Spain, France and Netherlands In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as

1612-500: The Russian Empire , were also accorded the title of knyazʹ —sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of tsarevich (e.g. the Princes Gruzinsky and Sibirsky ). In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territory associated with it, each separated by

1674-470: The Zulu monarchy ), these women, sometimes collectively referred to as a harem , often have specific rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne. To complicate matters, the style His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness , a prefix often accompanying

1736-489: The battle of Holowczyn , the reduction of Mazepa , and the crowning victory of Poltava (8 July [ O.S. 27 June] 1709), where he won his field-marshal 's baton. Around 1706 he had a conflict with Andrew Vinius ; Vinius lost all of his land and goods. From 1709 to 1714 he served during the Courland , Holstein and Pomeranian campaigns, but then, as governor-general of Ingria , with almost unlimited powers,

1798-486: The crown prince before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of consortium imperii . Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. Maha Upayuvaraja ( Sanskrit for Great Joint King in Cambodia ), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers. In several countries of

1860-411: The sovereign . Alternatively, those of imperial blood or the commanders-in-chief of several allied armies could gain the title. The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 became the first imperial generalissimo (general of the generals) of the Holy Roman Empire . Other usage of the title has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers (such as Ferdinand Foch on

1922-399: The "kingship" of Yvetot, among others. A prince or princess who is the head of state of a territory that has a monarchy as a form of government is a reigning prince. The current princely monarchies include: In the same tradition, some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called micronations style themselves as princes: Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of

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1984-542: The 18th century (although Liechtenstein long remained an exception, with cadets and females using Fürst/Fürstin into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a Fürst in Germany. The custom spread through the Continent to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to a cadet branch of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, " Prince Eugene of Savoy ". Note that

2046-557: The Count of Syracuse in Sicily . Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g. Prince of Achaia (Courtenay), Prince de Condé (Bourbon), Prince of Carignan (Savoy), but it was the fact that their owners were of princely rank rather than that they held a princely title which was the source of their pre-eminence. For the often specific terminology concerning an heir apparent, see Crown prince . Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of

2108-587: The European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of nobility or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to the royal family , which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes. France and the Holy Roman Empire The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as

2170-512: The Great , he was the de facto ruler of Russia from 1725 to 1727. Menshikov was born on 16 November [ O.S. 6 November] 1673 in Moscow. Historian Paul Bushkovitch argues that Menshikov was not an aristocrat and was most likely descended from servants of the palace stables, who among others made up the first soldiers of Peter's 'toy armies.' As the legend (dating from around 1710) goes, he

2232-451: The country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of princeps. The title has generic and substantive meanings: The original but now less common use of the word was the application of the Latin word prīnceps , from late Roman law and the classical system of government that eventually gave way to the European feudal society. In this sense, a prince

2294-518: The dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. as regent or viceroy . Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. " prince-president " for Napoleon III as French head of state but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in Luxembourg , repeatedly filled by

2356-468: The end of the 17th century, the heir apparent to the House of La Tour d'Auvergne 's sovereign duchy bears the title Prince de Bouillon , but he would record in 1728 that the heir's La Tour cousin, the Count of Oliergues, is " known as the Prince Frederick" (" dit le prince Frédéric"). The post-medieval rank of gefürsteter Graf (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of

2418-606: The former highest title which was then replaced by Huang Di ( 皇帝 , lit. Emperor). Since Western Jin , the Wang rank was divided into two ranks, Qin Wang ( 親王 , lit. King of the Blood) and Jun Wang ( 郡王 , lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitled Qin Wang , so prince is usually translated as Qin Wang , e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince

2480-566: The grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , which did not need the approval of Stalin. The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy. In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who took dictatorial power in their respective countries, especially due to the Spanish leader Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it

2542-414: The habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a Fürst would become known as Prinzen . The husband of a queen regnant is usually titled " prince consort " or simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil, Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch

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2604-572: The highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages include generalísimo in Spanish , generalíssimo in Portuguese , généralissime in French , and generalissimus in Latin. The Russian word генералиссимус , generalissimus comes from Latin. Historically, this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state, usually only subordinate to

2666-472: The intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown ( de jure after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops and the right to wage war and contract treaties ; local judicial authority and constabulary enforcement; and

2728-603: The king up to the grandsons of illegitimate sons of the king and the crown prince, and up to the great grandsons of daegun s, with other royals being able to be named gun if they reached the second rank. But the title of gun wasn't limited to the royal family. It was also granted as an honorary title to the king's father-in-law and to gongsin (공신, 功臣, lit. "servant of merit") and was only conditionally hereditary for gongsin s. Generalissimo Generalissimo ( / ˌ dʒ ɛ n ( ə ) r ə ˈ l ɪ s ɪ m oʊ / JEN -(ə-)rə- LIS -ih-moh ), also generalissimus ,

2790-553: The norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing the monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title of Prinz for the monarch's title of Fürst occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg . Both Prinz and Fürst are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive concepts. This distinction had evolved before

2852-456: The one who takes the first [place/position] ' ), became the usual title of the informal leader of the Roman senate some centuries before the transition to empire , the princeps senatus . Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the basis of principate , not dominion . He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in

2914-533: The prince's minority. He now aimed at establishing himself definitely by marrying his daughter Mary to Peter II. But the old nobility , represented by the Dolgorukovs and the Galitzines , united to overthrow him, and he was deprived of all his dignities and offices and expelled from the capital (20 September [ O.S. 9 September] 1727). Subsequently, he was deprived of his enormous wealth, stripped of

2976-542: The princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary. Cadets of France's other princes étrangers affected similar usage under the Bourbon kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial, designation encountered some resistance. In writing Histoire Genealogique et Chonologique , Père Anselme accepts that, by

3038-473: The rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A lord of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a prince before the 13th century, either from translations of a native title into the Latin prīnceps (as for the hereditary ruler of Wales ) or when the lord's territory was allodial . The lord of an allodium owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as

3100-599: The sense of royal family member) had no special title. Princes of the Zhou dynasty were specifically referred to as Wangzi (王子) and Wangsun (王孫), which mean "son of the king" and "grandson of the king," while princes of the vassal states were referred to as Gongzi (公子) and Gongsun (公孫), which mean "son of the lord" and "grandson of the lord," respectively. Sons of the vassals may receive nobility titles like Jun (君), Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕). Since Han dynasty , royal family members were entitled Wang ( 王 , lit. King),

3162-474: The side of the head, after Tsar Peter saw Menshikov dancing with his sword still on, which is considered to be highly rude and offensive. Menshikov built a wooden church in Beryozovo. He buried his daughter who died in exile there. Menshikov's younger children survived the exile and were eventually returned to the court. Prince The Latin word prīnceps (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, lit.   '

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3224-683: The title Kōshaku ( 公爵 ) was used as the highest title of Kazoku ( 華族 Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. Kōshaku , however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: Shinnō ( 親王 literally, Prince of the Blood); Naishinnō ( 内親王 lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); and Shinnōhi 親王妃 lit., Princess Consort); or Ō ( 王 lit., Prince); Jyo-Ō ( 女王 lit., Princess (in her own right)); and Ōhi ( 王妃 lit., Princess Consort). The former

3286-626: The title of prince has also been used as the highest title of nobility (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title of duke , while the same usage (then as Fürst ) has occurred in Germany and Austria but then one rank below the title of duke and above count . The above is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti). Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so,

3348-572: The title of a dynastic prince, may be awarded/withheld separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in some sense, e.g., Duke of Cádiz , Duchess of Windsor , Princesse de Réthy , Prince d'Orléans-Braganza ). Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are possible. Foreign-language titles such as Italian : principe , French : prince , German : Fürst , German: Prinz (non-reigning descendant of

3410-463: The titles, and he and his whole family were banished to Beryozovo in Siberia , where he died on 23 November [ O.S. 12 November] 1729. His wife Darya Mikhailovna (born Arseneva) died on their way into exile in 1728 near Kazan . According to Simon Sebag Montefiore in his book The Romanovs 1613–1918 Menshikov was once punched twice by Tsar Peter the Great, once in the nose and once on

3472-406: The whole he ruled well, his difficult position serving as some restraint upon his natural inclinations. He contrived to prolong his power after Catherine's death by means of a forged will and a coup d'état . While his colleague Peter Tolstoi would have raised Elizabeth Petrovna to the throne, Menshikov set up the youthful Peter II , son of the tsarevich Alexei , with himself as dictator during

3534-494: Was due to the prince's looting in Poland . On his return to Russia in 1712, Peter discovered that Menshikov had turned a blind eye to wholesale corruption in his own governor-generalship. Peter warned him "for the last time" to change his ways. Yet, in 1713, he was implicated in the "Solovey process", in the course of which it was demonstrated that he had defrauded the government of 100,000 roubles. He only owed his life on this occasion to

3596-499: Was entrusted with a leading part in the civil administration. Menshikov understood perfectly the principles on which Peter's reforms were conducted and was the right hand of the tsar in all his gigantic undertakings. But he abused his powerful position, and his corrupt practices frequently brought him to the verge of ruin. Every time the tsar returned to Russia he received fresh accusations of plunder against "his Serene Highness ." Peter's first serious outburst of indignation (March 1711)

3658-417: Was making a living on the streets of Moscow as a vendor of stuffed buns known as pirozhki at the age of twenty. His fine appearance and witty character caught the attention of Franz Lefort , Peter's first favourite, who took him into his service and finally transferred him to the tsar. On the death of Lefort in 1699, Menshikov succeeded him as Peter's prime favourite and confidant. He took an active part in

3720-690: Was practically the absolute ruler of Russia. He promoted himself to the unprecedented rank of Generalissimo , and was the only Russian to bear a princedom title. Upon finishing the construction of the Menshikov Palace on the Neva Embankment in St Petersburg (now assigned to the Hermitage Museum ), Menshikov intended to make Oranienbaum a capital of his ephemeral Principality . Pushkin in one of his poems alluded to Menshikov as "half-tsar". On

3782-572: Was raised to the throne. Menshikov was committed to the Petrine system, and he recognised that, if that system were to continue, Catherine was, at that particular time, the only possible candidate. Her name was a watchword for the progressive faction. Her placement on the throne meant a final victory over ancient prejudices, a vindication of the new ideas of progress, and not least security for Menshikov and his ill-gotten fortune. During Catherine's short reign (February 1725 – May 1727), Menshikov

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3844-477: Was taking the title of Grand Prince of Kiev . In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia. With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the new cossack nobility . In the Russian system, knyaz was the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to

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