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123-406: The División de Honor stands at the sixth level of Spanish football. All of the clubs are based in the autonomous community of Andalusia . Created in 2016, the league consists of two groups organised on a provincial basis (one for Western/Lower Andalusia  [ es ] and the other for Eastern/Upper Andalusia  [ es ] ), each consisting of 18 teams. At the end of the season,

246-854: A 1.2 kilometres ( 3 ⁄ 4  mi) land border with the Andalusian portion of the province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar. The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains, separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north, the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central . To

369-409: A Mediterranean climate with a marked character of a continental climate . The continentalized Mediterranean climate is similar to a typical Mediterranean climate , but with more extreme temperatures typical of a continental climate. Lack of a marine influence leads to much more extreme temperatures: hotter summers and quite cold winters, with a daily oscillation of 18.5 °C (33.3 °F). Summer

492-481: A "nationality" ( nacionalidad ). The national holiday, Andalusia Day , is celebrated on 28 February, commemorating the 1980 autonomy referendum. The honorific title of Hijo Predilecto de Andalucía ("Favourite Son of Andalusia") is granted by the Autonomous Government of Andalusia to those whose exceptional merits benefited Andalusia, for work or achievements in natural, social, or political science. It

615-598: A 47.5% after 1980. ... Castilla–La Mancha is divided into 5 provinces named after their capital cities. The following category includes: According to the official data of the INE , Castilla–La Mancha consists of 919 municipalities, which amount to 11.3 percent of all the municipalities in Spain. 496 of these have less than 500 inhabitants, 231 have between 501 and 2,000 inhabitants, 157 between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, and only 35 have more than 10,000 inhabitants. The municipalities in

738-555: A Gothic term, * landahlauts , and in 2002, Bossong suggested its derivation from a pre-Roman substrate. The Spanish place name Andalucía (immediate source of the English Andalusia ) was introduced into the Spanish languages in the 13th century under the form el Andalucía . The name was adopted to refer to those territories still under Moorish rule, and generally south of Castilla Nueva and Valencia , and corresponding with

861-756: A demographic decline. In contrast, besides the provincial capitals, two specific areas bordering the Madrid region associated to the Madrid metropolitan area have experienced a population growth well above the national average: La Sagra (around the A-42 highway) and the Henares Corridor (around the A-2 ). Overall, as of 2016, the NUTS-2 region of Castilla–La Mancha featured an average index of demographic vulnerability of 30, similar to those of

984-512: A flag were proposed during the era of the "pre-autonomous" region. The selected design was that of heraldist Ramón José Maldonado. This was made official in Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy: The coat of arms of Castilla–La Mancha is based on the flag of the region, and not the other way around, as is more typical in heraldry. Article 1 of the law 1/1983 describes it as follows: Some institutions of

1107-517: A government agency coordinates with the owner of the property for its management), all part of the European Union 's Natura 2000 network. Under the international ambit are the nine Biosphere Reserves , 20 Ramsar wetland sites, four Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance and two UNESCO Geoparks . In total, nearly 20 percent of the territory of Andalusia lies in one of these protected areas, which constitute roughly 30 percent of

1230-519: A historical region of northern Valencia . In broad terms, the typical vegetation of Andalusia is Mediterranean woodland , characterized by leafy xerophilic perennials , adapted to the long, dry summers. The dominant species of the climax community is the holly oak ( Quercus ilex ). Also abundant are cork oak ( Quercus suber ), various pines , and Spanish fir ( Abies pinsapo ). Due to cultivation, olive ( Olea europaea ) and almond ( Prunus dulcis ) trees also abound. The dominant understory

1353-538: A latitude between 36° and 38° 44' N, in the warm-temperate region. In general, it experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate , with dry summers influenced by the Azores High , but subject to occasional torrential rains and extremely hot temperatures. In the winter, the tropical anticyclones move south, allowing cold polar fronts to penetrate the region. Still, within Andalusia there is considerable climatic variety. From

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1476-466: A manner compatible with both conservation and economic exploitation, many of the most representative ecosystems have been given protected status. The various levels of protection are encompassed within the Network of Protected Natural Spaces of Andalusia (Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía, RENPA) which integrates all protected natural spaces located in Andalusia, whether they are protected at

1599-403: A maximum of 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) recorded at La Rambla , Córdoba (14 August 2021). The mountains of Granada and Jaén have the coldest temperatures in southern Iberia, but do not reach continental extremes (and, indeed are surpassed by some mountains in northern Spain). In the cold snap of January 2005, Santiago de la Espada (Jaén) experienced a temperature of −21 °C (−6 °F) and

1722-580: A range of altitudes and slopes. Andalusia has the Iberian peninsula's highest mountains and nearly 15 percent of its terrain over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The picture is similar for areas under 100 metres (330 ft) (with the Baetic Depression), and for the variety of slopes. The Atlantic coast is overwhelmingly beach and gradually sloping coasts; the Mediterranean coast has many cliffs, above all in

1845-531: A region together with the Province of Madrid , "New Castile". The justice administration stood in between the national and provincial levels of government (also unaligned with the purported regional classification insofar Albacete is concerned), with the audiencia of Albacete managing the provinces of Albacete, Cuenca and Ciudad Real, and the audiencia of Madrid managing the provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara (and that of Madrid). The aforementioned modifications to

1968-627: A result, at their mouths are estuaries and wetlands , such as the marshes of Doñana in the delta of the Guadalquivir, and wetlands of the Odiel. In contrast, the rivers of the Mediterranean Basin are shorter, more seasonal, and make a precipitous descent from the mountains of the Baetic Cordillera. Their estuaries are small, and their valleys are less suitable for agriculture. Also, being in

2091-478: A rich variety of birds. Some are of African origin, such as the red-knobbed coot ( Fulica cristata ), the purple swamphen ( Porphyrio porphyrio ), and the greater flamingo ( Phoenicopterus roseus ). Others originate in Northern Europe, such as the greylag goose ( Anser anser ). Birds of prey (raptors) include the Spanish imperial eagle ( Aquila adalberti ), the griffon vulture ( Gyps fulvus ), and both

2214-579: A statute of autonomy within Spain. The Parliament of Andalusia voted unanimously in 1983 that the preamble to the Statute of Autonomy recognise Blas Infante as the Father of the Andalusian Nation ( Padre de la Patria Andaluza ), which was reaffirmed in the reformed Statute of Autonomy submitted to popular referendum 18 February 2007. The preamble of the present 2007 Statute of Autonomy says that Article 2 of

2337-526: A typical Mediterranean climate. Precipitation presents a notable gradient from the center of the region, where it does not surpass 400 millimetres (16 in) per year, to the mountains where it can exceed 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year, on the slopes of the Sierra de Gredos and the Serranía de Cuenca . The greater part of the region has less than 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain annually. The driest part of

2460-441: A vital role in the region's transition from prehistory to protohistory . Castilla-La Mancha Castilla–La Mancha ( UK : / k æ ˌ s t iː j ə l æ ˈ m æ n tʃ ə / , US : /- l ɑː ˈ m ɑː n tʃ ə / ; Spanish: [kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa] ) is an autonomous community of Spain . Comprising the provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , it

2583-564: Is Seville , while the seat of the its High Court of Justice is the city of Granada . Andalusia is immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Gibraltar shares

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2706-516: Is January when Granada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada experiences an average temperature of 6.4 °C (43.5 °F). The hottest are July and August, with an average temperature of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) for Andalusia as a whole. Córdoba is the hottest provincial capital, followed by Seville . The Guadalquivir valley has experienced some of the highest temperatures recorded in Europe, with

2829-660: Is at the level of each province , with provinces being assigned the following number of deputies as of 2023: Albacete, 7; Ciudad Real, 7; Cuenca, 5; Guadalajara, 5; and Toledo, 9. Article 10 of the Statute of Autonomy states that elections will be convoked by the President of the Junta of Communities, following the General Electoral Regime ( Régimen Electoral General ), on the fourth Sunday in May every four years. This stands in contrast to

2952-415: Is composed of thorny and aromatic woody species, such as rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), thyme ( Thymus ), and Cistus . In the wettest areas with acidic soils , the most abundant species are the oak and cork oak, and the cultivated Eucalyptus . In the woodlands, leafy hardwoods of genus Populus (poplars, aspens, cottonwoods) and Ulmus (elms) are also abundant; poplars are cultivated in

3075-503: Is derived from the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia, "Al-Andalus". The etymology of the name "Al-Andalus" is disputed, and the extent of Iberian territory encompassed by the name has changed over the centuries. Traditionally it has been assumed to be derived from the name of the Vandals . Since the 1980s, a number of proposals have challenged this contention. Halm, in 1989, derived the name from

3198-455: Is divided into five principal watersheds . The Tagus , Guadiana , and Guadalquivir drain into the Atlantic Ocean and the Júcar and Segura into the Mediterranean Sea . The Tagus provides water for some 587,000 inhabitants in a watershed of 26,699 square kilometres (10,309 sq mi). It includes the entire province of Guadalajara and the greater part of the province of Toledo, including

3321-471: Is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted in 716 by the new Muslim government of Iberia . These coins, called dinars , were inscribed in both Latin and Arabic . The region's history and culture have been influenced by the Tartessians , Iberians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Greeks , Romans , Vandals , Visigoths , Byzantines , Berbers , Arabs , Jews , Romanis and Castilians . During

3444-692: Is located in the middle of the Iberian peninsula , occupying the greater part of the Submeseta Sur, the vast plain composing the southern part of the Meseta Central . The Submeseta Sur (and the autonomous community) is separated from the Submeseta Norte (and the community of Castilla y León ) by the mountain range known as the Sistema Central . Despite this, the region has no shortage of mountain landscapes:

3567-524: Is not a particularly high range, and its highest point, the 1,323-metre (4,341 ft) peak of La Bañuela in the Sierra Madrona , lies outside of Andalusia. Within the Sierra Morena, the gorge of Despeñaperros forms a natural frontier between Castile and Andalusia. The Baetic Cordillera consists of the parallel mountain ranges of the Cordillera Penibética near the Mediterranean coast and

3690-408: Is polycentric, with no dominant central city. Insofar the largest municipality (Albacete) is located in the peripheral southeast, Madrid (outside the region), exerts influence over the extension of the so-called Corredor del Henares  [ es ] into the province of Guadalajara (including the provincial capital) as well as the north of the province of Toledo. The rest of urban centres lie on

3813-500: Is present, deeper soils allowed farming of cereals suitable for livestock. The more complicated morphology of the Baetic Cordillera makes it more heterogeneous, with the most heterogeneous soils in Andalusia. Very roughly, in contrast to the Sierra Morena, a predominance of basic (alkaline) materials in the Cordillera Subbética, combined with a hilly landscape, generates deeper soils with greater agricultural capacity, suitable to

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3936-429: Is the driest season, with temperatures often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes reaching and exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). In winter, temperatures often drop below 0 °C (32 °F), producing frosts on clear nights, and occasional snow on cloudy nights. Castilla–La Mancha is part of what has traditionally been called España Seca ("Dry Spain"). It receives relatively scarce precipitation , much as in

4059-527: Is the eighth level of competition of the Spanish Football League in Andalusia . The Segunda Andaluza is played with 222 teams in 15 groups of 10-18. At the end of the season, four clubs being promoted to each province's Primera Andaluza group. Four clubs each from Cádiz and Granada and eight clubs from Seville are relegated to Tercera Andaluza. Tercera Andaluza is the ninth level of competition of

4182-515: Is the highest distinction given by the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The Sevillian historian Antonio Domínguez Ortiz wrote that: one must seek the essence of Andalusia in its geographic reality on the one hand, and on the other in the awareness of its inhabitants. From the geographic point of view, the whole of the southern lands is too vast and varied to be embraced as a single unit. In reality there are not two, but three Andalusias:

4305-511: Is the hottest area of Europe, with Córdoba and Seville averaging above 36 °C (97 °F) in summer high temperatures. These high temperatures, typical of the Guadalquivir valley are usually reached between 4 p.m. and 9 p.m. (local time), tempered by sea and mountain breezes afterwards. However, during heat waves late evening temperatures can locally stay around 35 °C (95 °F) until close to midnight, and daytime highs of over 40 °C (104 °F) are common. Its present form

4428-581: Is the ridge of the Sierra Morena, the southern border of the Meseta Central and the region's border with Andalusia . Within the Sierra Morena, distinction can be made between the Sierra Madrona , Sierra de Alcudia and Sierra de San Andrés . At the other southern extreme of Castilla–La Mancha, the Sierra de Alcaraz and Sierra del Segura form part of the Sistema Bético . The territory of Castilla–La Mancha

4551-410: Is the seventh level of competition of the Spanish Football League in Andalusia . The Primera Andaluza is played with 140 teams in eight groups of 16-19. At the end of the season, the champions and runners-up are promoted and the 3rd placed teams playoff to fill any vacancies. Four clubs are relegated to Segunda Andaluza except those groups with 17 or 19 teams relegating five clubs. Segunda Andaluza

4674-573: Is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain , located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a historical nationality and a national reality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga , and Seville . Its capital city

4797-585: The Estoria de España (also known as the Primera Crónica General ) of Alfonso X of Castile , written in the second half of the 13th century, the term Andalucía is used with three different meanings: From an administrative point of view, Granada remained separate for many years even after the completion of the Reconquista due, above all, to its emblematic character as the last territory regained, and as

4920-622: The desamortizaciones , particularly those of Mendizábal and Madoz. From 1836 to 1924 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) of land were auctioned (1,100,000 hectares of municipal properties and the rest church's property). They were purchased by the political and economic elites of the country. Seeking to curb immigration to the Spanish capital, the so-called Madrid Decongestion Plan of 1959 created planned industrial estates in Alcázar de San Juan, Manzanares, Guadalajara, and Toledo. The plan did not yield

5043-464: The 4.2 kiloyear event . A number of these Bronze Age settlements, the motillas , were built over Chalcolithic settlements. During the Iron Age II (La Tène culture) , the territory occupied by the current provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete had a larger influence from Punic - Phoenician and Greek colonists, while the territory occupied by the current provinces of Toledo, Guadalajara and Cuenca

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5166-713: The Alberche and the Tagus, rising up to its maximum heights at the summits of Cruces (1373 m), Pelados (1331 m) and San Vicente (1321 m). On the northwest is the Sistema Ibérico , where there is important fluvial and especially karstic activity, which has given rise to such landscapes as the Ciudad Encantada , the Callejones de Las Majadas and the Hoces del Cabriel . In the southeast

5289-676: The Arbonaida , meaning white-and-green in Mozarabic , a Romance language that was spoken in the region in Muslim times. Nowadays, the Andalusian government states that the colours of the flag evoke the Andalusian landscape as well as values of purity and hope for the future. The anthem of Andalusia was composed by José del Castillo Díaz (director of the Municipal Band of Seville, commonly known as Maestro Castillo) with lyrics by Blas Infante. The music

5412-646: The Baetic Depression , the basin of the Guadalquivir, lies between these two mountainous areas. It is a nearly flat territory, open to the Gulf of Cádiz in the southwest. Throughout history, this has been the most populous part of Andalusia. Andalusia has rivers that flow into both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Flowing to the Atlantic are the Guadiana , Odiel - Tinto , Guadalquivir , Guadalete , and Barbate . Flowing to

5535-498: The Barbary sheep ( Ammotragus lervia ), an invasive species from Africa, introduced for hunting in the 1970s. Among the small herbivores are rabbits—especially the European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus )—which form the most important part of the diet of the carnivorous species of the Mediterranean woodlands. The large carnivores such as the Iberian wolf ( Canis lupus signatus ) and

5658-797: The Cordillera Subbética inland, separated by the Surco Intrabético . The Cordillera Subbética is quite discontinuous, offering many passes that facilitate transportation, but the Penibético forms a strong barrier between the Mediterranean coast and the interior. The Sierra Nevada, part of the Cordillera Penibética in the province of Granada, has the highest peaks in Iberia: El Mulhacén at 3,478 metres (11,411 ft) and El Veleta at 3,392 metres (11,129 ft). Lower Andalusia,

5781-565: The Early Neolithic . The natural region of La Mancha presents a number of archaeological sites related to the so-called Culture of Las Motillas of the Bronze Age , tentatively considered as the earliest reported case of human culture in Western Europe able to implement a system of underground water collection, whose installment is possibly connected to the surface water crisis caused by

5904-542: The European polecat ( Mustela putorius ), the least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ), the European wildcat ( Felis silvestris ), the common genet ( Genetta genetta ), and the Egyptian mongoose ( Herpestes ichneumon ). Other notable species are Acherontia atropos (a variety of death's-head hawkmoth ), Vipera latasti (a venomous snake ), and the endemic (and endangered) fish Aphanius baeticus . Andalusia has many unique ecosystems. In order to preserve these areas in

6027-475: The Gulf of Cádiz ( Atlantic Ocean ); to the north the Sierra Morena constitutes the border with the Meseta Central ; to the south, the self-governing British overseas territory of Gibraltar and the Strait of Gibraltar separate it from Morocco . Andalusia is home to the hottest and driest climates in Spain, with yearly average rainfall around 150 millimetres (5.9 in) in Cabo de Gata , as well as some of

6150-424: The Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) are quite threatened, and are limited to the Sierra de Andújar, inside of Sierra Morena, Doñana and Despeñaperros. Stocks of the wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), on the other hand, have been well preserved because they are popular with hunters. More abundant and in varied situations of conservation are such smaller carnivores as otters , dogs, foxes, the European badger ( Meles meles ),

6273-579: The Islamic Golden Age , Córdoba surpassed Constantinople to be Europe 's biggest city, and became the capital of Al-Andalus and a prominent center of education and learning in the world, producing numerous philosophers and scientists. The Crown of Castile conquered and settled the Guadalquivir Valley in the 13th century. The mountainous eastern part of the region (the Emirate of Granada )

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6396-419: The Kura of Santover  [ es ] ) had an important role in the Muslim settlement of parts of the Middle March. The city of Toledo stood distinctly unruly towards the Cordobese authorities, and remained a major city of al-Andalus, preserving quite of its former importance and hosting a leading cultural centre that lasted even after the Christian conquest. As consequence of the fitna of al-Andalus in

6519-471: The Latin words Dominator Hercules Fundator (Lord Hercules is the Founder) superimposed. The official flag of Andalusia consists of three equal horizontal stripes, coloured green, white, and green respectively; the Andalusian coat of arms is superimposed on the central stripe. Its design was overseen by Blas Infante and approved in the Assembly of Ronda (a 1918 gathering of Andalusian nationalists at Ronda ). Blas Infante considered these to have been

6642-403: The Montes de Toledo until its progressive quelling, already effective by the late 13th century. By that time, rural beekeepers self-organised to repel the predatory practices in the monte  [ es ] by the golfines, whose presence in the Montes de Toledo was further obliterated by the creation of the so-called hermandades viejas by councils at Toledo, Talavera or Villa Real in

6765-442: The Real Fábrica de Paños  [ es ] in Brihuega . The current provincial configuration roughly dates from the 1833 division by Javier de Burgos , establishing the outline of the modern provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , bar relatively minor later adjustments. Albacete was part, together with Murcia of a wider region, whereas Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo formed

6888-457: The Segura catchment area . The Upper Acheulean sites are mostly located within the limits of the current-day province of Ciudad Real, substantially increasing in number and territorial spread across the region for the ensuing Middle Paleolithic . The Upper Paleolithic in the region presents instances of the art of the Upper Paleolithic in the Serranía del Alto Tajo and the Upper Júcar . There are instances of Cardium pottery in Caudete from

7011-401: The Sierra Morena , the Valley [of the Guadalquivir ] and the [Cordillera] Penibética Andalusia has a surface area of 87,597 square kilometres (33,821 sq mi), 17.3% of the territory of Spain. Andalusia alone is comparable in extent and in the variety of its terrain to any of several of the smaller European countries. To the east is the Mediterranean Sea ; to the west Portugal and

7134-482: The Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park in the province of Cádiz, which experiences one of highest rainfall in Spain. Annual rainfall in the Sierra de Grazalema has been measured as high as 4,346 millimetres (171.1 in) in 1963, the highest ever recorded for any location in Iberia. Andalusia is also home to the driest place in Europe , the Cabo de Gata , with only 156 millimetres (6.1 in) of rain per year. In general, as one goes from west to east, away from

7257-405: The Sistema Central , among which can be distinguished the mountain ranges Pela, Ayllón , Somosierra, Barahona and Ministra, with the headwaters of the rivers Jarama , Cañamares and Henares . The Sistema Central also penetrates the northwest of the province of Toledo: a southwest to northeast sub-range known as the Sierra de San Vicente , bordered on the north by the Tiétar and on the south by

7380-405: The basin of the Segura . The soils of Andalusia can be divided into three large areas: the Sierra Morena , Cordillera Subbética , and the Baetic Depression and the Surco Intrabético . The Sierra Morena, due to its morphology and the acidic content of its rocks, developed principally relatively poor, shallow soils, suitable only for forests. In the valleys and in some areas where limestone

7503-441: The black and red kite ( Milvus migrans and Milvus milvus ). Among the herbivores , are several deer (Cervidae) species, notably the fallow deer ( Dama dama ) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ); the European mouflon ( Ovis aries musimon ), a feral sheep; and the Spanish ibex ( Capra pyrenaica , which despite its scientific name is no longer found in the Pyrenees ). The Spanish ibex has recently been losing ground to

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7626-446: The commercial balance with the exterior carrying out an economic policy that tried to foster industrial capacity through economic interventionism . The State shall either stimulate the capacity of private capital or simply provide the capital itself. Examples of royal manufactures created in the 18th century included the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara, the Real Fábrica de Sedas  [ es ] in Talavera de la Reina, or

7749-411: The rain shadow of the Baetic Cordillera means that they receive a lesser volume of water. The following hydrographic basins can be distinguished in Andalusia. On the Atlantic side are the Guadalquivir basin; the Andalusian Atlantic Basin with the sub-basins Guadalete-Barbate and Tinto-Odiel; and the Guadiana basin. On the Mediterranean side is the Andalusian Mediterranean Basin and the upper portion of

7872-486: The ski resort at Sierra Nevada National Park —the southernmost ski resort in Europe—dropped to −18 °C (0 °F). Sierra Nevada Natural Park has Iberia's lowest average annual temperature, (3.9 °C or 39.0 °F at Pradollano) and its peaks remain snowy practically year-round. Mountain ranges affect climate, the network of rivers, soils and their erosion, bioregions, and even human economies insofar as they rely on natural resources. The Andalusian terrain offers

7995-419: The (southern) Guadiana drainage basins. The most outstanding peaks of this modest mountain range include La Villuerca (1,601 meters (5,253 ft)) and Rocigalgo (1,447 meters (4,747 ft)). In contrast, a more mountainous zone surrounds the Meseta and serves as the region's natural border. In the north of the Province of Guadalajara , bordering Madrid and Segovia , is a mountain range forming part of

8118-468: The 1833 division include the party of Villena (lost by Albacete to Alicante in 1836), Requena (lost by Cuenca to Valencia in 1851), Villarrobledo (lost by Ciudad Real to Albacete c.  1846 ) or Valdeavero (lost by Guadalajara to Madrid in 1850). The provincial government institution was the provincial deputation . The agrarian capitalism favoured by the bourgeoisie in the 19th century enshrined an economy based on cereal commodities and

8241-415: The Arabic term al-Andalus , in historical contexts the Spanish term Andalucía or the English term Andalusia do not necessarily refer to the exact territory designated by these terms today. Initially, the term referred exclusively to territories under Muslim control. Later, it was applied to some of the last Iberian territories to be regained from the Muslims, though not always to exactly the same ones. In

8364-449: The Atlantic, there is less precipitation. "Wet Andalusia" includes most of the highest points in the region, above all the Sierra de Grazalema but also the Serranía de Ronda in western Málaga. The valley of the Guadalquivir has moderate rainfall. The Tabernas Desert in Almería has less than 300 millimetres (12 in) annually. Much of "dry Andalusia" has more than 300 sunny days a year. The average temperature in Andalusia throughout

8487-415: The Castillian-Manchegan territory and 36.6 percent of total of the Júcar watershed. It includes the eastern parts of the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete, including their respective capitals. Finally, the 34 municipalities of southeastern Albacete fall in the Segura watershed, with an extent of 4,713 square kilometres (1,820 sq mi). Castilla–La Mancha has a continentalized Mediterranean climate :

8610-424: The Iberian form of settlement was the oppidum . From the 7th century BC onward, the Celtiberian settlements were characterised instead by the somewhat smaller castros . In the 2nd century BC, by the time of the advent of the Roman conquest wars, the first actual cities had begun to grow in the inner plateau. The Roman conquest brought substantial transformations to the Carpetani urban settlements, including

8733-451: The Junta are the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha , the President of the Junta and the Council of Government. The Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha represent the popular will through 33 deputies elected by universal adult suffrage through the secret ballot . They are elected for a term of four years under a proportional system intended to guarantee representation to the various territorial zones of Castilla–La Mancha. The electoral constituency

8856-570: The Malagan Axarquía and in Granada and Almería. This asymmetry divides the region naturally into Upper Andalusia  [ es ] (two mountainous areas) and Lower Andalusia  [ es ] (the broad basin of the Guadalquivir). The Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central . Although sparsely populated, this

8979-555: The Mediterranean are the Guadiaro , Guadalhorce , Guadalmedina , Guadalfeo , Andarax (also known as the Almería) and Almanzora . Of these, the Guadalquivir is the longest in Andalusia and fifth longest on the Iberian peninsula, at 657 kilometres (408 mi). The rivers of the Atlantic basin are characteristically long, run through mostly flat terrain, and have broad river valleys. As

9102-535: The Sower") from the zarzuela La rosa del azafrán by Jacinto Guerrero , the "Canto a la Mancha" ("Song of La Mancha") by Tomás Barrera, and many others, such as one presented by a group of citizens from Villarrobledo with the title "Patria sin fin" ("Fatherland without end"). Article 8 of the Statute of Autonomy states that the powers of the region are exercised through the Junta of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha ( Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha ). Organs of

9225-771: The Spanish Football League in Andalusia . The Tercera Andaluza is played with 107 teams in 7 groups of 12-16 teams. At the end of the season, in Cádiz and Granada, the top four teams are promoted while the five champions and the best runner-up are promoted in Seville plus two playoff winners between the other four runners-up. Andalusia Andalusia ( UK : / ˌ æ n d ə ˈ l uː s i ə , - z i ə / AN -də- LOO -see-ə, -⁠zee-ə , US : /- ʒ ( i ) ə , - ʃ ( i ) ə / -⁠zh(ee-)ə, -⁠sh(ee-)ə ; Spanish : Andalucía [andaluˈθi.a] , locally also [-ˈsi.a] )

9348-840: The Western Mediterranean subregion of the Mediterranean Basin , which falls within the Boreal Kingdom . Five floristic provinces lie, in whole or in part, within Andalusia: along much of the Atlantic coast, the Lusitanian-Andalusian littoral or Andalusian Atlantic littoral; in the north, the southern portion of the Luso-Extremaduran floristic province; covering roughly half of the region, the Baetic floristic province; and in

9471-607: The area. The 15th century also brought a growing importance of the political elites belonging to towns of the southern meseta in the affairs of the Crown of Castile relative to the prior uncontested preponderance of those elites from towns north of the Sistema Central. Throughout the 18th century, following the War of Spanish Succession , the Spanish Bourbon monarchs sought to equilibrate

9594-580: The autonomous communities of the Basque Country , Catalonia , Galicia , Andalusia and the Valencian Community where the president has the power to convoke elections at any time. Since the Spanish regional elections of 2023 , the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha has consisted of 17 deputies from social democratic PSOE , 12 from conservative People's Party and 4 from far right Vox . The Cortes sits in

9717-472: The central plains (with for example, the presence of intermediate agro-cities in La Mancha), contrasting with the sparsedly populated mountains and other peripheral areas. The Meseta is the dominant landscape unit of a great part of the territory of Castilla–La Mancha: a vast, uniform plain with little relief. The west-to-east Montes de Toledo range cuts across the meseta separating the (northern) Tagus and

9840-577: The champions of each group are promoted to the corresponding groups in the Tercera División RFEF (Group 9 and Group 10) and the runners-up playoff for possible promotion. If there any vacancies further in Tercera RFEF, a playoff must take place between teams qualified 3rd to fill possible vacancies. The bottom three teams in each group are relegated to the Primera Andaluza . Primera Andaluza

9963-605: The colours most used in regional symbols throughout the region's history. According to him, the green came in particular from the standard of the Umayyad Caliphate and represented the call for a gathering of the populace. The white symbolised pardon in the Almohad dynasty , interpreted in European heraldry as parliament or peace. Other writers have justified the colours differently, with some Andalusian nationalists referring to them as

10086-572: The cultivation of olives. Finally, the Baetic Depression and the Surco Intrabético have deep, rich soils, with great agricultural capacity. In particular, the alluvial soils of the Guadalquivir valley and plain of Granada have a loamy texture and are particularly suitable for intensive irrigated crops. In the hilly areas of the countryside, there is a double dynamic: the depressions have filled with older lime-rich material, developing

10209-565: The dawn of the 14th century. Despite a poorly representative degree of permeability, urban oligarchies in the current-day region during the Late Middle Ages were largely perpetuated by means of lineage, through inheritance and marriage. Following the ascension of the Trastámaras , the territory of the current-day province of Toledo underwent a process of seigneuralization, and a number of non-religious lordships were progressively created in

10332-512: The deep, rich, dark clay soils the Spanish call bujeo , or tierras negras andaluzas , excellent for dryland farming. In other zones, the whiter albariza provides an excellent soil for vineyards . Despite their marginal quality, the poorly consolidated soils of the sandy coastline of Huelva and Almería have been successfully used in recent decades for hothouse cultivation under clear plastic of strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, and other fruits. Biogeographically, Andalusia forms part of

10455-548: The early 11th century, an independent polity with its center in Toledo (the Taifa of Toledo ), emerged, roughly occupying the territory of the current-day provinces of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Guadalajara and Cuenca (as well as that of Madrid), Following the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085, the ensuing unsuccessful attempts by North-African Almoravids and Almohads to take the city turned

10578-663: The ensuing emiral and caliphal period of Al-Andalus. During this era, the Middle March had eminently a military nature, both shielding the core of Al-Andalus from the raids of the Northern Christian polities as well as serving as staging ground for Muslim offensive campaigns against the former. Berber clans such as the Masmuda Banu-Salim (linked to the founders of Guadalajara ) or the Hawwara Banu Zennun (based in

10701-413: The expected results as Madrid kept growing and the industrial zones eventually stagnated. Under the auspices of the 1978 Constitution , a decree-law was issued on 15 November 1978, establishing the conditions of the "pre-autonomous regime" of the "Castilian-Manchegan region". A joint assembly of legislators and provincial deputies of the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Toledo

10824-468: The extensive coastal plains one may pass to the valley of the Guadalquivir, barely above sea level, then to the highest altitudes in the Iberian peninsula in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada . In a mere 50 km (31 mi) one can pass from the subtropical coast of the province of Granada to the snowy peaks of Mulhacén . Andalusia also includes both the dry Tabernas Desert in the province of Almería and

10947-675: The extreme east, the Almerian portion of the Almerian-Murcian floristic province and (coinciding roughly with the upper Segura basin) a small portion of the Castilian-Maestrazgan-Manchegan floristic province. These names derive primarily from past or present political geography: "Luso" and "Lusitanian" from Lusitania , one of three Roman provinces in Iberia, most of the others from present-day Spanish provinces, and Maestrazgo being

11070-409: The figure of Hercules and two lions between the two pillars of Hercules that tradition situates on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar. An inscription below, superimposed on an image of the flag of Andalusia reads Andalucía por sí, para España y la Humanidad ("Andalusia for herself, Spain and Humanity"). Over the two columns is a semicircular arch in the colours of the flag of Andalusia, with

11193-486: The first regional legislature in May 1983 and the ensuing investiture of José Bono as regional president. By December 1983 still less than half of citizens actually knew the autonomous community they belonged to. Since its opening in 1979 the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer has caused a severe social-economic impact on the region, with the water resources available in the Tagus headwaters decreasing by about

11316-533: The former Franciscan convent in Toledo, the Edificio de San Gil ("San Gil building"). The Council of Government is the collegial executive organ of the region. It directs regional political and administrative action, exercises an executive function and regulatory powers under the Spanish Constitution of 1978 , the Statute of Autonomy, and the laws of the nation and region. The Council of Government consists of

11439-539: The former Roman province hitherto called Baetica in Latin sources. This was a Castilianization of Al-Andalusiya , the adjectival form of the Arabic language al-Andalus , the name given by the Arabs to all of the Iberian territories under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492. The etymology of al-Andalus is itself somewhat debated (see al-Andalus ), but in fact it entered the Arabic language before this area came under Moorish rule. Like

11562-527: The founding of the city of Reccopolis by Visigoths in the late 6th century was a singular development in the context of the European Early Middle Ages . Following the 8th century Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula , just after the 741 Berber Revolt , the so-called Middle March of Al-Andalus ( al-Ťāğr al-Awsat ) was created as territorial sub-division, existing for the rest of

11685-460: The largest cities. Castilla–La Mancha is bordered by Castile and León , Madrid , Aragon , Valencia , Murcia , Andalusia , and Extremadura . Prior to its establishment as an autonomous community, its territory was part of the New Castile ( Castilla la Nueva ) region along with the province of Madrid, except for Albacete province, which was part of the former Murcia region. Castilla–La Mancha

11808-409: The level of the local community, the autonomous community of Andalusia, the Spanish state, or by international conventions. RENPA consists of 150 protected spaces, consisting of two national parks , 24 natural parks , 21 periurban parks (on the fringes of cities or towns), 32 natural sites, two protected countrysides, 37 natural monuments, 28 nature reserves, and four concerted nature reserves (in which

11931-465: The mid 19th-century subordinated the interests of the provinces to those of Madrid and the Levante , although it fostered the development of some urban centres such as those of Alcázar de San Juan , Manzanares and Albacete . The five provinces lost relative demographic weight relative to the national total over the course of the century. The territory of the current-day region was singularly affected by

12054-415: The mountains. The biodiversity of Andalusia extends to its fauna as well. More than 400 of the 630 vertebrate species extant in Spain can be found in Andalusia. Spanning the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins, and adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar, Andalusia is on the migratory route of many of the numerous flocks of birds that travel annually from Europe to Africa and back. The Andalusian wetlands host

12177-419: The north are small and numerous, while in the south they are larger and fewer. This reflects different histories of how these sub-regions were repopulated during the Reconquista . The Organic Law 9/1982 (August 10, 1982), which is the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla–La Mancha established the flag of Castilla–La Mancha and the law 1/1983 (30 June 1983) established the coat of arms. Seven different designs for

12300-413: The plains of Granada. The Andalusian woodlands have been much altered by human settlement, the use of nearly all of the best land for farming, and frequent wildfires . The degraded forests become shrubby and combustible garrigue . Extensive areas have been planted with non- climax trees such as pines. There is now a clear conservation policy for the remaining forests, which survive almost exclusively in

12423-435: The present Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognises Andalusia as a nationality . Later, in its articulation, it speaks of Andalusia as a "historic nationality" (Spanish: nacionalidad histórica ). It also cites the 1919 Andalusianist Manifesto of Córdoba describing Andalusia as a "national reality" ( realidad nacional ), but does not endorse that formulation. Article 1 of the earlier 1981 Statute of Autonomy defined it simply as

12546-550: The president, vice presidents (if any) and the Councilors. The President of the Junta directs the Council of Government and coordinates the functions of its members. The president is elected by the Cortes from among its members, then formally named by the monarch of Spain . The president's official residence is the Palace of Fuensalida in Toledo. Large parts of the region are experiencing

12669-691: The primary sector, favouring the leveling of the reduced industrial activity—chiefly textile—in the territory corresponding to the current-day region, whereas mining output—with sites such of the mercury deposits in Almadén or the coal deposits in Puertollano—remained below potential. A silver rush broke out in the mining district around Hiendelaencina after 1844. Large-scale mining of lead and zinc in San Quintín (province of Ciudad Real) ensued in between 1884 and 1934. The arrival of railway transport in

12792-734: The protected territory of Spain. Among these many spaces, some of the most notable are the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park , Spain's largest natural park and the second largest in Europe, the Sierra Nevada National Park , Doñana National Park and Natural Park , the Tabernas Desert , and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park , the largest terrestrial-maritime reserve in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. The geostrategic position of Andalusia, at

12915-533: The region have adopted this coat of arms as part of their own emblem, among these the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha, the Consultative Council and the University of Castilla–La Mancha . Although Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy indicates that the region will have its own anthem, after more than 25 years no such anthem has been adopted. Among the proposed anthems have been the "Canción del Sembrador" ("Song of

13038-706: The region is along the Albacete- Hellín axis, with less than 360 millimetres (14 in) per year. The Pinedo site  [ es ] presents material linked to the transition from earlier settlers to the Early Acheulean . Archaeological sites related to the Middle Acheulean in the current-day region lie on the Campo de Calatrava as well as in the source of the Villanueva river, the Guadiana catchment area and

13161-505: The region of " La Mancha ", managed from just 25 castles. The weak Christian grip over the territory collapsed after their crushing defeat from the Almohads in Alarcos (1195). Christian control south of the Tagus would only start to consolidate after the 1212 battle of Las Navas . The weak settlement and insecurity also allowed for countryside banditry (the so-called golfines ) in the area of

13284-602: The rest of Europe. Still, the growth of the community in the sectors of industry and services was above average in Spain and higher than many communities in the Eurozone . The region has a rich culture and a strong identity. Many cultural phenomena that are seen internationally as distinctively Spanish are largely or entirely Andalusian in origin. These include flamenco and, to a lesser extent, bullfighting and Hispano-Moorish architectural styles , both of which are also prevalent in some other regions of Spain. Andalusia's hinterland

13407-439: The seat of the important Real Chancillería de Granada , a court of last resort . Still, the reconquest and repopulation of Granada was accomplished largely by people from the three preexisting Christian kingdoms of Andalusia, and Granada came to be considered a fourth kingdom of Andalusia. The often-used expression " Four Kingdoms of Andalusia " dates back in Spanish at least to the mid-18th century. The Andalusian emblem shows

13530-516: The social division between slaves and freemen, the monetary economy, the fostering of manufacture and trade or the new Roman acculturation . The territory of the current region was mining-rich in Antiquity, with mentions in classical sources to the mining of cinnabar from Sisapo  [ es ] , silver, gold and other minerals such as selenite from Segobriga and the laminitana sharpening stone . Built from scratch on state initiative,

13653-582: The south, the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia  [ es ] lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia  [ es ] is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ), which in turn may be derived from the Vandals , the Goths or pre-Roman Iberian tribes. The toponym al-Andalus

13776-407: The southern slopes of the aforementioned Sistema Central in the north, the Sistema Ibérico in the northeast, and the Sierra Morena and Montes de Toledo in the south. Castilla–La Mancha is the third largest of Spain's autonomous regions, with a surface area of 79,463 square kilometres (30,681 sq mi), representing 15.7 percent of Spain's national territory. The regional urban structure

13899-621: The southernmost tip of Europe , between Europe and Africa and between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea , has made it a hub for various civilizations since the Metal Ages . Its wealth of minerals and fertile land, combined with its large surface area, attracted settlers from the Phoenicians to the Greeks , who influenced the development of early cultures like Los Millares , El Argar , and Tartessos . These early Andalusian societies played

14022-515: The territory of the inner plateau south of the Tagus subject to extreme warfare for about a century and a half. The military insecurity south of the Tagus constrained the colonisation process undertaken by the new Castilian rulers. This underpinned the features of a sparse population in the region; as a result, ranching became a mainstay of the economy, which later led to the leading role of the military orders . The latter controlled over 20,000 km in

14145-464: The two largest cities of the latter province: the capital, Toledo, as well as Talavera de la Reina . The Guadiana watershed extends 26,646 square kilometres (10,288 sq mi) in Castilla–La Mancha, 37 percent of that river's entire watershed, with a population of 583,259 inhabitants. It includes the southern part of the province of Toledo, nearly all of the province of Ciudad Real (except

14268-534: The very south), the southwest of the province of Cuenca and the northwest of the province of Albacete. The Guadalquivir watershed extends over 5.2 percent of the surface area of the autonomous community, extending 4,100 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi) through the southern parts of the provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete, including such important population center as Puertollano . The Júcar watershed had, in 2006, 397,000 inhabitants in an area of 15,737 square kilometres (6,076 sq mi), 19.9 percent of

14391-405: The wettest ones, with yearly average rainfall above 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in inland Cádiz . In the west, weather systems sweeping in from the Atlantic ensure that it is relatively wet and humid in the winter, with some areas receiving copious amounts. Contrary to what many people think, as a whole, the region enjoys above-average yearly rainfall in the context of Spain. Andalusia sits at

14514-533: The year is over 16 °C (61 °F). Averages in the cities range from 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) in Baeza to 19.2 °C (66.6 °F) in Seville . However, a small region on the Mediterranean coast of Almeria and Granada provinces have average annual temperature over 20 °C (68 °F). Much of the Guadalquivir valley and the Mediterranean coast has an average of about 18 °C (64 °F). The coldest month

14637-578: Was created in 1982. The government headquarters are in Toledo , which is the capital de facto . It is a landlocked region largely occupying the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula 's Inner Plateau , including large parts of the catchment areas of the Tagus , the Guadiana and the Júcar , while the northeastern relief comprises the Sistema Ibérico mountain massif. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions, with Albacete , Guadalajara , Toledo , Talavera de la Reina and Ciudad Real being

14760-505: Was established in Manzanares in 1981 to draft the early sketch of the regional statute. On 17 June 1982, the Congress of Deputies approved the final text of the regional statute (an organic law ), which was later published on 16 August 1982, giving birth to the autonomous community of "Castilla-La Mancha". The constituent process of the autonomous community was sealed with the election of

14883-468: Was inspired by Santo Dios , a popular religious song sung at harvest time by peasants and day labourers in the provinces of Málaga, Seville, and Huelva. Blas Infante brought the song to Maestro Castillo's attention; Maestro Castillo adapted and harmonized the traditional melody. The lyrics appeal to the Andalusians to mobilise and demand tierra y libertad ("land and liberty") by way of agrarian reform and

15006-467: Was more influenced by the substrate of the earlier Atlantic Bronze , helping to line up the diffuse separation of two large groups of pre-Roman peoples (" Iberi " and " Celtiberi "). Iberian-related peoples dwelling the southern rim of the inner plateau such as the Oretani and Contestani were organised in tribes ruled by a kinglet or chieftain, each one controlling a number of settlements. The main cog of

15129-468: Was subdued in the late 15th century. Atlantic-facing harbors prospered upon trade with the New World. Chronic inequalities in the social structure caused by uneven distribution of land property in large estates induced recurring episodes of upheaval and social unrest in the agrarian sector in the 19th and 20th centuries. Andalusia has historically been an agricultural region, compared to the rest of Spain and

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