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30-634: Analogous forms are found in some other languages, and they may also be described as present perfect; they often have other names such as the German Perfekt , the French passé composé and the Italian passato prossimo . They may also have different ranges of usage: in all three of the languages just mentioned, the forms in question serve as a general past tense, at least for completed actions. In English, completed actions in many contexts are referred to using

60-445: A habitual action: "I have lived here for five years." In modern English, the auxiliary verb used to form the present perfect is always to have . A typical present perfect clause thus consists of the subject , the auxiliary have/has , and the past participle (third form) of main verb. Examples: Early Modern English used both to have and to be as perfect auxiliaries. The usage differs in that to have expressed emphasis in

90-430: A mistake' (= *j'ai trompé moi-même , literally 'I fooled myself'), or as a dative form e.g. Je me suis donné du temps (= *j'ai donné du temps à moi-même , 'I gave myself some time'). To form the past participle for first-group verbs ( -ER verbs ) and aller too, drop the -er and add -é . To form the past participle for second-group verbs ( -IR verbs with -ISSANT gerund ), drop the -ir and add -i . To form

120-451: A past participle. The term passé composé (literally 'compound past') is the standard name for this form, which has perfective aspect rather than perfect aspect. The French simple past form, which also conveys perfective aspect, is analogous to the German simple past in that it has been largely displaced by the compound past and relegated to narrative usage. In standard French, a verb that

150-410: A true perfect aspect. Standard Spanish is like modern English in that haber is always the auxiliary regardless of the reflexive voice and regardless of the verb in question: Yo he comido ('I have eaten') Ellos han ido ('They have gone') Él ha jugado ('He has played') Spanish differs from French, German, and English in that its have word, haber , serves only as auxiliary in

180-432: Is plural . (Note that for verbs of the first and second group, the past participle ends with a vowel , thus the masculine and feminine, singular and plural forms are all pronounced the same. Within the third-group verbs, one can find past participles ending with a mute consonant, such as mis and fait , and those do change pronunciation.) Examples : For more information, see French verbs , and Agreement rules for

210-499: Is a past tense in the modern French language . It is used to express an action that has been finished completely or incompletely at the time of speech, or at some (possibly unknown) time in the past. It originally corresponded in function to the English present perfect , but now there is a tendency to use it for all completed actions in the past as the equivalent of the simple past . Its current usage corresponds fairly closely to that of

240-413: Is an important difference in usage between the perfect tense and the imperfect tense). The passé composé is usually translated into English as a simple past tense, "I saw", or as a present perfect would be, "I have seen". It could also be translated as emphatic past tense, "I did see". The auxiliary may actually be used similarly in any tense, leading to the French compound tenses. The auxiliary verb

270-412: Is the conjugation of être , with a past participle: The following is a list of verbs that use être (for intransitive usage) as their auxiliary verbs in passé composé : The above have been remembered using the mnemonic acronym DR and MRS VANDERTRAMP . (Other teaching methods have been used. An alternative version of the mnemonic acronym adds a final "P" (as ...TRAMPP), to account for "passer" in

300-526: Is typically avoir 'to have', but is sometimes être 'to be' (see below). This is the conjugation of avoir , with a past participle: The verbs that use être as an auxiliary verb are intransitive verbs that usually indicate motion or change of state. Since some of these verbs can be used as a transitive verb as well, they will instead take avoir as an auxiliary in those instances; e.g. Sortir , monter , descendre , entrer , retourner , and passer all have transitive and intransitive uses. This

330-425: Is used reflexively takes être ('to be') rather than avoir ('to have') as auxiliary in compound past tenses ( passé composé , plus-que-parfait , passé antérieur , futur antérieur ). In addition, a small set of about 20 non-reflexive verbs also use être as auxiliary (some students memorize these using the acrostic mnemonic DR & MRS VAN DER TRAMP ). The Spanish present perfect form conveys

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360-410: Is used chiefly for completed past actions or events when it is understood that it is the present result of the events that is focused upon, rather than the moment of completion. No particular past time frame is specified for the action/event. When a past time frame (a point of time in the past, or period of time which ended in the past) is specified for the event, explicitly or implicitly, the simple past

390-487: Is used rather than the present perfect. The tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a strong connection with the present and is used chiefly in conversations, letters, newspapers and TV and radio reports. It can also be used for ongoing or habitual situations continuing up to the present time (generally not completed, but the present time may be the moment of completion). That usage describes for how long or since when something has been

420-477: The sein -vs- haben distinction includes the intransitive-+-motion idea for sein ('to be') usage but is independent of the reflexive-voice difference when forming the Perfekt . French has no present perfect aspect. However, it has a grammatical form that is constructed in the same way as is the present perfect in English, Spanish, and Portuguese by using a conjugated form of (usually) avoir 'to have' plus

450-524: The Latin perfect tense . It is formed using an auxiliary verb and the past participle of a verb . In British teaching of French, the passé composé is usually known as the perfect tense . The passé composé is formed by the auxiliary verb, usually the avoir auxiliary, followed by the past participle . The construction is parallel to that of the present perfect (there is no difference in French between perfect and non-perfect forms - although there

480-444: The following section of "additional" être-conjugated verbs. Language evolution with time poses a challenge for this approach.) In addition to these, at least two other verbs are conjugated with être: In addition to the above verbs, all reflexive/pronominal verbs use être as their auxiliary verb. A reflexive/pronominal verb is one that relates back to the speaker, either as an object e.g. Je me suis trompé 'I'm mistaken, I made

510-405: The simple past verb form rather than the present perfect. English also has a present perfect continuous (or present perfect progressive) form, which combines present tense with both perfect aspect and continuous (progressive) aspect : "I have been eating". The action is not necessarily complete; and the same is true of certain uses of the basic present perfect when the verb expresses a state or

540-407: The surname Haben . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haben&oldid=1073233357 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

570-617: The auxiliary used is normally ter (Spanish tener ) rather than haver (Spanish haber ). Furthermore, the meaning of the present perfect is different from that in Spanish in that it implies an iterative aspect . Eu tenho comido translates to 'I have been eating' rather than 'I have eaten'. (However, other tenses are still as in Spanish: eu tinha comido means 'I had eaten' in modern Portuguese, like Spanish yo había comido .) The perfect aspect may be indicated lexically by using

600-512: The bread" refers to an action which is, as of now, completed. However, as seen above, not all uses of present perfect constructions involve an idea of completion. In the grammar of languages such as Latin and Ancient Greek, the form most closely corresponding to the English present perfect is known simply as the perfect . For more information see the article Perfect (grammar) . Pass%C3%A9 compos%C3%A9 The passé composé ( pronounced [pase kɔ̃poze] ; ' compound past ' )

630-450: The case, normally based on time expressions with for or since (such as for two years , since 1995 ). Then, the present perfect continuous form is often used, if a continuing action is being described. For examples, see Uses of English verb forms § Present perfect as well as the sections of that article relating to the simple past, present perfect continuous, and other perfect forms. Modern German has lost its perfect aspect in

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660-511: The equivalent of to be (e.g. German sein , French être , Italian essere ) serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages, such as German, Dutch, Danish (but not Swedish or Norwegian), French, and Italian (but not Spanish or Portuguese). Generally, the verbs that take to be as an auxiliary are intransitive verbs denoting motion or change of state (e.g. to arrive, to go, to fall ). For more details, see Perfect construction with auxiliaries . The present perfect in English

690-449: The latter occurred yesterday or a long time ago. For the same reason, speakers of Castilian Spanish use the present perfect to talk about the immediate past (events having occurred only a few moments ago), such as ¿Qué has dicho? No te he oído rather than ¿Qué dijiste? No te oí. ('What did you say? I couldn't hear you.') The Portuguese present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Modern Portuguese differs from Spanish in that

720-982: The modern language; it does not denote possession ('I have a car'), which is handled by the verb tener ('Tengo un coche'). In some forms of Spanish, such as the Rio Platense Spanish spoken in Argentina and Uruguay, the present perfect is rarely used: the simple past replaces it. In Castilian Spanish , however, the present perfect is normal when talking about events that occur "today". For example, to refer to "this morning", in Spain one would say, [Yo] me he levantado tarde y [eso] no me ha dado tiempo de desayunar ('I have woken up late and it has given me not time to-eat-breakfast'), instead of [Yo] me levanté tarde y [eso] no me dio tiempo de desayunar ('I woke up late and it gave me not time to-eat-breakfast'). With no context, listeners from Spain would assume that

750-412: The past participle for third-group verbs ( -RE verbs ), drop the -re and add -u . The use of the past participle in compound tenses in French is complicated by occasional " agreement " with the object of the action. In French, agreement is accomplished by adding an -e to the end of the past participle if the grammatical gender of the subject or direct object in question is feminine and an -s if it

780-530: The past participle in French  [ fr ] . haben#German Haben is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Surnames [ edit ] Andrew Haben (1834–1908), Prussian-born businessman and politician Ralph Haben (born 1941), American politician Stefan Haben (born 1987), German football player See also [ edit ] Haben Girma (born 1988), deafblind lawyer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

810-419: The present tense. The present perfect form implies the perfective aspect and colloquially usually replaces the simple past (except in the verb sein 'to be'), but the simple past still is frequently used in non-colloquial and/or narrative registers . The present perfect form is often called in German the "conversational past" while the simple past is often called the "narrative past". In Standard German,

840-421: The process of the action that was completed, whereas to be put the emphasis in the final state after the action is completed. Examples of the second can be found in older texts: In many other European languages, the equivalent of to have (e.g. German haben , French avoir , Italian avere ) is used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most or all verbs. However,

870-466: The simple past form of the verb, preceded by já ('already'): Eu já comi (lit.: 'I already ate') connotes 'I have already eaten'. E.g.: Ele já foi, como sabem, duas vezes candidato ao Prémio Sakharov, que é atribuído anualmente por este Parlamento. 'He has, as you know, already been nominated twice for the Sakharov Prize, which this Parliament awards each year.' The word perfect in

900-469: The tense name comes from a Latin root referring to completion, rather than to perfection in the sense of "having no flaws". (In fact this "flawless" sense of perfect evolved by extension from the former sense, because something being created is finished when it no longer has any flaws.) Perfect tenses are named thus because they refer to actions that are finished with respect to the present (or some other time under consideration); for example, "I have eaten all

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