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67-527: In 1720 Pope Clement XI confirmed the creation of an oratorium dictated to Saint Phillip Neri in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco , which at the time was part of New Spain and capital of the Nueva Galicia Kingdom. Informed of the Pope's decision, King Philip V of Spain announced on 13 August 1721 that construction of the new oratorium would begin. In the early 19th century, the institution existed as

134-670: A Doctor of the Church , providing him the supplementary titles of " Doctor magnificus " ("Magnificent Doctor") and " Doctor Marianus " ("Marian Doctor"). Clement XI created a total of 70 cardinals in 15 consistories. Notably, two cardinals of his own creation were Michelangelo dei Conti, who became his immediate successor, Pope Innocent XIII , and Lorenzo Corsini, who later became Pope Clement XII . The pope also nominated eight cardinals " in pectore ", later publishing their names which validated their appointments as cardinals. During his pontificate, Gabriele Filippucci resigned his cardinalate which

201-617: A cardinal for ten years previously. Having accepted election after some hesitation, he was ordained a bishop on 30 November 1700 and assumed the pontifical name of "Clement XI". Cardinal protodeacon Benedetto Pamphili crowned him on 8 December 1700 and he took possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 10 April 1701. Soon after his accession to the pontificate, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. In 1703 Pope Clement XI ordered

268-465: A fascist elementary school "Giovanni Pascoli" (1932) built on the ancient Garden of Saint Lucia (part of the duke's private gardens), the restoration of the palace-Mauruzi Gherardi, then the seat of the court, as well as the Student House, to compensate for the shortage of accommodation as a result of the large increase in university population and housing for the maimed and disabled civilians. In 1938,

335-517: A number of individuals: Alexis Falconieri , Bartholomew degli Amidei and Benedict Dellantella, (1 December 1717) and John Francis Régis (24 May 1716). He also beatified the sisters Theresa (20 May 1705) and Sancha (10 May 1705). He canonized Andrew Avellino , Catherine of Bologna , Felix of Cantalice and Pope Pius V on 22 May 1712, Humility on 27 January 1720, Stephen of Obazine in 1701 and Boniface of Lausanne in 1702. Clement XI, on 8 February 1720, named Saint Anselm of Canterbury as

402-469: A reorganization of the state, which also included a restructuring of the city according to a modern conception - comfortable, efficient and beautiful. At his court, Piero della Francesca wrote on the science of perspective, Francesco di Giorgio Martini wrote his Trattato di architettura ( Treatise on Architecture ) and Raphael 's father, Giovanni Santi , wrote his poetical account of the chief artists of his time. Federico's brilliant court, according to

469-574: A synod of Catholic bishops in northern Albania that discussed promotion of the Council of Trent decrees within Albanian dioceses, stemming conversions among locals to Islam and securing agreement to deny communion to crypto-Catholics who outwardly professed the Muslim faith. Despite initially holding an ambiguous neutrality in world affairs, Clement XI was later forced to name Charles, Archduke of Austria , as

536-425: A very strong fever that immediately forced him to his bed, with the pope declining a meal that evening. His pulse was exceptionally slow and he even coughed up a thick liquid that was streaked with blood. Unable to sleep that night, his fever abated somewhat. But the following day saw his fever return much more violently, and he had an irregular pulse. The sputum was foamy, once more with blood, indicating that there

603-515: A young Medici as duke, thwarted by the early death of Lorenzo II de Medici in 1519, Urbino was part of the Papal States , under the dynasty of the dukes Della Rovere (1508–1631). They moved the court to the city of Pesaro in 1523 and Urbino began a slow decline that would continue until the last decades of the seventeenth century. In 1626, Pope Urban VIII definitively incorporated the Duchy into

670-547: Is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche , southwest of Pesaro , a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro , duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482. The town, nestled on a high sloping hillside, retains much of its picturesque medieval aspect. It hosts the University of Urbino , founded in 1506, and

737-702: Is frequently mentioned by the historian Procopius . Pepin the Short (King of the Franks) presented Urbino to the Papacy in 754–56. Its commune later had some independence until around 1200, when it came into the possession of the House of Montefeltro . These noblemen had no direct authority over the commune; however, they could pressure it to elect them to the position of podestà . Bonconte di Montefeltro obtained this title in 1213: Urbino's population rebelled and formed an alliance with

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804-695: Is the seat of the Archbishop of Urbino . Its best-known architectural piece is the Palazzo Ducale , rebuilt by Luciano Laurana . The city lies in a hilly region, at the foothills of the Northern Apennines and the Tuscan-Romagnolo Apennines. It is within the southern area of Montefeltro , an area classified as medium-high seismic risk. Nearly 65 seismic events have affected the town of Urbino between 1511 and 1998. They include 24 April 1741, when

871-1107: The Jesuit Daniele Farlati and Dom Jacopo Coleti . Clement XI made a concerted effort to acquire Christian manuscripts in Syriac from Egypt and other places in the Middle East, greatly expanding the Vatican Library 's collection of Syriac works. Clement XI extended the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary to the Universal Church of the Roman Rite in 1716. Clement XI confirmed the cultus of Ceslas Odrowaz (27 August 1712), Jakov Varingez (29 December 1700), Peregrine Laziosi (11 September 1702), John of Perugia (11 September 1704), Peter of Sassoferrato (11 September 1704), Buonfiglio Monaldi (1 December 1717), Pope Gregory X (8 July 1713) and Humbeline of Jully (1703). He formally beatified

938-659: The King of Spain , since the imperial army had conquered much of northern Italy and was threatening Rome itself in January 1709. By the Treaty of Utrecht that put an end to the war, the Papal States lost its suzerainty over the Farnese Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in favour of Austria , and lost Comacchio as well, a blow to the prestige of the Papal States. In 1713 Clement XI issued

1005-532: The Palazzo Muti , as well as donating a summerhouse near the shores of Lake Albano . He also performed the baptism of James' son, the Jacobite Prince of Wales, Charles Edward Stuart . During his reign as a pope the famous Illyricum Sacrum was commissioned, and today it is one of the main sources of the field of Balkan region during Middle Ages , with over 5,000 pages divided in several volumes written by

1072-465: The Quirinal Palace . He took medication that day but experienced pains in his thorax and had trouble breathing from the cold air in his rooms. The following day, Clement XI celebrated Mass in his private chapel before meeting various prelates which included the Archbishop of Ravenna Geronimo Crispi. However, at around noon, he was suddenly struck with an extraordinary chill which was accompanied by

1139-657: The Roman catacombs . Giovanni Francesco Albani was born in 1649 in Urbino to the Albani family , a distinguished family of Albanian origin in central Italy. His mother Elena Mosca (1630–1698) was a high-standing Italian of bergamasque origin, descended from the noble Mosca family of Pesaro . His father Carlo Albani (1623–1684) was a patrician. His mother descended in part from the Staccoli family, who were patricians of Urbino , in part from

1206-702: The Universal Prayer and highly recommended it to others. Pope Clement XI had a famous sundial added in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri and had an obelisk erected in the Piazza della Rotonda in front of the Pantheon , and a port built on the Tiber River , the beautiful Porto di Ripetta , demolished at the end of the 19th century. He established a committee, overseen by his favourite artists, Carlo Maratta and Carlo Fontana , to commission statuary of

1273-623: The bull Unigenitus in response to the spread of the Jansenist heresy. There followed great upheaval in France , where apart from theological issues, a strong Gallican tendency persisted. The bull, which was produced with the contribution of Gregorio Selleri, a lector at the College of Saint Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Angelicum , condemned Jansenism by extracting and anathematizing as heretical 101 propositions from

1340-449: The British throne, who had the strong backing of the papacy. With the death of Clement XI in 1721, the city began a long decline that has continued to the present day. After the pope's death, the Albani family remained the main patron of the most significant works until the first half of the nineteenth century. In 1789, the collapse of the cathedral dome following a massive earthquake led to

1407-641: The Colegio San Felipe Neri. It was used as a hospital and an orphanage. On September 15, 1914, the Preparatory School of Jalisco was formally established. Since 1925, it has been a part of the University of Guadalajara . Your Majesty Don Fernando VI de Borbón, King of Spain, ordered the Philippians to move to the Plazuela de la Palma or San Fernando, a place where they would erect a chapel dedicated to

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1474-637: The Doge's Palace incorporated into the city, called the Pincio. These urban transformations brought about a change in access to the city. Instead of passing through narrow, winding streets, through the gates of the walls, now one could enter through the Porta Nuova in an easier and convenient way to arrive in the present Piazza della Repubblica and the Palazzo Ducale (the city center). This urban renewal reflected many of

1541-564: The Giordani, who were nobles of Pesaro. The original name of the Albani was Lazzi (Laçi) which they changed to Albani in memory of their origin. Francesco Albani funded an expedition in Albania to locate the exact settlement of his family's origins. In the final report, the two most probable locations which were presented to him were Laç near Lezhë and Laç near Kukës, both in northern Albania. Albani

1608-617: The Marche and in the Romagna region. The most famous member of the Montefeltro family, Federico da Montefeltro , ruled as Duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482. He was a very successful condottiere , a skillful diplomat and an enthusiastic patron of art and literature. He rose to power in 1444 as the son of Guidantonio , after a conspiracy and the murder of the legitimate heir Oddantonio , hated for his "unbridled lust" and excessive taxes. Federico began

1675-615: The Nazis and executed on the current Punto Panoramica, where memorials are now placed celebrating their sacrifice. The second half of the twentieth century was characterized in Urbino by the cooperation with the major public institutions (the University and the City) by the architect Giancarlo De Carlo . This relationship began in 1956 when Carlo Bo , former rector of the University, commissioned from De Carlo

1742-585: The San Felipe oratories, but completed by the Jesuit priests, carved entirely of ebony wood, with two lathes, moldings and neoclassical finials on its old shelves that kept loose books, volumes and exemplary volumes now incunabula. Don Manuel Macario Diéguez ordered the confiscation of the institute and it was vacated by the Jesuits since August 1, 1914. On September 10 of that same year, he determined in his decree number 29,

1809-575: The Virgin of the Assumption and where they would also found their school in order to comply with the educational role entrusted to them. The work was finished little by little, first the single-level school with its patios of Plateresque influence, the Mudejar and later the consecration of the temple that occurred in the year 1802. The main façade of the school is located on what is now Calle de San Felipe (view to

1876-654: The apostles to complete the decoration of Basilica of Saint John Lateran . He also founded an academy of painting and sculpture on the Campidoglio . He also enriched the Vatican Library with numerous Oriental codices and lent his patronage to the first archaeological excavations in the Roman catacombs . In his native Urbino he restored numerous edifices and founded a public library. Urbino Urbino ( UK : / ɜːr ˈ b iː n oʊ / ur- BEE -noh , Italian: [urˈbiːno] ; Romagnol : Urbìn )

1943-513: The archbishop's palace, the Chapel Albani (inside the convent of St. Francis), Saint Joseph's Oratory , and the internal structure of the churches of San Francesco , San Domenico and San Agostino. In addition, due to the patronage of the pope and his family, the Duomo di Urbino received many improvements. From July 1717 to November 1718 Urbino hosted the court of James Stuart , the exiled pretender to

2010-534: The architect Giuseppe Valadier . He also restored the city's Montefeltro-era buildings such as the old seminary, adjacent to the church of St. Sergius, now partly occupied by the Hotel Raffaello. Following the construction of the New Palace of Alban (1831), designed by architect Peter Ghinelli , which gave rise to the present Piazza della Repubblica that went on to form the first part of the future Corso Garibaldi,

2077-454: The artistic development from the Scuola del Libro, Urbino also began to grow as a university town, with the elevation to university faculty of nineteenth-century School of Pharmacy and the birth of the department of Education (approximately 1934). Due to these changes in the University, an increase in the student population led to housing shortages that highlighted the state of total unpreparedness of

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2144-498: The city experienced a number of urban improvements designed to change the face of the city. From the construction of the Sanzio theater (1845–53) came the final realization of Corso Garibaldi, with a covered walkway on the downhill side to that ensure theater-goers were sheltered from rain and snow on their walk to the Piazza della Repubblica, with construction that lasted until the early part of

2211-621: The city was designated as the headquarters for the fledgling Soprintendenza alle Gallerie e alle Opere d'Arte delle Marche, roughly translated as the Organization of Galleries and Works of Art of the Marche. With the outbreak of World War II the city suffered no bombing, thanks to the large red cross painted on the roof of the Ducal Palace and an agreement between the Germans and the Allies. Only towards

2278-406: The city, so much that for the first time many students were housed in the homes of private citizens. The problem was partly solved with the establishment of the male boarding school "Raphael" at the beginning of the century, and the female boarding school "Laura Battiferri" in approximately 1926. The fascist dictatorship left its mark on the city, especially from an architectural point of view, with

2345-569: The close relationship with De Carlo, the city has hosted twice (1976–81, and 1992–93) the laboratories of the ILAUD , founded and directed by the Genoese architect. One of the last of De Carlo actions was the preparation, between 1989 and 1994, of the New General Plan. The clay earth of Urbino, which still supports industrial brickworks, supplied a cluster of earthenware manufactories ( botteghe ) making

2412-449: The construction of a multi-story underground car park under Torricini's famous Ducal Palace and the restoration of the helical ramp under the theater by Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1971–75), in collaboration with the City. They also developed the project of renovation of the Sanzio theater (1977–82) and the renovation project, much discussed, of the ancient Ducal Stables. In addition, thanks to

2479-473: The contrary by Lafitau. On 14 March, Clement XI took ill while Lafitau was trying to get the pope's nephew to persuade the pope to name the French Chief minister Guillaume Dubois to the cardinalate. However, Clement XI was in a state of delirium and was not responsive to his pleas. On 16 March, Quadragesima Sunday , the pope did not participate in the services, however, celebrated Mass in his private chapel at

2546-662: The creation of the Preparatory School of Jalisco and the formal delivery of the same was made on Tuesday, September 15, 1914. Since 1925, this school has been part of the real estate heritage of the University of Guadalajara and our tradition gathers in the centenary classrooms, the most illustrious figures of the teachers of all time. 20°40′47.4″N 103°21′01.9″W  /  20.679833°N 103.350528°W  / 20.679833; -103.350528 Pope Clement XI Pope Clement XI ( Latin : Clemens XI ; Italian : Clemente XI ; Albanian : Klementi XI ; 23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani ,

2613-479: The death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Albani was regarded as a fine diplomat known for his skills as a peacemaker and so was unanimously elected pope on 23 November 1700. He agreed to the election after three days of consultation. Unusually, from the viewpoint of current practice, his election came within three months after his ordination as a priest and within two months after he celebrated his first Mass, though he had been

2680-550: The department of Magisterium (1968–76), the restructuring of the department of Law ( 1966–68 ) and the Battiferri building (1986–99) for the department of Economics. They are three significant examples of the inclusion of a contemporary architecture in an ancient surrounding, and are still studied today. The seventies were marked by a collaboration with the Municipality for a project called Operation Mercatale (1969–72), which included

2747-535: The descriptions in Baldassare Castiglione 's Il Cortegiano ( The Book of the Courtier , published in 1528), set standards of what would characterize a modern European " gentleman " for centuries to come. Cesare Borgia dispossessed Guidobaldo da Montefeltro , Duke of Urbino, and Elisabetta Gonzaga in 1502, with the complicity of his father, Pope Alexander VI . After the attempt of Pope Leo X to appoint

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2814-572: The dowry of the last direct descendant of the Della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere , who married Ferdinand II de Medici. These works went on to form the core of the future Uffizi Gallery . Among the works that went to Florence is the diptych of the Dukes of Urbino by Piero della Francesca . Other works of the Ducal Palace were brought to Rome , such as the Barberini Ex Tables of Fra Carnevale and

2881-673: The end of the war did the retreating German troops try to destroy all the ramparts of the walls, but luckily the mines were tampered with by the workers the Germans had hired from Urbino. During the Second World War, the then Superintendent of the Galleries and Works of Art in Urbino in the Marche Pasquale Rotondi secretly placed around 10,000 priceless works (including those of Giorgione , Piero della Francesca , Paolo Uccello , Titian , Mantegna , Raphael and many more, from all

2948-411: The famous library, absorbed entirely by the Vatican Library in 1657. The eighteenth century opened with the election to the papacy (1701) of Cardinal Giovan Francesco Albani Urbino, under the name of Clement XI . This was a windfall for the city, especially in terms of arts and culture, thanks to funding by Pope Albani and his family. Major renovations took place, such as Palazzo Albani, the town hall,

3015-462: The governor of Rieti , Sabina and Orvieto . Pope Alexander VIII elevated him to the cardinalate in 1690 despite his protests and made him the Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Aquiro but he later opted for the Diaconia of Sant'Adriano al Foro and later, as the Cardinal-Priest, for the titulus of San Silvestro in Capite . He was then ordained to the priesthood in September 1700 and celebrated his first Mass in Rome on 6 October 1700. After

3082-408: The hands of the Society of Jesus, being used as a school for the third time under the name "Instituto del Señor San José". For this reason, the Jesuits adorned the building, taking on its façade the neoclassical French style, concluding the second floor and equipping the Physics, Chemistry and Biology laboratories that are still preserved. Special mention deserves the library of the campus, designed by

3149-427: The heathen. Clement XI died in Rome on 19 March 1721 at 12:45pm and was buried in the pavement of Saint Peter's Basilica rather than in an ornate tomb like those of his predecessors. On March 10, Clement XI had a meeting at about 11:00am with the Bishop of Sisteron Pierre François Lafitau. When the pope met with the bishop, he said that his time was drawing to a close and that he would soon die, despite protests to

3216-405: The ideas of Fulvio Corboli but its design was largely done by the architect Vincenzo Ghinelli. On 8 September 1860 the Piedmontese troops entered Urbino from Port Saint Lucia, forcing the surrender of the last resistance of the papal army under the portico of the childhood house of Raphael. But it was not until 29 September, with the capture of Ancona, that the total conquest of the Marche region

3283-402: The independent commune of Rimini (1228), finally regaining independence in 1234. Eventually, though, the Montefeltro noblemen took control once more, and held it until 1508. In the struggles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines , when factions supported either the Papacy or the Holy Roman Empire respectively, the 13th and 14th century Montefeltro lords of Urbino were leaders of the Ghibellines of

3350-419: The internal renovation project of Montefeltro- Bonaventure building, headquarters of the University. Immediately after that, the Genoese architect was commissioned by the City to prepare the General Plan (1958–64) aimed at the recovery of the historical center, which had been in poor condition and was in danger of losing several neighborhoods including the Palazzo Ducale to the land subsidence below. This problem

3417-439: The major museums in Italy) that were being stolen by the Nazis into the Rock of Sassocorvaro . His actions gained worldwide recognition and to this day the Rock of Sassocorvaro is known as the "Ark of Art". Urbino was liberated from the Nazi occupation on 28 August 1944, thanks to the British V Corps, Polish troops, and the heroic actions of partisan groups in the area. Some of the members of these partisan groups were captured by

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3484-442: The papal sacristan Niccolo Agostino degli Abbati Olivieri, Bishop of Porfirio , administered the Extreme Unction . On 19 March, the fever returned violently, and Clement XI slowly lost his ability to speak as his eyes clouded over and his respiration slowly diminished as the pope died just after midday. In his book " Journal of a Soul ", while he was preparing for the Second Vatican Council , Pope John XXIII resolved to pray

3551-412: The papal dominions, the gift of the last Della Rovere duke, in retirement after the assassination of his heir, to be governed by the archbishop. The state was ruled thereafter by a papal legate , generally belonging to high ecclesiastical hierarchy. Following the annexation of the duchy by the Papal States, the rich artistic heritage (including furniture) of the Ducal Palace went to form, for the most part,

3618-504: The pope accepted on 7 June 1706. Clement XI also accepted the resignation of Francesco Maria de' Medici from the cardinalate on 19 June 1709. Another important decision of Clement XI was in regard to the Chinese Rites controversy : the Jesuit missionaries were forbidden to take part in honors paid to Confucius or the ancestors of the Emperors of China , which Clement XI identified as "idolatrous and barbaric", and to accommodate Christian language to pagan ideas under plea of conciliating

3685-433: The shocks were stronger than VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale , with an epicenter in Fabriano (where it reached 6.08 on the moment magnitude scale). The originally modest Roman town of Urbinum Mataurense ("the little city on the river Mataurus") became an important strategic stronghold during the Gothic Wars of the 6th century. In 538, it was captured from the Ostrogoths by the Byzantine general Belisarius , and

3752-500: The south), and that the second floor was added later during the fourth decade of the 19th century. The high clergy made it available to the order of the Sisters of Charity, who used it as a hospital for the needy in the period from 1850 to 1867. Later, the president of the republic, Lic. Benito Juárez, ordered that the old cloister be designated to house the homeless high school. Thus, the presidential provisions were fulfilled and it gave shelter to orphan girls. Years later it remained in

3819-424: The tin-glazed pottery known as maiolica . Simple local wares were being made in the 15th century at Urbino, but after 1520 the Della Rovere dukes, Francesco Maria I della Rovere and his successor Guidobaldo II , encouraged the industry, which exported wares throughout Italy, first in a manner called istoriato using engravings after Mannerist painters, then in a style of light arabesques and grottesche after

3886-405: The total renovation of the church. Between 1797 and 1800 the city was occupied by French troops, like much of northern and central Italy. Urbino and its territory lost many important works of art to the French, who moved objects to Paris or Milan , to the nascent galleries of the Louvre and Brera . The century opened with the consecration in 1809 of the new Duomo di Urbino , as designed by

3953-410: The twentieth century. In addition, another important change was the destruction, in 1868, of a part of the walls to create a customs barrier, called Porta Nuova or barrier Margherita (in honor of Princess Margaret of Savoy ), which was necessitated by a new road that ran along a stretch of the walls and was connected to Corso Garibaldi. This resulted in a new urban layout with the large spit of land below

4020-403: The works of Pasquier Quesnel , declaring them to be identical in substance with propositions already condemned in the writings of Jansenius . The resistance of many French ecclesiastics and the refusal of the French parlements to register the bull led to controversies extending through the greater part of the 18th century. Because the local governments did not officially receive the bull, it

4087-407: Was completed by the Piedmont army. Between 4 and 5 November, the plebiscite was held for the annexation of the Marche to the Kingdom of Sardinia , which ended with 133,783 votes in favor, 260 votes against and 1,212 invalid ballots. In the province of Urbino (excluding the territory of Pesaro) the count was 21,111 for and 365 against with 29 invalid ballots. Subsequently, on 10 November, the Marche

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4154-431: Was educated at the Collegio Romano in Rome from 1660 onwards. He became a very proficient Latinist and gained a doctorate in both canon and civil law. He was one of those who frequented the academy of Queen Christina of Sweden . He would serve as a papal prelate under Pope Alexander VIII and was appointed by Pope Innocent XII as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura . Throughout this time, he also served as

4221-428: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 November 1700 to his death in March 1721. Clement XI was a patron of the arts and of science. He was also a great benefactor of the Vatican Library ; his interest in archaeology is credited with saving much of Rome's antiquity. He authorized expeditions which succeeded in rediscovering various ancient Christian writings and authorized excavations of

4288-454: Was included in the Statuto Albertino , and then, on 17 December, it was made official with the issuance of a royal decree. The new government began the confiscation of various ecclesiastical goods, including good part of the convent of San Francisco (where a part of a botanical garden, designed by Vincenzo Ghinelli, was located), the monastery of Santa Chiara , that of San Girolamo, and many others. The century began quietly. In addition to

4355-433: Was not, technically, in force in those areas – an example of the interference of states in religious affairs common before the 20th century. Clement XI supported James Francis Edward Stuart , the exiled Stuart Prince of Wales, recognizing him as James III and VIII, and paid for the residence of him and his wife, Princess Maria Clementina Sobieska , Granddaughter of John III Sobieski , King of Poland-Lithuania, in Rome,

4422-403: Was solved thanks to state funding derived from two special laws enacted for the city (in 1968 and in 1982 ). Subsequently, De Carlo realized several projects for the university including the college's dormitories, near the Capuchin church outside the city center, an interesting example of how architecture can merge with the surrounding landscape. He also completed projects like the construction of

4489-399: Was something wrong with his lungs, causing his doctors to realize that his condition would more than likely prove fatal. Clement XI made his confession and the profession of faith before receiving Holy Communion at 8:00pm. James Francis Edward Stuart , the "Pretender", tried to see the dying pope, however he was denied on the grounds of the dangerous state of the pope's condition. That night,

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