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74-650: The statues given to winners of the award are called "Lenguas" because the statue is of a tongue . This is because, according to MTV, "the tongue ( Spanish language ) is what brings all Latin America together as a whole". Created in 2002, the VMALAs were held in the Jackie Gleason Theatre in Miami Beach, Florida until 2004. Sylvia Villagran was the live announcer. In 2005 the awards were to be held Wednesday, October 19 at

148-820: A metonym for language . For example, the New Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Acts of the Apostles , Jesus ' disciples on the Day of Pentecost received a type of spiritual gift : "there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost , and began to speak with other tongues ....", which amazed the crowd of Jewish people in Jerusalem , who were from various parts of

222-484: A farmer from Fabriano , Italy, was convicted and fined by Italy's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing - proof of the affront had been captured with a cell-phone camera. Tongue piercing and splitting have become more common in western countries in recent decades. One study found that one-fifth of young adults in Israel had at least one type of oral piercing, most commonly

296-414: A patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris . The muscles of the tongue evolved in amphibians from occipital somites . Most amphibians show a proper tongue after their metamorphosis . As a consequence, most tetrapod animals—amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals—have tongues (the frog family of pipids lack tongue). In mammals such as dogs and cats , the tongue is often used to clean

370-403: A statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition , "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue"

444-437: Is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip . The "gift of tongues" refers to when one is uncommonly gifted to be able to speak in a foreign language, often as a type of spiritual gift . Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia , which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that

518-421: Is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a V shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue. The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and the oral part is supplied by the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of

592-523: Is about 1.06 kg/liter. This can be contrasted with the density of adipose tissue (fat), which is 0.9196 kg/liter. This makes muscle tissue approximately 15% denser than fat tissue. Skeletal muscle is a highly oxygen-consuming tissue, and oxidative DNA damage that is induced by reactive oxygen species tends to accumulate with age . The oxidative DNA damage 8-OHdG accumulates in heart and skeletal muscle of both mouse and rat with age. Also, DNA double-strand breaks accumulate with age in

666-446: Is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus, which is a "V"-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is a remnant of the median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development . The anterior oral part

740-399: Is an important accessory organ in the digestive system. The tongue is used for crushing food against the hard palate, during mastication and manipulation of food for softening prior to swallowing. The epithelium on the tongue's upper, or dorsal surface is keratinised . Consequently, the tongue can grind against the hard palate without being itself damaged or irritated. The tongue is one of

814-436: Is arranged in regular, parallel bundles of myofibrils , which contain many contractile units known as sarcomeres , which give the tissue its striated (striped) appearance. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle, anchored by tendons or sometimes by aponeuroses to bones , and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and to maintain posture . Postural control is generally maintained as an unconscious reflex, but

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888-456: Is divided along the embryo 's length into somites , corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously seen in the vertebral column . Each somite has three divisions, sclerotome (which forms vertebrae ), dermatome (which forms skin), and myotome (which forms muscle). The myotome is divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form epaxial and hypaxial muscles , respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are

962-466: Is divided into two parts, an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back. The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of fibrous tissue (the lingual septum ) that results in a groove, the median sulcus, on the tongue's surface. There are two groups of glossal muscles. The four intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue and are not attached to bone. The four paired extrinsic muscles change

1036-408: Is found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle ) such as in the tunica media layer of the large ( aorta ) and small arteries , arterioles and veins . Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder , uterus (termed uterine smooth muscle ), male and female reproductive tracts , the gastrointestinal tract ,

1110-403: Is involuntary, striated muscle that is found in the walls and the histological foundation of the heart , specifically the myocardium. The cardiac muscle cells , (also called cardiomyocytes or myocardiocytes), predominantly contain only one nucleus, although populations with two to four nuclei do exist. The myocardium is the muscle tissue of the heart and forms a thick middle layer between

1184-409: Is no smooth muscle. The transversely striated type is the most similar to the skeletal muscle in vertebrates. Vertebrate skeletal muscle tissue is an elongated, striated muscle tissue, with the fibres ranging from 3-8 micrometers in width and from 18 to 200 micrometers in breadth. In the uterine wall, during pregnancy, they enlarge in length from 70 to 500 micrometers. Skeletal striated muscle tissue

1258-459: Is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue , and a smooth-talking person is said to have a silver tongue . Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting. In 2009,

1332-454: Is non-striated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus , stomach , intestines , bronchi , uterus , urethra , bladder , blood vessels , and the arrector pili in the skin that control the erection of body hair. Skeletal muscle is broadly classified into two fiber types: type I (slow-twitch) and type II (fast-twitch). The density of mammalian skeletal muscle tissue

1406-465: Is produced with the tongue lowered and centered and [i] is produced with the tongue raised and fronted . Consonants are articulated by constricting airflow through the vocal tract, and many consonants feature a constriction between the tongue and some other part of the vocal tract. For example, alveolar consonants like [s] and [n] are articulated with the tongue against the alveolar ridge , while velar consonants like [k] and [g] are articulated with

1480-498: Is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat , roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their embryological development and nerve supply . The anterior tongue is, at its apex, thin and narrow. It is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. The posterior part is, at its root, directed backward, and connected with

1554-529: The MTV Europe Music Awards and the MTV Asia Awards , the VMALAs also hand out its regional categories. These regions, however, have been under constant changes and renaming. Here's how each region was perceived year by year: 2002 : 2003–2009 : Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod . It manipulates food for chewing and swallowing as part of

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1628-580: The Roman Empire but could now understand what was being preached. The phrase mother tongue is used as a child's first language. Many languages have the same word for "tongue" and " language ", as did the English language before the Middle Ages . A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon . The expression tongue in cheek refers to

1702-606: The Xcaret Park's Great Tlachco Theater in Playa del Carmen (close to Cancún ), Quintana Roo , Mexico, for the first time in a different location since their creation. However, due to the approach of Hurricane Wilma towards the Mexican Riviera Maya , the show was moved from October 20 to the 19th, but it was eventually postponed. The date was then moved again, this time to December 22. A couple of months later, MTV decided that it

1776-451: The digestive process , and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste buds housed in numerous lingual papillae . It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels . The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth. A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals. The human tongue

1850-399: The erector spinae and small intervertebral muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves . All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and innervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves. During development, myoblasts (muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into

1924-420: The hyoid bone by the hyoglossi and genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane , with the epiglottis by three glossoepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches , and with the pharynx by the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the mucous membrane . It also forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx . The average length of the human tongue from

1998-456: The internal jugular vein . The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery. There is also a secondary blood supply to the root of tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery . An area in the neck sometimes called the Pirogov triangle is formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle , the posterior border of

2072-532: The mylohyoid muscle , and the hypoglossal nerve. The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrhage from the tongue. Innervation of the tongue consists of motor fibers, special sensory fibers for taste, and general sensory fibers for sensation. Innervation of taste and sensation is different for the anterior and posterior part of the tongue because they are derived from different embryological structures ( pharyngeal arch 1 and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, respectively). The tip of tongue drains to

2146-440: The neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Smooth muscle is found in almost all organ systems such as hollow organs including the stomach , and bladder ; in tubular structures such as blood and lymph vessels , and bile ducts ; in sphincters such as in the uterus, and the eye. In addition, it plays an important role in the ducts of exocrine glands. It fulfills various tasks such as sealing orifices (e.g. pylorus, uterine os) or

2220-419: The oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm. The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 99g and for adult females 79g. In phonetics and phonology , a distinction is made between the tip of the tongue and the blade (the portion just behind the tip). Sounds made with the tongue tip are said to be apical , while those made with the tongue blade are said to be laminal . The upper surface of

2294-649: The palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing. Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. They are the superior longitudinal muscle , the inferior longitudinal muscle , the vertical muscle , and the transverse muscle . These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as in tongue rolling , and flattening and rounding its surface. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating. The superior longitudinal muscle runs along

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2368-434: The respiratory tract , the arrector pili of skin , the ciliary muscle , and the iris of the eye . The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli differ substantially, in order to perform individual actions in the body at individual times. In addition, the glomeruli of the kidneys contain smooth muscle-like cells called mesangial cells . Cardiac muscle

2442-440: The taste buds and their taste receptors . The lingual papillae consist of filiform , fungiform , vallate and foliate papillae , and only the filiform papillae are not associated with any taste buds. The tongue can divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae. The lingual papillae covers

2516-449: The trigeminal nerve ) for somatosensory perception and by the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve ) for taste perception . Both parts of the tongue develop from different pharyngeal arches . On the undersurface of the tongue is a fold of mucous membrane called the frenulum that tethers the tongue at the midline to the floor of the mouth. On either side of the frenulum are small prominences called sublingual caruncles that

2590-580: The 2006 ceremonies would be held on 19 October 2006 in Palacio de los Deportes indoor arena in Mexico City. Also, MTV announced that the name of the awards would be changed from Video Music Awards Latin America to Premios MTV Latinoamérica (MTV Awards Latin America). [1] The nominees for this year's awards were announced on September 4, introducing 3 new categories: Promising Artist, Breakthrough Artist, and Song of

2664-476: The Year (the only category with nominees in both English and Spanish). Also, Best Solo Artist again replaced Best Male and Female, while the award for Best International Hip-Hop/R&B Artist will not be handed out. It also appeared that the ceremony returned in style after the previous year's ceremony was cancelled in 2005 due to Hurricane Wilma and all of the presenters for the 2006 ceremony apologized to viewers during

2738-592: The appearance of the flexed biceps resembles the back of a mouse. The same phenomenon occurred in Greek , in which μῦς, mȳs , means both "mouse" and "muscle". There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal , cardiac , and smooth . Skeletal and cardiac muscle are types of striated muscle tissue . Smooth muscle is non-striated. There are three types of muscle tissue in invertebrates that are based on their pattern of striation: transversely striated, obliquely striated, and smooth muscle. In arthropods there

2812-469: The body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of connective tissue frameworks, usually formed from the somatic lateral plate mesoderm . Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells. The primary function of muscle tissue is contraction . The three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) have significant differences. However, all three use

2886-402: The body. In vertebrates , the three types are: Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers , and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium . Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through

2960-441: The body. The oral mucosa is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy ) of nitroglycerin to

3034-471: The broadcast for such, and, for the first time, viewers would be able to vote for the Best Independent Artist award, but a few days later, the category was taken completely off the voting list, which meant that its inclusion on it was an error by MTV. Also, MTV Tr3s will be handing out for the first time ever its own Viewer's Choice Award during their U.S. simulcast of the event. The following years

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3108-560: The contraction has occurred. The different muscle types vary in their response to neurotransmitters and hormones such as acetylcholine , noradrenaline , adrenaline , and nitric oxide depending on muscle type and the exact location of the muscle. Sub-categorization of muscle tissue is also possible, depending on among other things the content of myoglobin , mitochondria , and myosin ATPase etc. The word muscle comes from Latin musculus , diminutive of mus meaning mouse , because

3182-413: The dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow. Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleons , frogs , pangolins and anteaters have prehensile tongues. Other animals may have organs that are analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly 's proboscis or a radula on a mollusc , but these are not homologous with

3256-403: The dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove. The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth. The tongue begins to develop in the fourth week of embryonic development from a median swelling – the median tongue bud (tuberculum impar) of the first pharyngeal arch . In the fifth week a pair of lateral lingual swellings , one on

3330-612: The embryonic thyroid begins to descend. Chemicals that stimulate taste receptor cells are known as tastants . Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva , it can make contact with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste transduction . The tongue is equipped with many taste buds on its dorsal surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of umami . Umami receptor cells are

3404-682: The event was held in Mexico too (Mexico City in 2007 and Guadalajara, Jalisco in 2008). In 2009 the event was held in three cities in different dates (September 30 in Buenos Aires, Argentina ; October 5 in Mexico City, Mexico; October 11 in Bogotá, Colombia ) and broadcast live in Los Angeles on October 15. In 2010 the awards were permanently cancelled and replaced by the MTV World Stage Mexico. Like

3478-436: The fur and body by licking . The tongues of these species have a very rough texture, which allows them to remove oils and parasites. Some dogs have a tendency to consistently lick a part of their foreleg, which can result in a skin condition known as a lick granuloma . A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of

3552-421: The growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus. The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen cecum , which is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct where

3626-449: The interaction of the central nervous system as well as by receiving innervation from peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) activation. Striated or skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, upon the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging cortical structures until after

3700-432: The least understood and accordingly are the type most intensively under research. There is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes . Although widely taught in schools in the form of the tongue map , this is incorrect; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although certain parts are more sensitive to certain tastes. The tongue

3774-404: The major salivary submandibular glands drain into. The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic . The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone. The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to

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3848-445: The middle of the tongue, and joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles. It functions to flatten the tongue. The transverse muscle divides the tongue at the middle, and is attached to the mucous membranes that run along the sides. It functions to lengthen and narrow the tongue. The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery , a branch of the external carotid artery . The lingual veins drain into

3922-430: The movement of actin against myosin to create contraction. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the motor nerves . Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by

3996-660: The outer epicardium layer and the inner endocardium layer. Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart propel blood out of the atria and ventricles to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems . This complex mechanism illustrates systole of the heart. Cardiac muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the body, rely on an available blood and electrical supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide . The coronary arteries help fulfill this function. All muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm . The paraxial mesoderm

4070-711: The position of the tongue and are anchored to bone. The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge , which comes from Proto-Germanic * tungōn . It has cognates in other Germanic languages —for example tonge in West Frisian , tong in Dutch and Afrikaans , Zunge in German , tunge in Danish and Norwegian , and tunga in Icelandic , Faroese and Swedish . The ue ending of

4144-500: The primary articulators in the production of speech , and this is facilitated by both the extrinsic muscles that move the tongue and the intrinsic muscles that change its shape. Specifically, different vowels are articulated by changing the tongue's height and retraction to alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract . These resonant properties amplify specific harmonic frequencies ( formants ) that are different for each vowel, while attenuating other harmonics. For example, [a]

4218-640: The responsible muscles can also react to conscious control. The body mass of an average adult man is made up of 42% of skeletal muscle, and an average adult woman is made up of 36%. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the walls of the heart as myocardium , and it is an involuntary muscle controlled by the autonomic nervous system . Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle, containing sarcomeres in highly regular arrangements of bundles. While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles known as intercalated discs . Smooth muscle tissue

4292-400: The right side and one on the left, form on the first pharyngeal arch. These lingual swellings quickly expand and cover the median tongue bud. They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two-thirds of the length of the tongue, and continue to develop through prenatal development . The line of their fusion is marked by the median sulcus . In the fourth week, a swelling appears from

4366-447: The second pharyngeal arch , in the midline, called the copula . During the fifth and sixth weeks, the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence , and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third and the posterior most part of the tongue is developed from the fourth pharyngeal arch). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by

4440-524: The skeletal muscle of mice. Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated. It is divided into two subgroups: the single-unit (unitary) and multiunit smooth muscle . Within single-unit cells, the whole bundle or sheet contracts as a syncytium (i.e. a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that is not separated into cells). Multiunit smooth muscle tissues innervate individual cells; as such, they allow for fine control and gradual responses, much like motor unit recruitment in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle

4514-422: The submental nodes. The left and right halves of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue drains to submandibular lymph nodes , while the posterior one-third of the tongue drains to the jugulo-omohyoid nodes. The upper surface of the tongue is covered in masticatory mucosa , a type of oral mucosa , which is of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium . Embedded in this are numerous papillae , some of which house

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4588-470: The tongue dorsum against the soft palate (velum). Tongue shape is also relevant to speech articulation, for example in retroflex consonants , where the tip of the tongue is curved backward. The tongue plays a role in physical intimacy and sexuality . The tongue is part of the erogenous zone of the mouth and can be used in intimate contact, as in the French kiss and in oral sex . A congenital disorder of

4662-407: The tongue forward. The hyoglossus, arises from the hyoid bone and retracts and depresses the tongue. The chondroglossus is often included with this muscle. The styloglossus arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and draws the sides of the tongue up to create a trough for swallowing. The palatoglossus arises from the palatine aponeurosis , and depresses the soft palate , moves

4736-443: The tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus . The foramen cecum marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the terminal sulcus . The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the descent of the thyroid diverticulum in embryonic development . The terminal sulcus

4810-637: The tongue is that of ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tie . The tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth by a very short and thickened frenulum and this affects speech, eating, and swallowing. The tongue is prone to several pathologies including glossitis and other inflammations such as geographic tongue , and median rhomboid glossitis ; burning mouth syndrome , oral hairy leukoplakia , oral candidiasis (thrush), black hairy tongue , bifid tongue (due to failure in fusion of two lingual swellings of first pharyngeal arch) and fissured tongue . There are several types of oral cancer that mainly affect

4884-531: The tongue. Muscle Muscle is a soft tissue , one of the four basic types of animal tissue . Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract . Muscle is formed during embryonic development , in a process known as myogenesis . Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins, present are two regulatory proteins , troponin and tropomyosin . Muscle tissue varies with function and location in

4958-438: The tongue. Mostly these are squamous cell carcinomas . Food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating. This coating has been identified as a major factor contributing to bad breath (halitosis), which can be managed by using a tongue cleaner . The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the administration of certain medications into

5032-424: The tongue. They are the genioglossus , the hyoglossus (often including the chondroglossus ) the styloglossus , and the palatoglossus . Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels

5106-468: The tongues found in vertebrates and often have little resemblance in function. For example, butterflies do not lick with their proboscides; they suck through them, and the proboscis is not a single organ, but two jaws held together to form a tube. Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods . The tongue can serve as

5180-426: The transport of the chyme through wavelike contractions of the intestinal tube. Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal muscle cells, but they are stronger, more sustained and require less energy. Smooth muscle is also involuntary, unlike skeletal muscle, which requires a stimulus. Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart. It is self-contracting, autonomically regulated and must continue to contract in

5254-399: The upper surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and functions to shorten and curl the tongue upward. It originates near the epiglottis , at the hyoid bone , from the median fibrous septum. The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is joined to the styloglossus muscle. It functions to shorten and curl the tongue downward. The vertical muscle is located in

5328-434: The word seems to be a fourteenth-century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic". Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century. The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity . The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum . This division

5402-410: Was broadcast that day showing how the show was supposed to happen and the reaction of the artists and MTV's workers after they found out about its cancellation. The 2005 edition would have included performances by Shakira, Sean Paul , My Chemical Romance , Foo Fighters , Ricky Martin , Simple Plan , Miranda!, Babasónicos , Belinda , and Good Charlotte . On July 21 MTV Latin America announced that

5476-755: Was not feasible to have the show on the aforementioned scheduled date. Instead, the awards were given out on a 1/2 hour special where the winners received their awards after having practical jokes played on them (in a Punk'd style). Would-be hosts Molotov hosted this special and played live on a public concert in Playa del Carmen. Another special aired that same day with some of the winners performing. Miranda! played from their studio in Argentina. Two songs from Juanes 's concert in Buenos Aires were also filmed by MTV for this special, and Panda and Reik also performed from MTV's studios in Mexico City. Another half-hour special

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