Condorcet methods
63-791: (Redirected from Preferential Voting ) Election systems Preferential voting or preference voting ( PV ) may refer to different election systems or groups of election systems: Any electoral system that allows a voter to indicate multiple preferences where preferences marked are weighted or used as contingency votes (any system other than plurality or anti-plurality ) Ranked voting methods, all election methods that involve ranking candidates in order of preference ( American literature) Instant-runoff voting and single transferable vote , referred to as "preferential voting" in Australia by way of conflation Bucklin voting , similarly conflated during
126-402: A legislature , areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives or the electorate may elect representatives as a single unit. Voters may vote directly for an individual candidate or for a list of candidates put forward by a political party or alliance . There are many variations in electoral systems. The mathematical and normative study of voting rules falls under
189-400: A majority bonus system to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. San Marino has a modified two-round system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the top two parties or coalitions if there is no majority in the first round. The winner of the second round
252-431: A candidate , citizenship, endorsement by a political party and profession. Laws' restrictions, such as competence or moral aptitude, can be used in a discriminatory manner. Restrictive and discriminatory nomination rules can impact the civil rights of candidates, political parties, and voters. In some jurisdictions a candidate or party must not only be nominated but also has to pass separate rules in order to be listed on
315-627: A country's constitution or electoral law . Participatory rules determine candidate nomination and voter registration , in addition to the location of polling places and the availability of online voting , postal voting , and absentee voting . Other regulations include the selection of voting devices such as paper ballots , machine voting or open ballot systems , and consequently the type of vote counting systems , verification and auditing used. Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries's electorates are characterised by universal suffrage , but there are differences on
378-561: A different system, as in contingent elections when no candidate wins a majority of the United States Electoral College . An exhaustive ballot is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last-placed candidate eliminated in each round of voting. Due to the potentially large number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect the Speakers of parliament in several countries and members of
441-417: A federal non-partisan agency, Elections Canada . A candidate can also seek the nomination from a registered political party to represent that party in the election. The party nomination is separate from the nomination process with Elections Canada. Each political party sets its own nomination process and runs the nomination process itself. As a general rule, only members of the party are entitled to vote in
504-400: A majority of the vote in the first round, the second preferences of the lowest-ranked candidate are then added to the totals. This is repeated until a candidate achieves over 50% of the number of valid votes. If not all voters use all their preference votes, then the count may continue until two candidates remain, at which point the winner is the one with the most votes. A modified form of IRV is
567-493: A majority of votes to be elected, either in a runoff election or final round of voting. This is sometimes referred to as a type of majority voting, although usually only a plurality is required in the last round, and sometimes even in the first round winners can avoid a second round without achieving a majority. In social choice theory, runoff systems are not called majority voting, as this term refers to Condorcet-methods . There are two main forms of runoff systems, one conducted in
630-525: A number of seats approximately proportional to their vote share. Other systems may be insufficiently compensatory, and this may result in overhang seats , where parties win more seats in the constituency system than they would be entitled to based on their vote share. Variations of this include the Additional Member System , and Alternative Vote Plus , in which voters cast votes for both single-member constituencies and multi-member constituencies;
693-470: A number of signatures from eligible voters in the riding they are standing in – normally 100 signatures, but 50 signatures are acceptable in designated remote or large ridings. A candidate does not need to live in the riding where they are nominated, but can only be nominated in one riding. The nomination requirements are set out by a federal statute, the Canada Elections Act , and administered by
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#1733084762360756-527: A number of signatures from eligible voters: 50 for municipal elections, 150 for county council elections, and 1,500 for elections to the Riksdag or the European Parliament. Finally, the name of the party must not be too close to the name of an already protected party label in order to avoid confusion. A party with a protected label is protected against ballots with party labels that are confusingly similar to
819-644: A registered political party or by 60 members of the relevant electorate. The right to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament and municipal elections is in Article 39 and Article 40 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . Candidates for the office of President of the Republic require 500 signatures of elected individuals (mayors, MPs, regional councillors). Candidates for election to
882-454: A result, some countries have leveling seats to award to parties whose seat totals are lower than their proportion of the national vote. In addition to the electoral threshold (the minimum percentage of the vote that a party must obtain to win seats), there are several different ways to allocate seats in proportional systems. There are two main types of systems: highest average and largest remainder . Highest average systems involve dividing
945-492: A single party, with the party receiving the most votes winning all seats. This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems. Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as first-past-the-post ; this is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 countries using it for this purpose,
1008-493: A single round of voting using ranked voting and the other using multiple elections, to successively narrow the field of candidates. Both are primarily used for single-member constituencies. Runoff can be achieved in a single election using instant-runoff voting (IRV), whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference; this system is used for parliamentary elections in Australia and Papua New Guinea . If no candidate receives
1071-414: A system used in eight countries. Approval voting is a choose-all-you-like voting system which aims to increase the number of candidates that win with majority support. Voters are free to pick as many candidates as they like and each choice has equal weight, independent of the number of candidates a voter supports. The candidate with the most votes wins. A runoff system in which candidates must receive
1134-412: Is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote , who can stand as a candidate , how ballots are marked and cast , how
1197-614: Is another form of proportional representation. In STV, multi-member districts are used and each voter casts one vote, being a ranked ballot marked for individual candidates, rather than voting for a party list. STV is used in Malta and the Republic of Ireland . To be certain of being elected, candidates must pass a quota (the Droop quota being the most common). Candidates that pass the quota are elected. If necessary to fill seats, votes are transferred from
1260-410: Is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college . In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago , the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like India , the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In
1323-417: Is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat Grand and General Council . In Greece the party receiving the most votes was given an additional 50 seats, a system which was abolished following the 2019 elections . Primary elections are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as
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#17330847623601386-417: Is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have compulsory voting , although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law. Many countries also have the none of the above option on their ballot papers. In systems that use constituencies , apportionment or districting defines the area covered by each constituency. Where constituency boundaries are drawn has a strong influence on
1449-414: Is impossible to design a straightforward voting system, i.e. one where it is always obvious to a strategic voter which ballot they should cast). The most common categorizations of electoral systems are: single-winner vs. multi-winner systems and proportional representation vs. winner-take-all systems vs. mixed systems . In all cases, where only a single winner is to be elected, the electoral system
1512-486: Is the two-round system , which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries for electing the legislature. If no candidate achieves a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest
1575-580: Is the case in Italy . Primary elections limit the risk of vote splitting by ensuring a single party candidate. In Argentina they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections; any party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections. In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan primary elections . Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there
1638-514: Is used in Kuwait , the Pitcairn Islands and Vanuatu . In several countries, mixed systems are used to elect the legislature. These include parallel voting (also known as mixed-member majoritarian) and mixed-member proportional representation . In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries, members of a legislature are elected by two different methods; part of
1701-415: Is winner-take all. The same can be said for elections where only one person is elected per district, since the district elections are also winner-take-all, therefore the electoral system as a whole is also usually non-proportional. Some systems where multiple winners are elected at once (in the same district) are also winner-take-all. In party block voting , voters can only vote for the list of candidates of
1764-584: The Borda count , each candidate is given a number of points equal to their rank, and the candidate with the least points wins. This system is intended to elect broadly acceptable options or candidates, rather than those preferred by a majority. This system is used to elect the ethnic minority representatives seats in the Slovenian parliament. The Dowdall system is used in Nauru for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank
1827-519: The Coombs' method and positional voting . Among the Cardinal electoral systems , the most well known of these is range voting , where any number of candidates are scored from a set range of numbers. A very common example of range voting are the 5-star ratings used for many customer satisfaction surveys and reviews. Other cardinal systems include satisfaction approval voting , highest median rules (including
1890-511: The European Parliament , the Riksdag , county councils or municipal councils stand on the ballots of their respective parties. Parties can have one or several lists. The so-called "free right of nomination" ( fri nomineringsrätt ) means that if a party has not protected its party label, anyone can set up a ballot for that party. This means that people could be elected for a party who do not have
1953-589: The European Parliament . In Denmark , Germany , Greece , Estonia , the Netherlands , Sweden , and the Czech Republic , candidates must be nominated by political parties. In the other member states, a specified number of signatures is needed. In the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (pre-Brexit), a deposit is required as well as signatures. In the Republic of Ireland , candidates may be nominated either by
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2016-421: The Netherlands , elections are carried out using 'pure' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level before assigning seats to parties. However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation; but this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals. As
2079-1259: The Progressive Era Optional preferential voting Open list representation , a form of party-list proportional representation where "preference votes" are used to express preference for individual candidates instead of party lists. See also [ edit ] Electoral system Social choice theory Weighted voting Rated voting Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] Czech Republic Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preferential_voting&oldid=1258521696 " Categories : Preferential electoral systems Electoral systems Proportional representation electoral systems Instant-runoff voting Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Electoral system Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results An electoral or voting system
2142-515: The Swiss Federal Council . In some formats there may be multiple rounds held without any candidates being eliminated until a candidate achieves a majority. Positional systems like the Borda Count are ranked voting systems that assign a certain number of points to each candidate, weighted by position. The most popular such system is first-preference plurality . Another well-known variant,
2205-466: The United Kingdom Parliament , Scottish Parliament , Senedd or Northern Ireland Assembly requires the signed assent of ten registered electors, plus an election deposit of £500, which is forfeited if the candidate wins less than 5% of the vote. A candidate for local government office does not need to pay a deposit (except for mayoral elections, for which the deposit is £500), but needs
2268-612: The United States , the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the electoral college that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in 2000 and 2016 . In addition to the various electoral systems currently in use for political elections, there are numerous others which have been used in
2331-404: The age at which people are allowed to vote , with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21. People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy (also known as passive suffrage), and in many cases the age limit for candidates
2394-547: The ballot paper . In the United States , this is called ballot access . Canadian citizens have a constitutional right to stand for election to the House of Commons of Canada and to the provincial legislative assemblies. A citizen does not need to be nominated by a political party to stand for election. To be nominated as a candidate for the House of Commons, a citizen must be at least 18 years old on election day. A candidate must obtain
2457-544: The contingent vote where voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate has a majority in the first round, all candidates are excluded except the top two, with the highest remaining preference votes from the votes for the excluded candidates then added to the totals to determine the winner. This system is used in Sri Lankan presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences. The other main form of runoff system
2520-515: The majority judgment ), and the D21 – Janeček method where voters can cast positive and negative votes. Historically, weighted voting systems were used in some countries. These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others, either indirectly by allocating more seats to certain groups (such as the Prussian three-class franchise ), or by weighting the results of the vote. The latter system
2583-476: The allocation of seats in the multi-member constituencies is adjusted to achieve an overall seat allocation proportional to parties' vote share by taking into account the number of seats won by parties in the single-member constituencies. Vote linkage mixed systems are also compensatory, however they usually use different mechanism than seat linkage (top-up) method of MMP and usually aren't able to achieve proportional representation. Some electoral systems feature
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2646-560: The ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending , and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions , and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing
2709-429: The branches of economics called social choice and mechanism design , but the question has also engendered substantial contributions from political scientists , analytic philosophers , computer scientists , and mathematicians . The field has produced several major results, including Arrow's impossibility theorem (showing that ranked voting cannot eliminate the spoiler effect ) and Gibbard's theorem (showing it
2772-414: The candidates. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers, the second preferences by two, third preferences by three, and so on; this continues to the lowest possible ranking. The totals for each candidate determine the winners. Proportional representation is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of
2835-400: The conditions under which a candidate or political party is entitled to stand for election. The right to stand for election , right to be a candidate or passive suffrage is one part of free and fair elections . Passive suffrage is distinct from active suffrage , the right to vote. The criteria to stand as a candidate depends on the individual legal system. They may include the age of
2898-417: The district seats. Weighted systems are still used in corporate elections, with votes weighted to reflect stock ownership. Dual-member proportional representation is a proposed system with two candidates elected in each constituency, one with the most votes and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results. Biproportional apportionment is a system where the total number of votes is used to calculate
2961-420: The least successful candidates. Surplus votes held by successful candidates may also be transferred. Eventually all seats are filled by candidates who have passed the quota or there are only as many remaining candidates as the number of remaining seats. Under single non-transferable vote (SNTV) voters can vote for only one candidate, with the candidates receiving the most votes declared the winners; this system
3024-519: The likely outcome of elections in the constituency due to the geographic distribution of voters. Political parties may seek to gain an advantage during redistricting by ensuring their voter base has a majority in as many constituencies as possible, a process known as gerrymandering . Historically rotten and pocket boroughs , constituencies with unusually small populations, were used by wealthy families to gain parliamentary representation. Nomination rules Nomination rules in elections regulate
3087-506: The membership is elected by a plurality or majority vote in single-member constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the constituency vote have no effect on the outcome of the proportional vote. In compensatory mixed-member systems the results of the proportional vote are adjusted to balance the seats won in the constituency vote. The mixed-member proportional systems , in use in eight countries, provide enough compensatory seats to ensure that parties have
3150-557: The name of the party they want to vote for. To be given a protected label, a party must have a constitution, a board, and must decide on its name and on applying for protected label status with the Swedish Central Elections Authority. It must also appoint someone to act on its behalf when presenting the application to the Elections Authority. These decisions must be laid down in a protocol. It must also require
3213-447: The number of seats each party is due, followed by a calculation of the constituencies in which the seats should be awarded in order to achieve the total due to them. For proportional systems that use ranked choice voting , there are several proposals, including CPO-STV , Schulze STV and the Wright system , which are each considered to be variants of proportional representation by means of
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#17330847623603276-536: The only candidate. Parties pay for their own ballots unless they have received more than 1 percent of the vote in one of the last two Riksdag elections, in which case the Elections Authority pays. (Further, parties that have received more than 1 percent of the vote in one of the last two elections to the European Parliament get their ballots paid for in European elections as well.) The Elections Authority makes sure, however, that there are blank ballots where voters can write in
3339-456: The party nomination process. At the federal level, there are rules governing contributions and spending for party nominations. If a political party is registered with Elections Canada and has nominated the candidate to represent the party, the party affiliation can be included on the ballot. Nomination rules are similar in each of the ten provinces and three territories. EU member states may set their own rules on ballot access in elections to
3402-722: The party's own, or ballots with other candidates than those the party reports. (This does not hold for other areas than the one where the party is running - hence there can be and there are completely separate parties with the same name in different municipalities and county councils.) In return, it must ensure that its candidates have agreed in writing to run for the party. Article 36 of the Law on Political Parties, as amended in 2021 by Law No. 7393, stipulates that in order to participate in elections: political parties must have established an organization in at least half of Turkey’s provinces, must have held their grand congresses at least six months before
3465-449: The past, are only used in private organizations (such as electing the board members for a corporation or a student organization), or have only ever been made as proposals but not implemented. Among the Ranked systems these include Bucklin voting , the various Condorcet methods ( Copeland's , Dodgson's , Kemeny-Young , Maximal lotteries , Minimax , Nanson's , Ranked pairs , Schulze ),
3528-423: The second round; in these cases the second round is decided by plurality voting. Some countries use a modified form of the two-round system, such as Ecuador where a candidate in the presidential election is declared the winner if they receive 40% of the vote and are 10% ahead of their nearest rival, or Argentina (45% plus 10% ahead), where the system is known as ballotage . In some cases, a runoff may be held using
3591-647: The single transferable vote. Among the proportional voting systems that use rating are Thiele's voting rules and Phragmen's voting rule . A special case of Thiele's voting rules is Proportional Approval Voting . Some proportional systems that may be used with either ranking or rating include the Method of Equal Shares and the Expanding Approvals Rule . In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in
3654-419: The support of the people behind the party. To avoid this, the party must apply for a protected label. There are no regulations for how a party whose party label isn't protected must be organised. Forming a party or running in the election is thus comparatively easy, and there have been occasions where a single individual has put up dozens of different ballots with various more or less frivolous names and himself as
3717-486: The system. Party-list proportional representation is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting for a list of candidates proposed by a party. In closed list systems voters do not have any influence over the candidates put forward by the party, but in open list systems voters are able to both vote for the party list and influence the order in which candidates will be assigned seats. In some countries, notably Israel and
3780-556: The vast majority of which are current or former British or American colonies or territories. It is also the second most common system used for presidential elections, being used in 19 countries. In cases where there are multiple positions to be filled, most commonly in cases of multi-member constituencies, there are several types of plurality electoral systems. Under block voting (also known as multiple non-transferable vote or plurality-at-large), voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party,
3843-409: The votes received by each party by a divisor or vote average that represents an idealized seats-to-votes ratio , then rounding normally. In the largest remainder system, parties' vote shares are divided by an electoral quota . This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on which parties have the largest number of "leftover" votes. Single transferable vote (STV)
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#17330847623603906-424: The voting day, and must have held their district, provincial and grand congresses twice in a row. The following are the basic nomination rules for an individual candidate (whether Independent, or associated with a political party). To use a party name (and logo) a candidate must be authorised by a registered political party, or else they may stand as 'Independent' or with no description. A candidate for election to
3969-493: Was used in colonial Rhodesia for the 1962 and 1965 elections . The elections featured two voter rolls (the 'A' roll being largely European and the 'B' roll largely African); the seats of the House Assembly were divided into 50 constituency seats and 15 district seats. Although all voters could vote for both types of seats, 'A' roll votes were given greater weight for the constituency seats and 'B' roll votes greater weight for
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