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48-480: The book is divided into five prakasha s (parts): As a work of history, Prabandha-Chintamani is inferior to contemporary historical literature, such as the Muslim chronicles. Merutunga states that he wrote the book to "replace the oft-heared ancient stories which no longer delighted the wise". His book includes a large number of interesting anecdotes, but many of these anecdotes are fictitious. Merutunga finished writing

96-438: A ban on such types of luxurious imports to save the nation form extravagance. So its contributions in the field of trade and commerce are equally noteworthy and as important as in the fields of politics and religion. Archaeologically, Paithan's importance need not be over-emphasised. The environs of Paithan have given evidence of pre-historic and proto-historic antiquities. Whereas, in the historical period archaeological data from

144-515: A pilgrimage centre from where the soul could be liberated forever from a shackled existence. Shivajis son and successors honored this charter for a long time. The Peshwas, the administrators of the Maratha rulers, also kept close connections with Paithan city. Peshwa Balaji Bajirao in 1761, married into the Wakhare family – moneylender of Paithan and his successors . Peshwas Madhavrao and Narayanrao, maintained

192-420: A point to stop at Paithan while on their way to other places. In 1679, for instance, Chhatrapati Shivaji halted at Paithan while proceeding to Jalna . During his stay he issued acharter appointing Kawale – a leading priest of Paithan – as a royal priest. This arrangement made by Shivaji for a local priest to perform the family rituals is understandable in view of the fact that Paithan was regarded as moksha-tirtha –

240-450: A variable duration ranging from 29 to 32 days. The lunar days are called tithis . Each month has 30 tithis , which vary in length from 20 to 27 hours. The waxing phase , beginning with the day after the new moon ( amavasya ) , is called gaura or shukla paksha (the bright or auspicious fortnight). The waning phase is called krishna or vadhya paksha (the dark fortnight, considered inauspicious). The classical Vikram Samvat

288-432: A wide variety of resident and migratory birds which has been established as Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary . This is the world's first dam made from soil. It has 27 gates. On 9 August 2006, Paithan experienced its worst flood in known history when the dam floodgates were opened because of heavy rainfall in the region, half of city was drawn in the water due to which many people migrated to othe places for few days. The Jayakwadi dam

336-555: Is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar ; the year 2081 BS begins mid-April 2024 CE, and ends mid-April 2025 CE. The Rana dynasty of Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 BS . The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of Baisakh , which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with

384-568: Is a town with municipal council in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra , Maharashtra, India. Paithan is located 56 kilometres (35 mi) south of present-day Aurangabad on the banks of the Godavari River . It was the capital of the Satavahana dynasty , which ruled from the second century BCE to the second century CE. It is one of the few inland towns mentioned in the famous first-century Greek book,

432-478: Is dedicated to Munisuvrata, the 20th Jain tirthanakar. The moolnayak of this temple is a black colored sand idol of Bhagwan Munisuvrat Nath. The idol is of the time period when stone idols were not generally made, thus indicating its antiquity. It is even believed that Lord Rama , Lakshman and Sita of Treta Yuga worshiped this idol. This Jain tirtha and the idol are considered as powerful hence qualifying as an atishay kshetra . Shri Santaji Jagnade (1624–1688)

480-607: Is described as a contemporary of a Nanda king (4th century BCE). Since the work was composed in Gujarat, it portrays the rulers of Gujarat positively, in comparison to the rival rulers of the neighbouring kingdom of Malwa . In 1888, Shastri Ramachandra Dinanatha edited and published Prabandha-Chintamani . In 1901, Charles Henry Tawney translated it into English at the suggestion of Georg Bühler . Durgasankar Shastri revised Dinanatha's edition, and published it in 1932. Muni Jinvijay published another edition in 1933, and also translated

528-652: Is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture. Upto 13 April 2025, it will be 2081 BS in the BS calendar. The names of months in the Vikram Samvat in Sanskrit and Nepali, with their roughly corresponding Gregorian months, respectively are: Pratishthana Paithan ['pəɪ.ʈʰaɳ] ( pronunciation ), historically Pratiṣṭhāna [pɾə'tɪʂʈʰana] ,

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576-414: Is said to be the capital of Mulaka desh. Aurangabad , Nashik , Jalna , Washim are parts of Mulaka. Muluka or Mulaka is identified and it is also known as Moolaka or Moolaka desha along with Ashmaka . According to Puranas, Pratishthana was built by King Sudyumna , son of Manu . Once Sudyumna, who was one of the few sons of Manu, strayed into Shiva's forest during his hunting trip around Manulaya and

624-552: Is the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana 's Rajatarangini . Some earlier scholars believed that the Vikram Samvat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes . This was disputed by Robert Bracey after the discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra , which is dated in two eras. The theory was discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of

672-532: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . Paithan is associated with many spiritual leaders of all faiths since ages. To name some of them are - Changdev Maharaj , Saint Dnyaneshwar , Saint Sopandev , Saint Nivruttinath , Saint Muktabai , Saint Eknath , Saint Jaganade Maharaj, Saint Bhanudas , etc. Paithan was the home town and Samadhi sthal of the great Marathi saint Eknath; people flock yearly to his shrine during

720-512: The Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena, was found at Dholpur and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994) by the Jain author Amitagati. A number of authors believe that

768-618: The Nanakshahi calendar . Like the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, the Vikram Samvat is lunisolar . In common years, the year is 354 days long, while a leap month ( adhik maas ) is added in accordance to the Metonic cycle roughly once every three years (or 7 times in a 19-year cycle) to ensure that festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. Early Buddhist communities in India adopted

816-476: The Paithani beautiful silk saris that sport intricately embroidered gold or silver borders. Dnyaneshwar Udyan at Paithan is developed on the lines of Brindavan Gardens , Mysore . The city is home to many noted personalities of modern times like Shankarrao Chavan , Yogiraj maharaj Gosavi (Descendant of Sant Eknath), Balasaheb Patil (Historian) Pratishthana ( Sanskrit : प्रतिष्ठान, lit. standing firmly )

864-612: The 9th century, epigraphical artwork began using Vikram Samvat (suggesting that the Hindu calendar era in use became popular as Vikram Samvat); Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira. According to popular tradition, King Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas . Kalakacharya Kathanaka ( An account of

912-631: The Azes era in 47–46 BCE. The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus , Sikhs , and Pashtuns . One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent , it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days . The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra . This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India. The calendar remains in use by people in Nepal serving as its national calendar where

960-666: The Hindi version of the preamble of the constitution of India , the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar. The Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years . Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year, correctional months ( adhika māsa ) are added or (occasionally) subtracted ( kshaya masa ). A lunar year consists of 12 months, and each month has two fortnights , with

1008-508: The King of Dwaraka . The address of his temple in Paithan is Shree Santaji Maharaj Tilven Teli Samaj Dharmshala, which is located close to Dashkriya Vidhi Paithan ghat, little easterly to Eknath Maharaj Mandir. The founders of this temple are Mr. Pralhadseth Sidlambe and Mr. Kedarnath Dadarao Sarje. A major Embankment dam called the " Jayakwadi Dam " is located near Paithan, and is known for attracting

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1056-668: The Satavahans to the Yadavas has been recorded. Even now a number of antiquities of different periods are abundantly available on the surface of the mounds at Paithan. Thus we come across an amazing variety of beads, terracotta. Bangles and coins of the Satavahana period. Some of the punch-marked coins predate the Satavahans and the foreign coins confirm its close contacts with the western world. Paithan, with its varied and variegated politico-economic and religio-social activities greatly contributed to

1104-555: The Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar , except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The Vikram Samvat calendar (also called Bikram Sambat in Nepali) should not be confused with the Nepal Sambat , a much more recent innovation. A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after

1152-437: The Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a legendary king or a title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title of Vikramaditya, and changed the era's name to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé , the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman . Hoernlé believed that he conquered Kashmir and

1200-432: The ancient Hindu calendar , followed by the Vikram Samvat and local Buddhist calendars . Buddhist festivals are still scheduled according to a lunar system. The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system ( amaanta ) and 57–56 BCE in the northern system ( purnimaanta ). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems. The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar

1248-768: The ancient city of Pratishthan, is beautifully situated on the left bank of the river Godavari. Since the second millennium B.C. The dawn of the Goda Valley Civilisation it has played a vital role in shaping the culture of the region and has been a sacred place for the Hindus, the Buddhists and the Jains. From ancient times Paithan was important emporium of trade and commerce with links connecting it to marts in India and in Europe. It developed its own religion and educational institutions and in

1296-469: The appellation as "Santpura". Paithan is also an important place for followers of Mahanubhava Sampradaya. Sarvajna Chakradhar Swami stayed in Paithan for a long period. Paithan is a well known ancient Digambar Jain atishay kshetra (pilgrimage place of miracles). A beautiful black sand idol of 20th Jain Tirthankar, Bhagwan Munisuvratnath is in the temple. Paithan is also known for its saris —

1344-558: The book in c. 1304 CE (1361 Vikrama Samvat ). However, while narrating historical incidents, he does not give much importance to contemporary period, of which he possessed direct knowledge. His book contains historical narratives from 940 CE to 1250 CE, for which he had to rely on oral tradition and earlier texts. Because of this, his book ended up becoming a collection of unreliable anecdotes. Several contemporary or near-contemporary works of Gujarat do not mention any dates while narrating historical incidents. Merutunga perhaps realized that it

1392-481: The close association. Peshwa Madhavrao, judging from his letters, was particularly impressed by the textiles of Paithan. Paithan is located at 19°29′N 75°23′E  /  19.48°N 75.38°E  / 19.48; 75.38 . It has an average elevation of 458 m (1,503 ft). As of 2001 India census , Paithan had a population of 34,556. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Paithan has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than

1440-473: The field of art, drew the attention of the Muslim invaders, who overran the city and whose culture left its imprint upon the life and manners of the people of Paithan. During the seventeenth century, the Marathas, recognizing the value of Paithan as a centre of religious and economic importance, strove hard to keep it under control. They felt a special affinity towards this ancient city and many Maratha rulers made it

1488-472: The first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. It is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India. Alongside Nepal Sambat , Bikram Sambat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal. In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), the Indian national calendar is widely used. With the arrival of Islamic rule, the Hijri calendar became

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1536-528: The growth of a highly enriched cultural milieu and perhaps no other city in Maharashtra could possibly compare itself favorably with Paithan. Apart from the thriving of the three major religious sects such as Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic religion at Paithan ever since it became the capital city of the Satavahanas, all the religious movements during the medieval period have centered round this historic city. Paithan

1584-401: The instance of Sage Vasiştha, Ila established Somavamsa in the city of Pratishthana in the valley of Sahya mountains by banks of river Godavari from where he ruled for long. After him, Pururavas became the king of Pratishthana. In ancient times it was called Pratishthanpura and it has seen many ups and downs in its long and chequered history. Because of its long and continued existence it

1632-452: The last day of the month Chaitra . The first day of the new year is a public holiday in Nepal. Bisket Jatra , an annual carnival in Bhaktapur , is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, Nepal Sambat was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat. In India, the reformulated Saka calendar is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In

1680-498: The legendary king Vikramaditya , the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical record before the 9th century; the same calendar system is found with other names, such as Krita and Malava. In colonial scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the Sakas from Ujjain . However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggest that this theory has no historical basis. During

1728-529: The monk Kalakacharya ), by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri, gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan . Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself

1776-493: The national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 60%. In Paithan, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. Bidkin is a large village in Paithan Taluka having a population of 14941 according to 2001 census. Religion in Paithan city (2011) Religion in Paithan Taluka (2011) Paithan is a well known ancient Digambar Jain atishay kshetra , meaning a pilgrimage place of miracles. This temple

1824-731: The official calendar of sultanates and the Mughal Empire . During British colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India. The predominantly-Muslim countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee controversially adopted

1872-469: The subsequent Shaka-era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana. The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the Malava tribe " (424), or simply "Samvat". The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from

1920-474: The text into Hindi language. Vikrama Samvat Traditional Vikram Samvat ( ISO : Vikrama Saṁvata ; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami calendar is a national Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still also used in several Indian states and Nepal . It is a solar calendar , using twelve to thirteen lunar months each solar sidereal years . The year count of

1968-574: The time of the Paithan yatra , also known as the Nath Shashti. Apegaon village, the birthplace of Saint Dnyaneshwar and his three other siblings is located along the northern bank of the River Godavari, about 12 kilometers easterly to Paithan. The religious saints and philosophers enthralled the masses through their works written in simple Marathi style and popularized the bhakti cult in the wake of Islamic expansion. Therefore, Paithan eminently deserves

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2016-463: The writings of the foreign travelers and geographers. As a great commercial centre, it was very well linked with the other important towns of ancient India and the western world. Its exports had earned great reputation in the western markets and had achieved international renown. Its quality textiles such as the Paithani had no parallel in the contemporary world. The Roman parliament was rather forced to put

2064-533: Was capital of first Satavahana king Simuka , from where it grew into an empire covering almost half of present India. The Satavahanas were known as "Trisamudratoyapitvahana". Later, under the name Pishtapura ( Sanskrit : पिष्टपुर, lit. flour city ), it was taken by the Chalukya ruler Pulakesin II who commissioned the recording of the event in a poem as "reducing Pishtapuram to flour". Pratishthanapura or present day Paithan

2112-502: Was cursed to become a woman named Ila by Shiva. By praying to Shiva's consort Parvati, Sudyumna managed to stay as man and woman alternatively every month. He would not remember events of one stage in the other. When he was a woman, he married the son of Chandra , Budha (Mercury, one of the nine planets the 'Navagrahas'), through whom he had a son ( Pururavas ). Budha helped Ila to attain his former self by pleasing Shiva through ' Ashvamedha Yagna ' (Horse sacrifice). After leaving Budha, at

2160-454: Was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra ). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away from the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and

2208-428: Was important to mention exact dates in writing history, and provides several dates in his Prabandha-Chintamani . However, most of these dates are wrong by a few months or a year. It appears that Merutunga knew years of historical incidents from the earlier records, and fabricated the exact dates to make his work more believable. The text also features instances of anachronism ; for example, Varahamihira (6th century CE)

2256-625: Was one of fourteen cymbal players employed by Shri Tukaram Maharaja, a prominent Marathi Saint. Jagnade recorded several of Tukaram's Abhangs. He belonged to the Teli caste of oil producers[3] and is the only Saint from that caste. Jagnade was born and brought up in Sadumbare in the Maval tehsil in the Pune District. He was a Varkari, a vaishnav devotee of Lord Vitthal, who is supreme Lord Krishna Himself appearing as

2304-482: Was the seat of a number of dynasties and dynastic rules. It was credited to be the capital of the ancient Janpadas like Asmaka. Thus, Paithan gained the epithet as "Supratisthana" (Sanskrit: सुप्रतिष्ठान, lit. standing very firmly ) not only for its political importance as the capital city during the long rule of the Satavahanas and of great consequence till the Yadavas, but also for its affluence and of highly advanced civilization. Its importance has also been vouchsafed in

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