61-562: The Powysland Club is a historical society for the county of Montgomeryshire , Wales. It was founded in 1867. Among the society's members was Elias Owen , the antiquarian who served as a committee member and published articles in the club's journal, The Montgomeryshire Collections between 1871 and 1899. Members of the club founded the first Powysland Museum in 1874. It holds several annual educational lectures and excursions to sites of historical interest. The club also publishes an annual journal, Montgomeryshire Collections . It also maintains
122-422: A bench trial rather than a trial by jury , "was to save the jury from the guilt of his blood, but no notice was taken of his request, as was inevitable, and a jury was empanelled." According to Malcolm Pullan, "No one wished to sit on the jury so a collection of the local anti-Catholic riff-raff had to be paid to do jury service." Lewis Gronow deposed, "that the said three prisoners were in hand with him on
183-575: A Protestant church. Soon after, seminary priests , including Robert Gwin , began arriving in North Wales from Catholic Europe . Gwyn made his Confession and returned to the religion of his childhood. Incensed by Gwyn's return to Catholicism, Bishop Downham and the Protestants of Overton made Gwyn's life so unbearable that the schoolmaster and his family fled the Diocese of Chester on foot. After crossing
244-671: A Sunday in July an. Dom. 1582, to become a Papist ; secondly that he had heard them also to acknowledge", Pope Pius V , "to be the Supreme Head of the Church ; thirdly, that he had heard", Richard Gwyn, " in plain terms to affirm the Pope now living to have the same authority which Christ gave to Peter ." Edward Erles also "deposed that he had heard", Gwyn, "rehearse certain rhymes of his own making against married priests and ministers; secondly, that he called
305-648: A century before. Attacks by Gwynedd on Powys Wenwynwyn led the latter to seek the assistance of the English. Ultimately this led them to convert their territory into a marcher lordship , via surrender and regrant , as a way to strengthen their position; the ruling princes of Powys Wenwynwyn became the Lords of Powys , feudally bound to the English king, and able to fully rely on English backing, but otherwise independent. The prince took an English-style surname - Owen de-la Pole - after his capital city, Pool (now Welshpool ). With
366-677: A chapelry to Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant in Denbighshire Local government reforms in 1974 combined the administrative areas of Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire and Brecknockshire together to form a new administrative county called Powys . A new district of Montgomeryshire was established as a lower-tier district authority within Powys, with the district's area matching the former administrative county. The district council took over Neuadd Maldwyn in Welshpool to serve as its headquarters, and also retained
427-566: A degree. He then went to St John's College, Cambridge , "where he lived on the charity of the College ", and its then Master, the Roman Catholic Dr. George Bullock. During his time at University, Gwyn's fellow students began calling him by the alias of "Richard White", "as being the English equivalent of his name". In the early part of the reign of Elizabeth I , Bullock was forced to resign
488-707: A huge pair of bolts on both heels, which were so placed that he could not lie on his side, but, whenever he would sleep, must needs lie on his back or his belly." At the Michaelmas Assizes in 1580, Gwyn was offered his freedom if he would agree to attend Anglican services and to give up the names of the Catholic parents in Erbistock whose children he had taught. Gwyn refused and was returned to Ruthin Castle. By this time, however, Gwyn's jailer, "understanding that he had merely
549-551: A library, which is open to the general public, in Welshpool . This article about an organisation in Wales is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Montgomeryshire Montgomeryshire ( Welsh : Sir Drefaldwyn meaning "the Shire of Baldwin's town") was one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales . It was named after its county town , Montgomery , which in turn
610-707: A miracle of that." Richard Gwyn was found guilty by the jury and fined one hundred marks (£140). In September 1581, Gwyn was moved to Denbigh Castle and was again brought before Sir George Bromley. Gwyn was fined £280 for refusing to attend Anglican Sunday Services under the penal statute setting the fine for that offence at £20 per month. This fine was in addition to Gwyn's previous fine of £140 for "brawling during divine service". Gwyn replied that he had some funds and could make some payment toward his fines. When Bromley asked what amount he could pay, Gwyn answered, "Six-pence". Outraged, Bromley ordered that Gwyn be returned to prison with extra irons. At that same assizes, Gwyn
671-411: A prisoner for religion to deal with, remitted some part of his former rigour towards him." Around Christmas 1580, all the prisoners at Ruthin Castle were transferred to Wrexham Jail, where the new jailer greeted Gwyn, "with a great pair of shackles , which was compelled to wear both night and day all the year following." When brought before the next Assizes , Gwyn again refused to conform. When
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#1732868792768732-408: A secret message that a priest was urgently needed. During his journey, Gwyn was recognized on the public highway by David Edwards, a wealthy Puritan cloth merchant. Even though English law at the time did not permit what is now called a citizen's arrest , Edwards ordered Gwyn to stop. When the latter refused, Edwards drew his dagger and attacked Gwyn, who defended himself with his staff and struck
793-504: A visit to the city's Cattle Market. Gwyn was confined to Wrexham Jail, where he was offered his liberty if he would conform to the Established Church . When he refused, Gwyn was told that he would appear before the magistrates the following day. That very night, Gwyn escaped and remained a fugitive for a year and a half. After eighteen months on the run, Gwyn was on the way one afternoon in July 1580 into Wrexham in order to deliver
854-589: Is the co-patron of the Latin Mass Society of England and Wales . While little is known of Richard Gwyn's early life, it is known that he was born about 1537 in Llanidloes , Montgomeryshire , Wales and, reportedly, "descended of honest parentage, bearing the surname of Gwin ( sic )." Only at the age of 20, "he did frame his mind to like of good letters", and accordingly matriculated at Oxford University , "where he made no great abode", and did not complete
915-414: Is used in the constituencies that represent the same area today: 52°35′N 3°30′W / 52.583°N 3.500°W / 52.583; -3.500 Saint Richard Gwyn Richard Gwyn (ca. 1537 – 15 October 1584), also known by his anglicized name, Richard White , was a Welsh teacher at illegal and underground schools and a bard who wrote both Christian and satirical poetry in
976-570: The Spergula arvensis (also called "corn spurrey"). The shire forms a vice-county for wildlife recording. Montgomeryshire was crossed from East to West by the Cambrian Line , a mainline passenger railway which runs between Shrewsbury and Aberystwyth as well as Pwllheli with stations at Welshpool , Newtown , Caersws and Machynlleth . The Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway links Welshpool to Llanfair Caereinion . Montgomeryshire's name
1037-712: The Catholic Church in England and Wales as well as in Ireland . Gwyn replied, "Notwithstanding that Bull (the which I never saw), I believe and confirm that she is our lawful Queen." Atkyns, however, was unmoved and, from nine o'clock in the morning until dinner time that very day, Gwyn was tortured by being put to the manacles . According to a contemporary account, Gwyn "bestowed all the time of his torments in continual prayer, by craving of God for his tormentors mercy and forgiveness, and for himself safe deliverance from their malice by
1098-453: The Glyndŵr district of Clwyd (historically Denbighshire ) which were transferred to Powys in 1996. The three area committees for the former counties were abolished in 2018. The area of what was Montogmeryshire was almost wholly mountainous, although there are some fertile valleys in the east. The highest point (county top) was Moel Sych at 826.7 metres (2,712 ft), whose summit lies at
1159-629: The River Dee and finding a new home in Erbistock , Gwyn set up the Welsh equivalent to an Irish hedge school inside a deserted barn, where he secretly taught the children of local Catholic families. In time, however, Gwyn was forced to flee from Erbistock as well to avoid arrest. On a Wednesday night early in 1579, Richard Gwyn was arrested by the Vicar of Wrexham, Hugh Soulley a former Roman Catholic priest who had conformed to Anglicanism and married, during
1220-589: The Treason Act 1695 , Richard Gwyn, John Hughes, and Robert Morris were forbidden the services of a defence counsel and forced to act as their own attorneys. When the prisoners were asked by the court how they wished to be tried, Gwyn responded, "We will be tried by you, who are the justices of the bench; for you are wise and learned, and better able to discern the equity of our cause than the simple people of our own country, altogether unacquainted in such matters." It has been suggested that Gwyn's reason for requesting
1281-688: The Welsh language . A Roman Catholic during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England , Gwyn was martyred by being hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason at Wrexham in 1584 . He was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales . Since its creation in 1987, St. Richard Gwyn has been the Patron Saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrexham . Along with fellow lay martyr St. Margaret Clitherow , Gwyn
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#17328687927681342-503: The illegitimate son of a Roman Catholic priest . "Their complaint to the judges proving vain", all three prisoners started to heckle the minister (one in Welsh , the second in Latin , and the third in English ) until the whole exercise had to be abandoned. At the same assizes, a complaint was filed against the sheriff, Edward Hughes of the Holt , for showing allegedly excessive leniency towards
1403-575: The insurrection in the north ", the excommunication of the Queen by Pope Pius V in the papal bull Regnans in excelsis , " Story and Felton ", Nicholas Sanders and the Second Desmond Rebellion , " Campion and his fellows, Arden and Sommerfield , Francis Throckmorton ; aggravating the prisoners to be of one religion with the person's before named and recited". In response, Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris, "protested their innocence." The jury
1464-572: The liberal arts , theology, and history. Gwyn married Catherine, a young woman from Overton-on-Dee . They had six children, three of whom survived him. Despite repeated threats of both fines and imprisonment, Gwyn made every effort to avoid attending Anglican Sunday Services and taking the Oath of Supremacy . As a recusant in a small village, Gwyn's adherence to the old faith was common knowledge. Gwyn also made no effort to hide his opinions and openly exhorted his neighbours who had conformed to return to
1525-528: The 1584 spring assizes were allowed to proceed without any further efforts to prosecute them. On Friday 9 October 1584, Richard Gwyn, John Hughes, and Robert Morris were arraigned at Wrexham before a panel of judges headed by the Chief Justice of Chester , Sir George Bromley , as well as Simon Thelwall , Piers Owen, Dr. Ellis Price, Roger Puleston , Jevan Lloyd of the Yale, and Owen Brereton. Upon coming before
1586-679: The Apostle . "There is this difference", Gwyn replied, "namely, that whereas Peter received the Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven , the keys you received were obviously those of the beer cellar." At 8:00 pm, Gwyn was finally released from the stocks and limped back to his cell, followed the whole way by the jeering laughter of David Edwards, the Puritan cloth merchant who had arrested him. At his next court appearance, Gwyn learned he had been indicted and would be tried for
1647-680: The Bible a babble; thirdly that he termed Justice Bromley ustus y fram ; and fourth that he defended the Pope's authority." Howell David, the cousin of Gwyn's codefendant John Hughes, deposed against Gwyn, "that he had heard him complain of this world; and secondly, that it would not last long, thirdly, that he hoped to see a better world; and, fourthly, that he confessed the Pope's supremacy." The same witness also gave evidence against his own kinsman John Hughes and, very likely for this reason, Howell David, "had managed to secure his property." The three prisoners then pointed out that Lewis Gronow, witness for
1708-544: The Catholic Church. At the time, Bishops of the Established Church were under considerable pressure from Queen Elizabeth I to arrest recusants, especially schoolmasters, who exercised great influence and Welsh bards , who, like Richard Gwyn, were acting as secret messengers on behalf of Roman Catholic priests and recusants within the Welsh nobility and commons. In this way, the Bards of Wales were highly important within
1769-763: The Keeper of the Judicial Seal of Montgomery and Examiner before the Council of the Marches. After a brief examination, the Councillors departed and Sherer continued the interrogation accompanied by threats of further torture. Although Gwyn remained in the same room with the manacles for two hours afterwards and fully expected to be laid to them a second time, "God protected him from any further cruelty at that time." Soon afterwards, Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris were returned to Wrexham Jail, where
1830-428: The Marches, Sir Francis Walsingham , the Queen's Principal Secretary, Sir James Croft , and many other senior officials. This further had the effect of, "terrifying the simple men with the sight of the commission from higher powers". The jury then retired for their deliberations to St Giles' Church , where they remained with their keeper the whole night following. After an hour of deliberation, however, two members of
1891-531: The May Assizes were held at Wrexham in 1581, the Chief Justice of Chester , Sir George Bromley , ordered that Gwyn be "taken to church" by force. Gwyn was carried upon the shoulders of six men into St. Giles' Church in Wrexham . Gwyn was carried around the font and laid in heavy shackles before the pulpit to hear the sermon of an Anglican clergyman named Thomas Jones. However, Gwyn, "so stirred his legs that with
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1952-547: The Montgomeryshire County Offices or Neuadd Maldwyn . The county council remained based at Neuadd Maldwyn until its abolition in 1974. Until 1974, Montgomeryshire was divided into civil parishes for the purpose of local government; these in large part equated to ecclesiastical parishes (see the table below), most of which still exist as part of the Church in Wales. a chapelry to Alberbury in Shropshire
2013-518: The Puritan such a severe blow on the head that Edwards was thrown to the ground. Gwyn thought at first that he had killed Edwards and stood in silent horror until the Puritan began showing signs of life. Gwyn then took to his heels. Edwards followed in pursuit and cried, "Stop thief! Stop thief!" The Puritan's servants were cutting hay nearby and, hearing their master's cries, they surrounded Gwyn and seized him. David Edwards brought Gwyn into his own house, and kept him there in heavy bolts and chains while
2074-708: The Welsh Catholic underground and were how news was spread about secret Masses and pilgrimages . For these reasons, William Downham , a former Roman Catholic priest of the Augustinian Brothers of Penitence who had conformed to Anglicanism and been appointed by the Queen as Bishop of Chester , and his officers, "began to molest", Gwyn, "for refusing to receive at their communion table". The Bishop and local statesman Roger Puleston put considerable pressure upon Gwyn, who reluctantly agreed, "greatly against his stomach", to receive Communion at Anglican services
2135-463: The additional charge of "brawling during divine service." However, as James Garm, the clerk of court , began to read the indictment before the jury, he found himself unable to continue doing so and handed it to someone else. When Sir George asked Garm what was the matter, the clerk replied, "I do not know what has happened to my eyes, but I cannot see." Bromley replied, "Speak softly lest the Papists make
2196-433: The commote of Ceri , which had formed a northwards spur of the less organised region Between Wye and Severn ; most of the rest of the latter region became Radnorshire . Montgomeryshire was bordered, to the north, by Denbighshire , to the east and south east by Shropshire , to the south by Radnorshire , to the south west by Cardiganshire , and to the west and north west by Merionethshire . When, in subsequent centuries,
2257-490: The concept of Wales was once again officially distinguished from England , all of these counties were deemed Welsh , except for Shropshire. Montgomeryshire was the birthplace of Welsh Catholic martyr Saint Richard Gwyn (in 1537). Elected county councils were established in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 to take over the local government functions previously exercised by the quarter sessions . Although
2318-608: The county was named after Montgomery , by 1889 the quarter sessions were instead held at both Newtown and Welshpool , and the new county council chose to continue meeting in both towns in its early years. Montgomeryshire County Council held its first formal meeting on 1 April 1889 at the Public Rooms (also known as the Flannel Exchange) in Newtown. In 1931 the county council opened a new headquarters building in Welshpool, called
2379-670: The court, Gwyn made the Sign of the Cross , "for which he was mocked and derided by a young man named Francis Bromley , a relative of the Chief Justice." As the indictment was read aloud by the clerk of court , all three prisoners learned that they stood accused of high treason under the Act of Supremacy 1558 and the Religion Act 1580 . Like all other British subjects tried for the same offence prior to
2440-407: The demands of the interrogators, until at dinnertime, the interrogators finally took Gwyn down and left him alone with the manacles. Immediately after dinner, Gwyn was visited by the Councillors of Wales and the Marches; Sir George Bromley, Henry Townsend, Fabian Phillips, William Leighton of Plaish Hall , and Simon Thelwall . They were accompanied by deputy solicitor Thomas Evans and Thomas Sherer,
2501-676: The following Sunday. The next Sunday, however, as Gwyn left St. Mary the Virgin Church in Overton-on-Dee following the Anglican service there, he was assaulted and pecked all the way back to his home by a flock of crows and kites. Soon after, Gwyn became so gravely ill that his life was despaired of. Gwyn promised God that if his life were spared, he would return to the Catholic Faith and never again violate his conscience by attending services at
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2562-409: The former offices of the abolished Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn Urban District Council at Newtown Hall Park as an area office. Further local government reform in 1996 abolished district councils in Wales, making Powys a unitary authority . From 1996 until 2018 Powys County Council had a Montgomeryshire area committee covering the former Montgomeryshire district plus three communities formerly in
2623-578: The introduction of the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 the marcher lordships were converted into English counties. The Lordship of Powys – the former Powys Wenwynwyn – became Montgomeryshire; the county town being Montgomery, the strongest centre of English authority in the region, rather than centre of Welsh authority, Welshpool. Montgomeryshire was thus ultimately formed from the cantrefi of Powys Wenwynwyn: In addition, for practical reasons, Montgomeryshire gained
2684-560: The jury "were sent for to confer with the judges, to know of them, whom they should acquit, and whom they should find guilty." At 8:00 AM on Saturday 10 October 1584, the jury returned with a verdict. Richard Gwyn and John Hughes were found guilty of high treason. Robert Morris "was acquitted to his great sorrow" and publicly wept. Gwyn replied to the verdict by saying in Ecclesiastical Latin , Non audent aliter dicere propter metum Judeorum ("They dare not say otherwise for fear of
2745-792: The magistrates were summoned. After the magistrates took charge of him, Gwyn was taken to Wrexham prison and lodged in an underground dungeon known as "The Black Chamber" ( Middle Welsh : Siambrddu ). After laying on the cold ground in the Black Chamber for two days, Gwyn was brought before the Justice of the Peace , Robert Puleston , who ordered that Gwyn be sent to Ruthin Castle and, "very straitly guarded as being vehemently suspected of high treason ." For this reason, Gwyn spent his first three months in Ruthin Castle wearing, "strong handbolts on his arms, and
2806-672: The manacles (a kind of torture at the Council, not inferior to the rack at the Tower of London )." At about seven or eight on the morning of 27 November 1583, Gwyn was interrogated by Richard Atkyns, the Attorney-General of Wales and the Marches, at the latter's own home. In particular, Atkyns demanded to know Gwyn's opinion of the 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis , in which Pope Pius V had declared Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated and deposed for both heresy and religious persecution of
2867-481: The mastership in July 1559 and Gwyn was forced to leave the college. After leaving the university, Gwyn found that, "need and poverty compelled him to become a teacher before he could perfectly lay the foundation to be a learner," and returned to his native district in Wales. Gwyn served successively as schoolmaster in the Wrexham area villages of Gresford , Yswyd , and Overton-on-Dee while continuing his studies of
2928-543: The merits of Jesus Christ His Passion; and this he did with a loud voice." It is written, however, that Gwyn's interrogators, "seemed to be tormented with his words, as if they were possessed". Sir George Bromley responded in a rage, "There is no more pity to be had on thee than a mad dog! Wretches like you should all be hanged!" Gwyn replied, "I pray you put me to death... and therein you shall do me greater pleasure than to kill me continually with torments." Gwyn then fell to praying in silence and made no further answer to
2989-582: The new sheriff, Jevan Lloyd of Yale, relieved the committee of overseers of their offices and loaded Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris down with heavy irons. In May 1583 an order was given for the removal of Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris to the jurisdiction of the Council of Wales and the Marches along with the Roman Catholic priest John Bennett and the layman Henry Pugh. The following November, all five suffered torture at Bewdley and at Bridgnorth Castle by being, "laid to
3050-428: The noise of his irons the preacher's voice could not be heard." Sir George Bromley ordered that, as punishment, Gwyn was to be placed in the stocks between 10:00am and 8:00pm and sermonized the whole time by Anglican ministers. One Anglican clergyman , who had a very large red nose, attempted to debate with Gwyn concerning the Keys of the Church, which the minister alleged were given just as much to him as to St. Peter
3111-473: The prosecution, had previously been upon the pillory for procuring the perjured testimony of Mr. Tudor Robert in another case. Richard Gwyn also denied ever having met Lewis Gronow. John Hughes then called a witness of his own, who asserted that both Lewis Gronow and Edward Erles had been bribed with sixteen shillings each for bearing false witness in a previous case. According to Malcolm Pullan, "The jury were understandably disturbed by this revelation, but
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#17328687927683172-402: The three recusant prisoners. In response, a committee of four overseers was appointed, which included both Hugh Soulley and David Edwards, "in order to see to it that no one had access to the prisoners except their wives, and that no relief was given them." From his position on the committee, Puritan cloth merchant David Edwards continued his persecution of Richard Gwyn. On one occasion, as Gwyn
3233-482: The trial continued." An Elizabethan English account of the trial, "corroborates this and says that the money was given them by Jevan Lloyd of Yale , the year he was Sheriff" and their perjured testimony on promise of bribery had been arranged by the Vicar of Wrexham. In response, however, Justice Simon Thelwall , "asked various questions", of the defendants, "with a view of showing the jury that all three prisoners were obstinate Papists". Thelwall then, "roved over
3294-807: The triple county boundary point of Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire and Merionethshire in the Berwyn Mountains . The county top of Denbighshire, Cadair Berwyn at 832 metres (2,730 ft), was less than a kilometre away. Its main rivers were the River Severn (which flows east into Shropshire) and the River Dyfi (which flows west into the Irish Sea ). Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir supplying Liverpool . The main towns were Machynlleth , Llanidloes , Montgomery , Newtown and Welshpool . The main industries were agriculture (mainly hill farming) and tourism , though there
3355-568: Was able to prove in court that the man they had seen outside the Jail was Judge Jevan Lloyd, rather than Richard Gwyn. When the Michaelmas Assizes were held at Holt in 1582, Gwyn, Hughes, and Morris were indicted and tried for high treason based on the allegedly perjured testimony of Lewis Gronow of Meriadoc and Robert Clarke, the new Vicar of Wrexham. The case for the prosecution, however, seems to have broken down. Also, that following Christmas,
3416-547: Was also some forestry and light manufacturing . The population density was highest near the border with England and along the Severn valley. The county was closely linked to Shropshire , with many essential services for Montgomeryshire residents being located in the more densely populated town of Shrewsbury , such as acute health services at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital . The county flower of Montgomeryshire remains
3477-451: Was named after one of William the Conqueror 's main counsellors, Roger de Montgomerie , who was the 1st Earl of Shrewsbury . The area of what was Montgomeryshire, now constitutes the northern part of the principal area of Powys . The current area was 2,174 square km (839 square miles). The largest town was Newtown , followed by Welshpool and Llanidloes . The Treaty of Montgomery
3538-456: Was reportedly so visibly unhappy with the contradictory evidence they had heard that, before they retired for deliberation, Sir George Bromley threatened them "with dire consequences if they did not bring in a guilty verdict after they retired for the night". Sir George also, "appointed the pronotary to read the commission from the Privy Council "; which was signed by Sir Thomas Bromley , the Lord Chancellor , Sir Henry Sidney , Lord President of
3599-400: Was signed on 29 September 1267, in the town of Montgomery, which had recently been established as an English incursion on the Welsh side of the border, to control a strategic border crossing. The surrounding region (on the Welsh side of the border) otherwise comprised the mediaeval principality of Powys Wenwynwyn , the southern of the two states into which the Kingdom of Powys had been divided
3660-406: Was soon joined at Denbigh Castle by two other Catholic prisoners, John Hughes and Robert Morris. In the spring of 1582, they were returned to Wrexham and brought before the Assizes. Instead of being charged or tried with an offence, the judge had ordered that the three recusants were to hear a sermon by an Anglican clergyman , whose name does not survive, but who is described as a Zwinglian and as
3721-486: Was standing in irons and holding his infant child at the door of Wrexham Jail, Edwards crossed the road and threw Gwyn backward onto the stones. It is said that Edwards left the imprint of the nails on his boots upon Gwyn's face and severely endangered the infant's life. On another occasion, Edwards instructed his wife and daughter to testify before Judge Jevan Lloyd of Yale ( Plas yn Iâl ) that they had seen Richard Gwyn outside Wrexham Jail. The jailor, however, M. Coytmore
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