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66-563: The product was originally promoted at trade shows in the beginning of 2006 using applied kinesiology as its effective sales tool. The bracelets went on sale in 2007 and had several celebrity endorsements. The bracelets became a trend among high school, collegiate, and professional sports teams between 2008 and 2012. This sustained prevalence compelled journalist Darren Rovell to remark that "a growing number of professional sportsmen and their attendants are starting to sound like New Age crystal healers ." CNBC Sports named Power Balance Product of

132-401: A DEXA scanner , a driving simulator and a chronobiology lab. The university is organised into five faculties (which are each split into schools or centres), most of the faculties are based at a particular campus site however, with many joint honours degrees and some conventional degrees, the faculties overlap meaning students' degrees are from both faculties. The five faculties are: LJMU

198-423: A "very successful marketing scam ". Dylan Evans , a lecturer in behavioral science at Cork University 's School of Medicine, stated that the marketing of Power Balance has "managed to get away without deceiving anyone in the sense of an overt lie. There are no claims on the packaging itself. They don't make any reference at all to any health outcomes. They leave that as an inference that most people will draw." By

264-523: A difference in spindle cell response during contraction. These differences in muscle response are claimed to be indicative of various stresses and imbalances in the body. A weak muscle test is equated to dysfunction and chemical or structural imbalance or mental stress, indicative of suboptimal functioning. It may be suboptimal functioning of the tested target muscle, or a normally optimally functioning muscle can be used as an indicator muscle for other physiological testing. A commonly known and very basic test

330-622: A long history of providing training, education and research to the maritime industry, dating back to the formation of the Liverpool Nautical College in 1892. The institution then became a university under the terms of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 under the new title of "Liverpool John Moores University". This new title was approved by the Privy Council on 15 September 1992. The university took its name from Sir John Moores ,

396-631: A method referred to as muscle response testing or manual muscle testing (MMT) alongside conventional diagnostic methods. The essential premise of applied kinesiology, which is not shared by mainstream medical theory, is that every organ dysfunction is accompanied by a weakness in a specific corresponding muscle in what is termed the "viscerosomatic relationship." Treatment modalities relied upon by AK practitioners include joint manipulation and mobilization, myofascial, cranial and meridian therapies, clinical nutrition, and dietary counseling. A manual muscle test in AK

462-501: A net loss of more than $ 9 million that year. As of January 2022, despite the lawsuits and bankruptcy filings, Power Balance bracelets were still being sold by Power Balance Technology. While their website states the Power Balance bracelets are based on Eastern philosophies, they say, "We make no claims and let the consumer decide based on their experience" if the bracelets work. Applied kinesiology Applied kinesiology ( AK )

528-830: A new company, Power Balance Technologies, which still sells Power Balance bands and other items In December 2009, an informal, double-blind test was conducted by Richard Saunders of the Australian Skeptics on the Australian television program Today Tonight . The results of the test showed strong evidence that any effect that the holograms may have had was too small to be measured compared to placebo. On October 28, 2010, Olympic champion gymnast Dominique Dawes , working for Yahoo Weekend News and Independent Investigations Group (IIG), tested Power Balance bracelets for their claim that they improve balance, flexibility and strength. According to IIG investigator Dave Richards, "There

594-743: A sabbatical from their studies. The election process is normally contested in mid April, successful candidates assuming office the following academic year. Liverpool John Moores University has BUCS -registered teams in badminton, basketball, cricket , football , cycling , hockey , netball , rugby league , rugby union , tennis, volleyball, swimming, and American football . Many of the sports teams compete in BUCS competitions. Liverpool Students' Union has 15 BUCS sports, from which 36 teams run, catering for over 800 athletes. In recent years, LJMU students have competed for BUCS representative squads, in national finals and at World University Championships. In addition,

660-615: A small pilot study published in the International Journal of Neuroscience showed a correlation between applied kinesiology muscle testings and serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies. 19 of 21 (90.5%) suspected food allergies diagnosed by applied kinesiology were confirmed by serum immunoglobulin tests. A follow-up review published in 2005 in the Current Opinion of Allergy and Clinical Immunology concluded applied kinesiology had no proven basis for diagnosis. According to

726-421: Is "no more useful than random guessing." The American Cancer Society has said that " scientific evidence does not support the claim that applied kinesiology can diagnose or treat cancer or other illness". George J. Goodheart , a chiropractor , originated applied kinesiology in 1964 and began teaching it to other chiropractors. An organization of Goodheart Study Group Leaders began meeting in 1973, selected

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792-515: Is a pseudoscience -based technique in alternative medicine claimed to be able to diagnose illness or choose treatment by testing muscles for strength and weakness. According to their guidelines on allergy diagnostic testing, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology stated there is "no evidence of diagnostic validity" of applied kinesiology. Another study indicated that the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status

858-761: Is also the premier institution for both teaching and research in Sport and Exercise Sciences. Liverpool Business School (LBS) is located in the Redmonds Building on the Mount Pleasant Campus and has over 2,500 students and 100 academics. LBS offers undergraduate, postgraduate (including an Executive MBA) and research based programmes. Research areas include International Banking, Economics and Finance, Sustainable Enterprise, Public Service Management, Development of Modern Economic Thought, Performance Management, Marketing, Project Management, and Market Research. In

924-598: Is an LRC present in the Learning Commons of the Student Life Building on the Copperas Hill site between the two campuses. Students of the university can use any library in term-time and some non-term time periods within the library's opening hours. The Student Life Building is open 24/7 in term time. Students need their student identification card for entry to all buildings. There are more than 68,500 books in

990-415: Is conducted by having the patient use the target muscle or muscle group to resist while the practitioner applies a force. A smooth response is sometimes referred to as a "strong muscle" and a response that was not appropriate is sometimes called a "weak response". This is not a raw test of strength, but rather a subjective evaluation of tension in the muscle and smoothness of response, taken to be indicative of

1056-630: Is highly ranked for teaching and research in Sports and Exercise Sciences. The Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) awarded LJMU £4.5 million over five years for the establishment of a Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) . The CETL award recognises LJMU's record for Physical Education, Dance, Sport and Exercises Sciences. LJMU is the only United Kingdom university to be awarded an Ofsted Grade A in Physical Education and it

1122-468: Is in conflict with the Dutch Advertising Code (NRC) as the link between wearing the bracelet and the health of the wearer has not been determined in any way. The verdict of the commission was as follows: The Commission considers the advertisement in opposition of the provisions of Article 7 NRC. It recommends advertiser not to advertise in such a way anymore. In January 2011, a suit was filed in

1188-491: Is indicated. If the area touched is not associated with a need for such intervention, the muscle response is unaffected. In 2015 the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance ; applied kinesiology was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness

1254-470: Is no credible scientific evidence that supports our claims and therefore we engaged in misleading conduct in breach of s52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974. If you feel you have been misled by our promotions, we wish to unreservedly apologise and offer a full refund. In December 2010, Italy's Antitrust Authority fined Power Balance €300,000 (and another company €50,000) for not having scientific proof of

1320-493: Is no scientific understanding of the proposed underlying theory of a viscerosomatic relationship, and the efficacy of the modality is unestablished in some cases and doubtful in others. Skeptics have also dismissed AK as " quackery ", " magical thinking ", and a misinterpretation of the ideomotor effect . It has also been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds, and characterized as pseudoscience . With only anecdotal accounts claiming to provide positive evidence for

1386-527: Is now Liverpool John Moores University. It is named after Sir John Moores , a local businessman and philanthropist, who donated to the university's precursor institutions. The university had 25,050 students in 2022/23, of which 20,105 are undergraduate students and 4,945 are postgraduate, making it the 30th largest university in the UK by total student population. It is a member of the University Alliance ,

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1452-464: Is often based on testing and evaluating muscle strength. According to a March 26, 1998, letter from the DKF (Dansk Kiropraktor Forening – Danish Chiropractic Association), following public complaints from patients receiving homeopathic care and/or AK instead of standard (DKF defined) chiropractic care, the DKF has determined that applied kinesiology is not a form of chiropractic care and must not be presented to

1518-541: Is receiving more applications than previously seen ; according to data in 2009, the total number of applications submitted to LJMU was 27,784. On 28 March 2022, former student and founder of Mowgli, Nisha Katona was installed as Chancellor of the university. Previously, in 2008, astrophysicist and Queen lead guitarist Brian May was appointed the fourth Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University . He replaced outgoing Chancellor Cherie Blair , wife of former Prime Minister Tony Blair . Honorary fellows in attendance at

1584-463: Is the arm-pull-down test, or "Delta test," where the patient resists as the practitioner exerts a downward force on an extended arm. Proper positioning is paramount to ensure that the muscle in question is isolated or positioned as the prime mover, minimizing interference from adjacent muscle groups. Nutrient testing is used to examine the response of various patient's muscles to assorted chemicals. Gustatory and olfactory stimulation are said to alter

1650-558: The National Basketball Association and Power Balance. When a similar product was pitched on the ABC reality series Shark Tank , which features Cuban as one of the "sharks", he dismissed the product, stating "No, I'm allergic to scams. Seriously, this is not new. It's been disproven. What you saw is the placebo effect. There's athletes that wear it. It's a joke. It's a scam. It's not real." A 2012 study by Verdan et al. examined

1716-569: The Northern Consortium and the European University Association . Founded as a small mechanics institution ( Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts ) in 1823, the institution grew over the centuries by converging and amalgamating with different colleges, including the F.L. Calder School of Domestic Science , the C.F. Mott College of Education , before eventually becoming Liverpool Polytechnic in 1970. The university also has

1782-496: The 'proof' is based on anecdotal evidence ." The Center for Inquiry noted Power Balance's use of pseudoscientific applied kinesiology tests, which it described as "problematic and full of flaws." The illustrative videos on the company's website were considered vague and unclear, and the Center noted that "most people's flexibility seems to improve from their first stretch to their second stretch regardless of whether they are wearing

1848-510: The 2001 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), LJMU reported notable research strengths in general engineering and sports-related sciences. By the 2008 RAE, LJMU was the top-performing post-92 university for Anthropology, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, General Engineering, Physics (Astrophysics) and Sports-Related Studies. According to the UK Research Assessment Exercise 2014 (RAE 2014), LJMU every unit of assessment submitted

1914-721: The American Chiropractic Association, in 2003 applied kinesiology was the 10th most frequently used chiropractic technique in the United States, with 37.6% of chiropractors employing this method and 12.9% of patients being treated with it. They describe AK as follows: This is an approach to chiropractic treatment in which several specific procedures may be combined. Diversified/manipulative adjusting techniques may be used with nutritional interventions, together with light massage of various points referred to as neurolymphatic and neurovascular points. Clinical decision-making

1980-570: The Libraries' collections, with 1,630 work spaces available for students 24 hours a day. In addition to this there are over 16,000 e-books and 5,000 e-journals available. It is a member of the Libraries Together: Liverpool Learning Partnership (evolved from Liverpool Libraries Group) which formed in 1990. Under which, a registered reader at any of the member libraries can have access rights to the other libraries within

2046-814: The Marbella-based subsidiary a sum of € 15,000 for false advertising. The consumer organization Facua  [ es ] made an appeal to the Health Department for an increased fine, as they considered the amount to be low enough to allow the company to stay in business. In December 2010, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) took action against Power Balance Australia Pty. Ltd., stating that "claims made by Power Balance were not supported by any credible scientific evidence and therefore Power Balance has admitted that it has engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct in breach of s. 52 of

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2112-468: The Power Balance bracelet is nothing more than a placebo. Victor Thompson, a sports psychologist based in London, said: "I'm not aware of any research that supports the technology behind these bands." Greg Whyte, professor of applied sport and exercise science at Liverpool John Moores University , said that "for generations there have been devices that claim to mediate the body's flow of energy. In most instances,

2178-658: The Students' Union also runs intramural sports leagues. The university also enjoys success at national and world level. Gymnast Beth Tweddle studied at LJMU and has achieved national, Commonwealth , European, and World medals whilst also competing at the Olympic Games. Every year the university sports compete for ' The Varsity Cup ' in the inter-university derby, Liverpool John Moores University Vs. University of Liverpool . The competing sports include: badminton, basketball, hockey, football, netball, volleyball, swimming, tennis, and

2244-444: The Trade Practices Act 1974." The ACCC obtained from Power Balance Australia Pty. Ltd. an undertaking to take a number of actions in relation to correcting their misleading advertising, including: Power Balance Australia's chief executive, Tom O'Dowd, admitted that "we'd made claims in the start that said that our product improved strength, balance, and flexibility and we didn't have the scientific, peer-reviewed, double blind testing or

2310-517: The United States against the company for fraud, false advertising, unfair competition, and unjust enrichment. Power Balance agreed in September 2011 to settle the class action lawsuit. The settlement terms entitled Power Balance purchasers to a full $ 30 refund plus $ 5 shipping. A hearing to finalize the agreement was canceled after Power Balance filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . In November 2011, Power Balance filed for bankruptcy after suffering

2376-519: The Year in 2010 for its strong sales and celebrity endorsements. Power Balance headquarters, which was located in Laguna Niguel, California , at the time, denied that they made any medical or scientific claims about their products. However, the company had been the focus of significant criticism, particularly for false advertising . The Power Balance bracelet has been described as "like the tooth fairy " and

2442-547: The bracelet." In 2010, Harriet A. Hall wrote in the Skeptical Inquirer that she would believe anyone who claimed that a Power Balance product made them feel better, or that their performance was improved, but would not be convinced that "the improvement has anything to do with bioresonating frequencies in the holograms—or even with the cards themselves. It's like the tooth fairy. Tell me money appears under your pillow, and I will believe you. But that won't convince me that

2508-580: The ceremony included astronomer Sir Patrick Moore and actor Pete Postlethwaite . May was succeeded as Chancellor by judge Sir Brian Leveson in 2013. LJMU is a founding member of the Northern Consortium , an educational charity owned by 11 universities in northern England. The university is separated into two campuses in Liverpool: Between the two campuses is the Copperas Hill Site, opened in summer 2021, containing many faculties moved from

2574-719: The claims made. In September 2010, the Dutch Advertising Code Commission (RCC) made the following decision in the case where FIR-TEX Ltd., the plaintiff, had put Surf Unlimited Trading BV, distributor of power-balance in the Netherlands, on trial with the following complaint: Advertiser claims on its website that the use of the Power Balance Bracelet improves balance, strength and agility. These allegations are not backed with any single (scientific) evidence. The plaintiff believes that this method of advertising

2640-718: The diagnosis of allergies. The European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology , the National Institute for Clinical Excellence of the UK, the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy and the Allergy Society of South Africa has also advised similarly. The World Allergy Organization does not have a formal position on applied kinesiology, but in educational materials from its Global Resources In Allergy program it lists applied kinesiology as an unproven test and describes it as useless. In 1998,

2706-407: The effects of Power Balance bracelets on a group of NCAA athletes. One set of the athletes received the Power Balance bracelet, while the other received a placebo bracelet. The athletes were subjected to tests of flexibility, balance, and strength, after which they switched bracelets and performed the tests again. The study found that the Power Balance bracelet had no effect, compared to the placebo, on

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2772-483: The effects of the Power Balance band on static balance, hamstring flexibility, and arm strength in adults. The study involved 10 male and 14 female subjects. A counterbalance, double-blind, placebo, controlled-within-subject design was used. Each of the subjects participated in 3 treatment sessions, consisting of Power Balance, placebo band, and no band. This study found that there were no statistically significant differences in strength, flexibility, or balance with regard to

2838-532: The efficacy of the practice, a review of peer-reviewed studies concluded that the "evidence to date does not support the use of [AK] for the diagnosis of organic disease or pre/subclinical conditions." In the United States , the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have both advised that applied kinesiology should not be used in

2904-429: The end of 2011, the company was reported to be approaching bankruptcy after allegedly having to settle a $ 57   million lawsuit, in the course of which company executives acknowledged that their past claims to improve strength and balance were not backed by science. It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on November 22, 2011, due to a multitude of lawsuits. As of September 2022, the brand has been transferred to

2970-681: The following opinion: One shortcoming is the lack of RCTs to substantiate (or refute) the clinical utility (efficacy, effectiveness) of chiropractic interventions based on MMT findings. Also, because the etiology of a muscle weakness may be multifactorial, any RCT that employs only one mode of therapy to only one area of the body may produce outcomes that are poor due to these limitations. Nearly all AK tests are subjective, relying solely on practitioner assessment of muscle response. Specifically, some studies have shown test-retest reliability, inter-tester reliability, and accuracy to have no better than chance correlations. Some skeptics have argued that there

3036-635: The former IM Marsh Campus , and home to the Student Life and LJMU Sports Buildings. Its location between the two sites has been described by the university to help connect both of its campuses together, and is not regarded to be part of either. It is however closer to the Mount Pleasant Campus and separated from the City Campus by the A5047 , and Liverpool Lime Street railway station . There are currently two libraries operated by LJMU, one for either campus: There

3102-624: The founder of the Littlewoods empire. Moores was a great believer in the creation of opportunity for all, which embodies the ethos of LJMU in providing educational routes for people of all ages and from all backgrounds. This belief led Sir John Moores to invest in the institution and facilities, such as the John Foster Building (housing the Liverpool Business School ), designed by and named after leading architect John Foster. With

3168-471: The institution's backgrounds dating back as far as 1823, many of the university buildings date back also, with aesthetically pleasing Georgian and Victorian buildings found on a few of the campuses. LJMU now has more than 27,000 students from over 100 countries world-wide, 2,400 staff and 250 degree courses. LJMU was awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize in 2005. Currently, Liverpool John Moores University

3234-621: The level of proof that we needed to substantiate those claims". ACCC chairman Graeme Samuel stated, "It's a crock frankly. And we're very disappointed that so many people have paid hundreds of thousands if not millions of dollars to buy these Power Bands." Power Balance Australia was required by the ACCC to run a series of advertisements in Australian media containing the following text and to unconditionally refund those they mislead: In our advertising we stated that Power Balance wristbands improved your strength, balance and flexibility. We admit that there

3300-456: The name "The International College of Applied Kinesiology" (ICAK) in 1974, adopted bylaws in 1975, elected officers in 1975, and "certified" its charter members (called "diplomates") in 1976. ICAK now considers 1976 to be the date it was founded and 1973 to be the date that its first chairman took office. While this practice is primarily used by chiropractors, AK is also used by a number of other practitioners of complementary therapy. In 2003, it

3366-463: The outcome of a manual muscle test, with previously weak muscles being strengthened by application of the correct nutritional supplement, and previously strong muscles being weakened by exposure to harmful or imbalancing substances or allergens. Though its use is deprecated by the ICAK, stimulation to test muscle response to a certain chemical is also done by contact or proximity (for instance, testing while

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3432-919: The partnership. The Tom Reilly Building houses the School of Sports and Exercise Sciences and the School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, which are both part of the Faculty of Science. Some 8,000 students use the building which is located at LJMU's City Campus on Byrom Street. The five storey, 6,493 m (69,890 sq ft) building was completed in November 2009 and opened in March 2010 by Liverpool F.C. captain Steven Gerrard . The building provides sports and science facilities including; appetite laboratories, psychology testing labs, neuroscience labs, an indoor 70-metre running track, force plates , caren disc, physiology suites,

3498-416: The patient holds a bottle of pills). Therapy localization is another diagnostic technique using manual muscle testing which is unique to applied kinesiology. The patient places a hand which is not being tested on the skin over an area suspected to be in need of therapeutic attention. This fingertip contact may lead to a change in muscle response from strong to weak or vice versa when therapeutic intervention

3564-414: The performance of the athletes. A group of students skeptical of the claims conducted a test which showed "no significant difference between the real wristband and the fake". Additionally, a 2012 Skeptical Inquirer study showed that, in a double-blind test of performance on an obstacle course, sixteen volunteers showed a difference in performance no greater than chance. Many experts are of the opinion that

3630-557: The practice of AK. Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool John Moores University (abbreviated LJMU ) is a public research university in the city of Liverpool , England. The university can trace its origins to the Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts, established in 1823. This later merged to become Liverpool Polytechnic. In 1992, following an Act of Parliament , the Liverpool Polytechnic became what

3696-452: The public as such. AK and homeopathy can continue to be practiced by chiropractors as long as it is noted to be alternative and adjunctive to chiropractic care and is not performed in a chiropractic clinic. Chiropractors may not infer or imply that the Danish chiropractic profession endorses AK to be legitimate or effective, nor may the word/title chiropractic/chiropractor be used or associated with

3762-507: The rising stars in the global academy under the age of 50 years. First Destination Survey results show that 89% of LJMU graduates are in employment or undertaking postgraduate study within six months of graduating. Students at the university are represented by the John Moores Students' Union . Representation for all students is central and is conducted by executive officers elected annually. In most cases, these students will be on

3828-426: The tooth fairy did it." Australian consumer advocate group Choice recognized Power Balance in their 2010 "Shonky Awards". The Shonky Awards are intended to "name and shame the shonkiest rip-offs and scams." The Sydney Morning Herald concluded the Power Balance bracelets "did little else than empty purchasers' wallets." In November 2012, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban criticized an endorsement deal between

3894-534: The treatments used. In November 2010, the Australian distributors of "Power Balance" were ordered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration Complaints Resolution Panel to drop "false and misleading" claims that the wearers would experience "up to a 500% increase in strength, power and flexibility" and ordered the claims removed from the company's website and a retraction posted within two weeks. The Junta de Andalucia fined

3960-418: The validity of AK procedures as diagnostic tests. The evidence to date does not support the use of manual muscle testing for the diagnosis of organic disease or pre/subclinical conditions." Another concluded that "There is little or no scientific rationale for these methods. Results are not reproducible when subject to rigorous testing and do not correlate with clinical evidence of allergy." A double-blind study

4026-766: Was conducted by the ALTA Foundation for Sports Medicine Research in Santa Monica, California, and published in the June 1988 Journal of the American Dietetic Association . The study used three experienced AK practitioners and concluded that, "The results of this study indicated that the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is no more useful than random guessing." Despite more than four decades of review, RCT (randomized, controlled trials) and other evaluative methods, even invested researchers delivered

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4092-497: Was found. According to the American Cancer Society , "available scientific evidence does not support the claim that applied kinesiology can diagnose or treat cancer or other illness". A review of several scientific studies of AK-specific procedures and diagnostic tests concluded: "When AK is disentangled from standard orthopedic muscle testing, the few studies evaluating unique AK procedures either refute or cannot support

4158-459: Was no benefit for those who had a real holographic bracelet compared to those who had a placebo. In 2011, researchers from RMIT 's School of Health Sciences reported the results of an independent, randomized, and controlled double-blind trial. They found no difference in balance between people using a holographic wristband and those wearing a placebo. A study at the University of Wisconsin tested

4224-463: Was one 'legitimate' Power Balance bracelet, and 3 'sham' bracelets that had the hologram removed from them. The experiment was double-blinded , all bracelets were wrapped with tape so no one present knew which bracelet was real and which were fakes. Neither the participants nor the people recording the scores knew which bracelet was 'real' until after all participants had completed their runs and their scores were recorded." The results indicated that there

4290-465: Was rated as at least 45% internationally excellent or better. In 2012, the university's scientist published notable research suggesting that the dinosaur's extinction may have been caused by increased methane production from the dinosaurs, with some informally saying that dinosaurs "farted" their way to extinction. Liverpool John Moores University was included in the new 2013 Times Higher Education 100 under 50, ranking 72 out of 100. The list aims to show

4356-428: Was the 10th most frequently used chiropractic technique in the United States, with 37.6% of chiropractors employing this method and 12.9% of patients being treated with it. Some basic AK based techniques have also been used by nutritional supplement distributors, including multilevel distributors . Applied kinesiology is presented as a system that evaluates structural, chemical, and mental aspects of health by using

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