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52-524: Port Shepstone was founded in 1867 when marble was discovered near the Mzimkhulu River mouth and is named after Sir Theophilus Shepstone of the Natal government of the 1880s. William Bazley began building a harbour, and the work was later taken over by William Barnes Kinsey, who was the engineer in charge of building Port Shepstone harbour in 1898. The first coaster entered the harbour on May 8, 1880. In 1882

104-476: A recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. Dust, debris and temperature fluctuations from working marble can endanger the eye health of employees. For the staff involved in marble processing, it is necessary to provide eye protection equipment, and it is recommended to improve the education of all workers on occupational health risks and strengthen preventive measures. As

156-572: A border between the "non-white" areas to the west and the "white" areas to the east (excluding Albersville) which was planned by apartheid planners. At the time, there was no township present in Port Shepstone due to the management of the "black" area which was creating a problem because the Nsimbini Tribal Authority claimed the extension of their territory on white land which was their in the past. The Grand Apartheid policies initiated in

208-560: A growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, compared to 10.5% annually for the 2000–2005 period. The largest dimension marble application is tile. The stone and marble industry is one of the largest industries in Palestine, contributing 20-25% of its total industrial revenues, generating USD $ 400–$ 450 million in revenue annually. The industry employs 15,000–20,000 workers across the West Bank across 1200–1700 facilities, and amounts to 4.5% of

260-432: A large amount of waste not being land-filled, reducing environmental pollution, thereby realizing the sustainability of marble. Converting waste to generate economic income and restore degraded soil can improve the environment. The nature of marble is soft and porous, so it is easily stained by colored liquids and scratches easily. Maintenance and cleaning is particularly important. Boboyi Boboyi , or Bhobhoyi ,

312-609: A large industrial sector located in Marburg which is located south-west of the Port Shepstone CBD and is the only major industrial zone on the South Coast. The town's industries also include Illovo Sugar 's Umzimkhulu Sugar Mill , a lime works and a marble quarry. Additionally, timber , wattle bark and sub-tropical fruit are produced in the district. The Port Shepstone CBD has the largest concentration of retail activity in

364-475: A party of 246 Norwegian immigrants settled in the town and subsequently started to play a major role in the development of the area. Post the opening of the railway to Durban in 1901, the harbour fell into disuse and eventually the river silted up again, making it impossible to use. The 27,000-candela lighthouse still stands at the mouth of the Mzimkulu River. Norwegian immigration to Port Shepstone began in

416-630: A potential hazard. Mitigations such as dust filters, or dust suppression are suggested, but more research needs to be carried out on the efficacy of safety measures. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for marble exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set

468-445: A regional economic centre at its core, it is home to two main tourist attractions: Port Shepstone Beach is the main beach in Port Shepstone, situated a short distance from the CBD. South of Port Shepstone is Oslo Beach, while to the north are the beaches of Umtentweni Beach, Sea Park Beach, Southport Beach, Sunwich Port Beach, Banana Beach and Melville Beach. Port Shepstone also serves as

520-400: A relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate 12.7 to 38 millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which brings a lifelike luster to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting the human form. Construction marble is

572-434: A stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine that is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction , specifically the dimension stone trade, the term marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone, that geologists call

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624-570: Is Margate Airport , which is located in the namesake town and is about 20 km south-west of Port Shepstone. The airport is small-scale, and only offers one scheduled domestic route to Johannesburg . King Shaka International Airport , near Durban , is about 158 km north-east of Port Shepstone and has many domestic and international air routes. Nowadays regular daily bus services connect Port Shepstone to other major cities in South Africa. These buses normally terminate in different locations in

676-562: Is a peri-urban settlement in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa . It is located 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Port Shepstone and is named after the Boboyi River which runs through the area. The area is surrounded by Murchison , Mobatsha and Merlewood and is situated along the N2 national road between Port Shepstone and eZinqoleni . Boboyi along with its neighbour of Murchison were formed under

728-457: Is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks , most commonly limestone or dolomite . Metamorphism causes variable re-crystallization of the original carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals . Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original carbonate rock ( protolith ) have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble

780-512: Is bonded to the surface of the marble. This is harder, more glossy and stain resistant compared to the original surface. The other often used method of finishing marble is to polish with oxalic acid (H 2 C 2 O 4 ), an organic acid. The resulting reaction is as follows: In this case the calcium oxalate (CaC 2 O 4 ) formed in the reaction is washed away with the slurry, leaving a surface that has not been chemically changed. The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata

832-522: Is the divergence of the N2 (the freeway coming north from Durban ) to the western hinterland towards Kokstad . The R102 , which is the old road to Durban, takes origin from the N2 in Marburg and heads north-east along the coast towards Melville and Hibberdene . The R61 also originates from the N2 in Marburg, but heads south-west towards Margate and Port Edward . Now, there is currently construction of

884-572: Is the result of metamorphism of a very pure ( silicate -poor) limestone or dolomite protolith. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties, sometimes called striations , are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay , silt , sand , iron oxides , or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by

936-518: Is typically not foliated ( layered ), although there are exceptions. In geology , the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone , but its use in stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material . The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek μάρμαρον ( mármaron ), from μάρμαρος ( mármaros ), "crystalline rock, shining stone", perhaps from

988-533: Is very high, because the internal structure of the rock is very uniform after long-term natural aging, and the internal stress disappears, so the marble will not be deformed due to temperature, and has strong wear resistance. It is a very popular building material. The following table is a summary of the features of Marble. White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times . This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, and

1040-557: The Holston Formation . Ashgabat , the capital city of Turkmenistan , was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the world's highest concentration of white marble buildings. The extraction of marble is performed by quarrying . Blocks are favoured for most purposes, and can be created through various techniques, including drilling and blasting, water jet and wedge methods. Limestones are often commercially and historically referred to as marble, which differs from

1092-710: The N2 Wild Coast Toll Route , which will effectively re-designate the R61 highway heading south from the Marburg Interchange past Port Edward as the N2 (it will no-longer be designated as the R61) once the new route is complete. Also, the road from Marburg westwards past Kokstad will effectively be re-designated as the R102 (it will no-longer be designated as the N2). Port Shepstone is also

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1144-459: The narrow gauge Alfred County Railway to Harding via Izotsha and Paddock. After the standard gauge Transnet passenger services shut down in 1986, the ACR continued operations until 2005, when the famous Banana Express ceased operation. Port Shepstone is situated at the meeting point of three major routes (N2, R61 and R102) known as the Marburg Interchange or Exit 45. The Marburg Interchange

1196-646: The 60’s is going to include the two “villages” of Boboyi and Murchison in the KwaZulu bantustan. Port Shepstone is located within the Ray Nkonyeni Local Municipality , forming part of the Ugu District Municipality and functions as the municipal seat for both municipalities. The town hosts a Magistrate's Court and most central and provincial government departments maintain regional branches or other offices here. The 2011 census divided

1248-1069: The Best Golf Course on the South Coast in the South Coast Herald’s Readers’ Choice Awards. The first school was opened in 1883 , but by 1950 , the school became too small. The Port Shepstone School split into two, the Port Shepstone Primary School and the Port Shepstone High School . There is also the Port Shepstone Secondary School. There are other schools in the surrounding areas such as Mlonde High School, Marburg Secondary School, Marburg Primary School, R.A Engar Primary School, Jai Hind Primary School , Margate Middle School, Margate Primary, Ingwemabala Comprehensive High School, Makhanda Secondary School and Insingizi Combined Primary School. Local newspapers in Port Shepstone include

1300-543: The CBD such as near Port Shepstone High School, Shell petrol station and opposite the Oribi Plaza Shopping Centre. Bus companies that operate long-distance routes to and from Port Shepstone include Intercape, Intercity, Greyhound and Citiliner. Port Shepstone railway station opened in 1917, serving as both the southern terminus of the Cape gauge line from & to Durban, as well as the southern coastal terminus of

1352-723: The CBD was demolished to make way for a new integrated intermodal facility. The construction of the R550-million Port Shepstone Mall (also known as the Port Shepstone Intermodal Facility) which began in November 2022 opened its doors on 24 October 2024, but is expected to officially launch on 15 November 2024. The facility is a four-level structure with gross retail area of 23 890m² comprising informal traders stalls and anchor stores such as Boxer, Shoprite and China Hyper. Although Port Shepstone serves as

1404-645: The South Coast Herald and South Coast Fever which serve the entirety of the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast. The Ugu Youth Radio is a youth radio which is based in Port Shepstone and caters to the needs of the  Zulu-speaking community . Other radios which serve Port Shepstone and surroundings include East Coast Radio , Gagasi FM , Vuma FM and Ukhozi FM , all of which are based either to the North of KwaZulu-Natal or central Durban . The nearest airport

1456-444: The cleaning of marble products. Crystallization refers to a method of imparting a glossy, more durable finish on to a marble floor (CaCO 3 ). It involves polishing the surface with an acidic solution and a steel wool pad on a flooring machine. The chemical reaction below shows a typical process using magnesium fluorosilicate (MgSiF 6 ) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) taking place. The resulting calcium hexafluorosilicate (CaSiF 6 )

1508-487: The excavated material will be waste, this is often then used as chips for flooring or wall finish, and uses for which high-calcium limestone is suitable. Marble sludge waste can be used as a mineral filler in water-based paints. Using ground calcium carbonate as a filler in paint production can improve the brightness, hiding power and application performance of paint, and can also replace expensive pigments such as titanium dioxide . Recycling of marble waste leads to

1560-451: The favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects (see classical sculpture ), marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material. Places named after the stone include Marblehead, Massachusetts ; Marblehead, Ohio ; Marble Arch , London; the Sea of Marmara ; India's Marble Rocks ; and

1612-623: The gateway to the numerous attractions along the South Coast namely the Oribi Gorge (21 km west of Port Shepstone), Aliwal Shoal , Umtanvuma Nature Reserve , Pure Venom Reptile Farm and the Riverbend Crocodile Farm among others. Port Shepstone Country Club is a large 18-hole golf course located on the northern banks of the uMzimkhulu River in Umtentweni . Opened in 1912, the country club has been voted consecutively for 8 years as

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1664-503: The geological definition. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble and decorative stone. Italy and China were the world leaders, each representing 16% of world production, while Spain and India produced 9% and 8%, respectively. In 2018 Turkey was the world leader in marble export, with 42% share in global marble trade, followed by Italy with 18% and Greece with 10%. The largest importer of marble in 2018

1716-504: The intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism. Acids react with the calcium carbonate in marble, producing carbonic acid (which decomposes quickly to CO 2 and H 2 O) and other soluble salts : Outdoor marble statues, gravestones , or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain whether by carbonation , sulfation or the formation of "black-crust" (accumulation of calcium sulphate, nitrates and carbon particles). Vinegar and other acidic solutions should be avoided in

1768-408: The late 19th century, when 246 Norwegians (along with 175 British and 112 German settlers) came ashore with a steamship which arrived in 1882. The soon-to-be settlers founded a nearby interior village within the same year, known as Marburg . The Norwegian settlers played a large role in the development of not only Marburg, but also Port Shepstone and nearby areas. Norwegian immigration to the region

1820-546: The nation's GDP. The vast majority of the industry's exports are to Israel. Marble in the geologic sense does not naturally outcrop in Palestine, and that the vast majority of commercially labeled marble produced in Palestine produced would be geologically considered limestone. Particulate air pollution exposure has been found to be elevated in the marble production industry. Exposure to the dust produced by cutting marble could impair lung function or cause lung disease in workers, such as silicosis . Skin and eye problems are also

1872-594: The north and Oslo Beach to the south. To the west, Marburg was classified as an " Indian area" which was one of the four Indian proclaimed townships in the KwaZulu-Natal province and Merlewood was classified as a " Coloured area" with 3000 Coloureds as its first people settling there. In the late 1960s, Albersville, just west of the Central Business District (CBD) was classified as an "Indian area". The N2 highway that cuts through Port Shepstone acted as

1924-523: The north to proceed on the R61 (in the direction of Port Edward ), traffic heading north on the N2 (in the direction of Durban ) or traffic turning off at exit 45 from the north must pass through the mainline of the Oribi Toll Plaza. Traffic heading south to join the R61 from exit 45 or turning off at exit 45 from the south must pass through ramp toll plazas of the Oribi Toll Plaza on the respective on and off-ramps. The R102 to Hibberdene serves as

1976-610: The northern end of the R620 (Marine Drive) which runs south along the coast via Shelly Beach , Uvongo , Margate, Ramsgate to Southbroom . The town is also accessed via Rethman Drive (connecting Umtentweni with St Faith’s ) and Izotsha Road (connecting Marburg with Izotsha and Gamalakhe ). The N2 and R61 are the main routes forming the South Coast Toll Route (between Southbroom and Hibberdene ) which involves payment of toll . Traffic arriving in Port Shepstone from

2028-579: The number of students at the Norwegian school became too low for the school to keep open, and it consequentially closed. In 1950, the Group Areas Act . racially divided Port Shepstone similar to many other towns and cities in South Africa. Port Shepstone proper (Sheppie) was classified "white" and was managed by its town board. The "white" suburbs of the town included the little coastal villages of Umtentweni , Sea Park, Southport, Anerley and Sunwich Port to

2080-516: The ongoing wreckages and arrival of the railway, was to see the gradual closure of the harbour and the start of the real Port Shepstone boom. When the railroad arrived in Port Shepstone in 1901, the travel time to Durban was reduced to five hours, and the town became far less isolated. The railway connection opened for increased immigration for other settlers, and the Norwegians were soon outnumbered by German and British settlers. Between 1911 and 1912,

2132-510: The town to assert its industrial and labour-intensive identity amidst the predominantly tourism-driven region. Nevertheless, Port Shepstone is still able display itself as an administrative, industrial and economic centre. Owing to its regional status and strategic central location on the Lower South Coast, the town has become the major support hub and employment centre for surrounding rural communities and smaller towns. Port Shepstone has

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2184-503: The town, with shopping characterised by typical high street shopping and shopping centres which include: For greater variety, residents usually head to Shelly Beach , which is home to the two largest shopping centres on the South Coast, Shelly Centre and Southcoast Mall . As part of the Ray Nkonyeni Local Municipality’s urban renewal programme, the former Port Shepstone taxi terminus on Nelson Mandela Drive in

2236-658: The towns of Marble, Minnesota ; Marble, Colorado ; Marble Falls, Texas , and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York . The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens that are on display in the British Museum . Total world quarrying production in 2019 was approximately 316 million tonnes; however, quarrying waste accounted for 53% of this total production. In the process of marble mining and processing, around half or

2288-400: The untolled alternative route to the N2 and the R620 to Margate and Southbroom serves as the untolled alternative route to the R61. Marble Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO 3 ) or dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has a crystalline texture, and

2340-469: The urban area of Port Shepstone into 14 “sub places” including: Port Shepstone serves as the main economic node on the South Coast with a diverse economy, ranging from manufacturing, commerce, service, hospitality, mining and service providing companies. As the only small industrial town on the Lower South Coast, Port Shepstone is surrounded by a stretch of bustling coastal resorts, making it challenging for

2392-571: The verb μαρμαίρω ( marmaírō ), "to flash, sparkle, gleam"; R. S. P. Beekes has suggested that a " Pre-Greek origin is probable". This stem is also the ancestor of the English word "marmoreal", meaning "marble-like." While the English term "marble" resembles the French marbre , most other European languages (with words like "marmoreal") more closely resemble the original Ancient Greek. Marble

2444-642: The widespread exchange of marble objects, including building elements, sculptures, and sarcophagi . There was a significant increase in the distribution of white marble from the late 1st century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD. A gradual decline in distribution started in the third century AD. According to the United States Geological Survey , U.S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $ 18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $ 18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production (for aggregate and industrial uses) in 2006

2496-719: Was China with a 64% market share, followed by India with 11% and Italy with 5%. White marbles throughout the Mediterranean basin were widely utilized during the Roman period. Extraction centers were unevenly distributed across the Italian Peninsula , mainland Greece , the Aegean Islands , Asia Minor , and smaller hubs like those in the Iberian Peninsula . The need for extensive trade arose due to this imbalance, leading to

2548-465: Was 11.8 million tons valued at $ 116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate . For comparison, 2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $ 58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. U.S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Marble Index has shown

2600-670: Was a result of the Natal Immigration Board ’s efforts to claim land for Europeans in South Africa. When the Norwegians first arrived, they were the largest European group in Alfred County . Remains of the Norwegian presence can still be seen today in certain places of the town, such as, Fredheim and Oslo Beach , with its main street King Haakon Drive . The Norwegians erected a Norwegian Lutheran church, school, cultural hall, choir, and rowing club. A newspaper in Norwegian language

2652-445: Was also distributed in Port Shepstone. Drinks such as akvavit and cuisine, including cheese from soured milk, were easily accessible. When the Norwegians arrived, few European settlers lived in the area and the town of Port Shepstone consisted of one hotel, two cabins, one shop, and little else. Port Shepstone was declared “a full fiscal port’ in 1893, and after Durban officially became the region’s second harbour. Eventually, though,

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2704-450: Was isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin . Bacterial and fungal degradation was detected in four samples of marble from Milan Cathedral ; black Cladosporium attacked dried acrylic resin using melanin. Marble is a rock composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate , mostly white and pink. Common marble varieties are granular limestone or dolomite . The hardness of marble

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