82-536: 25°56′54″N 80°07′14″W / 25.948228°N 80.120512°W / 25.948228; -80.120512 The Porsche Design Tower is a luxury residential skyscraper in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida , designed by Sieger Suarez Architects and branded by Porsche Design . At 641 feet (195 m) with 60 stories, it is one of the tallest buildings in Sunny Isles Beach . It is unique for its inclusion of
164-402: A dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a welfare state government by going on strike and retreating to a hidden valley where they build an independent free economy. The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt , describes it as stopping "the motor of the world" by withdrawing the minds of individuals contributing most to
246-413: A municipality . Sunny Isles was renamed Sunny Isles Beach. Sunny Isles Beach began major redevelopment during the real estate boom of the early 2000s with mostly high-rise condominiums and some hotels under construction along the beach side of Collins Avenue (A1A) replacing most of the historic one- and two-story motels along Motel Row. In 2011, construction began on two more high-rises, Regalia, located on
328-589: A robotic parking garage , having 284 parking spaces for 132 units allowing unit owners to park two or four cars right outside their unit. The tower also extensively features premium glasswork by prominent international glass firm Continental Glass Systems . Each unit ranges in cost from $ 4 million to $ 32.5 million. Drivers ride up the elevator in their cars and are placed into their own "garage" adjacent to their unit. The tower has three elevators to take cars to their units and estimated to cost about $ 560 million to build. The groundbreaking commenced on April 19, 2014, at
410-555: A "friendly witness" before the United States House Un-American Activities Committee that the 1944 film Song of Russia grossly misrepresented conditions in the Soviet Union , portraying life there as much better and happier than it was. She also wanted to criticize the lauded 1946 film The Best Years of Our Lives for what she interpreted as its negative presentation of the business world but
492-752: A 1959 interview with Mike Wallace , when asked where her philosophy came from, she responded: "Out of my own mind, with the sole acknowledgement of a debt to Aristotle, the only philosopher who ever influenced me." In an article for the Claremont Review of Books , political scientist Charles Murray criticized Rand's claim that her only "philosophical debt" was to Aristotle. He asserted her ideas were derivative of previous thinkers such as John Locke and Friedrich Nietzsche . Rand took early inspiration from Nietzsche, and scholars have found indications of this in Rand's private journals. In 1928, she alluded to his idea of
574-741: A 6-foot (1.8 m) floral arrangement in the shape of a dollar sign. In her will, Rand named Peikoff as her heir. Rand described her approach to literature as " romantic realism ". She wanted her fiction to present the world "as it could be and should be", rather than as it was. This approach led her to create highly stylized situations and characters. Her fiction typically has protagonists who are heroic individualists, depicted as fit and attractive. Her villains support duty and collectivist moral ideals. Rand often describes them as unattractive, and some have names that suggest negative traits, such as Wesley Mouch in Atlas Shrugged . Rand considered plot
656-660: A K–8 may choose to enroll at a separate middle school, Highland Oaks Middle School in an unincorporated area . Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus , which opened in 2009 in North Miami, is one senior high school serving residents of Sunny Isles Beach. Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School also serves Sunny Isles Beach. Sunny Isles Beach lists both Krop and Mourning as Senior High Schools on its Education website. Sunny Isles Beach has its own newspaper, Sunny Isles Community News , published bi-weekly and part of Miami Community Newspapers. Sunny Isles Beach
738-455: A broad establishing shot description of a scene followed by close-up details, and her descriptions of women characters often take a " male gaze " perspective. The first reviews Rand received were for Night of January 16th . Reviews of the Broadway production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by
820-494: A critical element of literature, and her stories typically have what biographer Anne Heller described as "tight, elaborate, fast-paced plotting". Romantic triangles are a common plot element in Rand's fiction; in most of her novels and plays, the main female character is romantically involved with at least two men. In school, Rand read works by Fyodor Dostoevsky , Victor Hugo , Edmond Rostand , and Friedrich Schiller , who became her favorites. She considered them to be among
902-401: A family was $ 40,309. The per capita income for the city was $ 27,576. About 11.2% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, Spanish was the mother tongue for 40.08%, while English was spoken by 36.86% of all residents. Living up to its nickname of " Little Moscow ," 7.37% of
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#1733084924423984-559: A few exceptions. Rand's books have sold over 37 million copies. Her fiction received mixed reviews from literary critics, with reviews becoming more negative for her later work. Although academic interest in her ideas has grown since her death, academic philosophers have generally ignored or rejected Rand's philosophy, arguing that she has a polemical approach and that her work lacks methodological rigor. Her writings have politically influenced some right-libertarians and conservatives . The Objectivist movement circulates her ideas, both to
1066-439: A form of agent causation and rejected determinism . Rand also related her aesthetics to metaphysics by defining art as a "selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments". According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be grasped easily, thereby fulfilling a need of human consciousness. As a writer, the art form Rand focused on most closely
1148-538: A gas chamber—go! ' ". Rand's nonfiction received far fewer reviews than her novels. The tenor of the criticism for her first nonfiction book, For the New Intellectual , was similar to that for Atlas Shrugged . Philosopher Sidney Hook likened her certainty to "the way philosophy is written in the Soviet Union", and author Gore Vidal called her viewpoint "nearly perfect in its immorality". These reviews set
1230-513: A heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute". She considered Objectivism a systematic philosophy and laid out positions on metaphysics , epistemology , ethics , aesthetics , and political philosophy . In metaphysics, Rand supported philosophical realism and opposed anything she regarded as mysticism or supernaturalism, including all forms of religion. Rand believed in free will as
1312-800: A philosopher or given any serious response. During Rand's lifetime, her work received little attention from academic scholars. In 1967, John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas in the second edition of his textbook, An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis . That same year, Hazel Barnes included a chapter critiquing Objectivism in her book An Existentialist Ethics . When the first full-length academic book about Rand's philosophy appeared in 1971, its author declared writing about Rand "a treacherous undertaking" that could lead to "guilt by association" for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in The Personalist . One of these
1394-782: A philosophical system she named Objectivism . Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two Broadway plays, Rand achieved fame with her 1943 novel The Fountainhead . In 1957, she published her best-selling work, the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays. Rand advocated reason and rejected faith and religion. She supported rational and ethical egoism as opposed to altruism and hedonism . In politics, she condemned
1476-468: A subsequent job as a junior screenwriter. While working on The King of Kings , she met the aspiring actor Frank O'Connor ; they married on April 15, 1929. She became a permanent American resident in July 1929 and an American citizen on March 3, 1931. She tried to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they could not obtain permission to emigrate. Rand's first literary success
1558-574: A week. After the success of her later novels, Rand released a revised version in 1959 that has sold over three million copies. Rand started her next major novel, The Fountainhead , in December 1935, but took a break from it in 1937 to write her novella Anthem . The novella presents a dystopian future world in which totalitarian collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that the word I has been forgotten and replaced with we . Protagonists Equality 7-2521 and Liberty 5-3000 eventually escape
1640-574: A wide range of topics, from literature and music to sexuality and facial hair. Some of her followers mimicked her preferences, wearing clothes to match characters from her novels and buying furniture like hers. Some former NBI students believed the extent of these behaviors was exaggerated, and the problem was concentrated among Rand's closest followers in New York. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through nonfiction and speeches, including annual lectures at
1722-481: Is also served by the Miami-Ft.Lauderdale market for local radio and television. Sunny Isles Beach, Florida is twinned with: Ayn Rand Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum ; February 2 [ O.S. January 20], 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand ( / aɪ n / ), was a Russian-born American author and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing
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#17330849244231804-569: Is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Intracoastal Waterway on the west. As of the 2020 census , it had a population of 22,342. Sunny Isles Beach is an area of cultural diversity with stores lining Collins Avenue , the main thoroughfare through the city. It is renowned for having the 14th tallest skyline in the United States, and according to the 2020 U.S. Census it was the mostly densely populated incorporated place in
1886-584: Is disputed. Rand's views also may have been influenced by the promotion of egoism among the Russian nihilists , including Chernyshevsky and Dmitry Pisarev , although there is no direct evidence that she read them. Rand considered Immanuel Kant her philosophical opposite and "the most evil man in mankind's history"; she believed his epistemology undermined reason and his ethics opposed self-interest. Philosophers George Walsh and Fred Seddon have argued she misinterpreted Kant and exaggerated their differences. She
1968-503: Is within the Miami-Dade County Public Schools system. All residents are zoned to Norman S. Edelcup/Sunny Isles Beach K–8 for elementary and K–8. Prior to August 2008 residents were zoned to an elementary school as follows: The Norman S. Edelcup/Sunny Isles Beach K–8 , with four stories, is currently educating students from kindergarten through 8th grade from all of Sunny Isles Beach and Golden Beach as well as
2050-653: The Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises . Despite philosophical differences with them, Rand strongly endorsed the writings of both men, and they expressed admiration for her. Mises once called her "the most courageous man in America", a compliment that particularly pleased her because he said "man" instead of "woman". Rand became friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson . Rand questioned her about American history and politics during their many meetings, and gave Paterson ideas for her only non-fiction book, The God of
2132-655: The Eastern Shores neighborhood of North Miami Beach . The school can hold up to 1,600 students. The school opened in August 2008 as a K–6, with grades 7 and 8 introduced in the subsequent two school years. The school has or is currently participating in: Accelerated Reader , VMath Live, mock elections, book drives, toy drives, etc. The school has state of the art technology that includes Smart Boards and surround sound microphones for both teachers and students. The school has Intracoastal and ocean views from almost every classroom on
2214-592: The Ford Hall Forum . In answers to audience questions, she took controversial stances on political and social issues. These included supporting abortion rights, opposing the Vietnam War and the military draft (but condemning many draft dodgers as "bums"), supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations as "civilized men fighting savages", claiming European colonists had
2296-484: The initiation of force as immoral and supported laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights , including private property rights. Although she opposed libertarianism , which she viewed as anarchism , Rand is often associated with the modern libertarian movement in the United States . In art, she promoted romantic realism . She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her, with
2378-497: The " superman " in notes for an unwritten novel whose protagonist was inspired by the murderer William Edward Hickman . There are other indications of Nietzsche's influence in passages from the first edition of We the Living (which Rand later revised), and in her overall writing style. By the time she wrote The Fountainhead , Rand had turned against Nietzsche's ideas, and the extent of his influence on her even during her early years
2460-439: The "top rank" of Romantic writers because of their focus on moral themes and their skill at constructing plots. Hugo was an important influence on her writing, especially her approach to plotting. In the introduction she wrote for an English-language edition of his novel Ninety-Three , Rand called him "the greatest novelist in world literature". Although Rand disliked most Russian literature, her depictions of her heroes show
2542-743: The 1990s. Several academic book series about important authors cover Rand and her works, as do popular study guides like CliffsNotes and SparkNotes . In The Literary Encyclopedia entry for Rand written in 2001, John David Lewis declared that "Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation." In 2019, Lisa Duggan described Rand's fiction as popular and influential on many readers, despite being easy to criticize for "her cartoonish characters and melodramatic plots, her rigid moralizing, her middle- to lowbrow aesthetic preferences ... and philosophical strivings". Ayn Rand Institute Other Rand called her philosophy "Objectivism", describing its essence as "the concept of man as
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2624-406: The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th floors. Sunny Isles Beach spent $ 12.5 million so the school district could buy the land. The anticipated 2008 enrollment of city residents in the school was about 900. It was originally known as Sunny Isles Beach Community School, but in 2011 a proposal came in to rename it after Mayor Norman S. Edelcup. Residents who want a standard comprehensive middle school instead of
2706-521: The Broadway production. Her first novel, the semi-autobiographical We the Living , was published in 1936. Set in Soviet Russia , it focuses on the struggle between the individual and the state. Initial sales were slow, and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. She adapted the story as a stage play , but the Broadway production closed in less than
2788-489: The Living , and reviewers' opinions were mixed. Lorine Pruette 's positive review in The New York Times , which called the author "a writer of great power" who wrote "brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly", was one that Rand greatly appreciated. There were other positive reviews, but Rand dismissed most of them for either misunderstanding her message or for being in unimportant publications. Some negative reviews said
2870-536: The Machine . Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with The Fountainhead , a novel about an uncompromising architect named Howard Roark and his struggle against what Rand described as "second-handers" who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves. Twelve publishers rejected it before Bobbs-Merrill Company accepted it at the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing
2952-531: The Ocean Palm Motel is closed. In 1982 the half-mile-long Sunny Isles Pier was designated a historic site. In the early-mid 1980s, it went through restoration and re-opened to the public in 1986. The pier was damaged severely in October 2005 by Hurricane Wilma . After eight years, it was remodeled and reopened as Newport Fishing Pier on June 15, 2013. In 1997, the citizens of the area voted to incorporate as
3034-532: The Ocean Palm, the first two-story motel in the U.S. Designed by Norman Giller in 1948 it was developed and owned by the Gingold family for the next 45 years and provided the springboard for Sunny Isles economic development. Tourists came from all over to vacation in themed motels of exotic design along "Motel Row". One motel, The Fountainhead, was named by its owner Norman Giller after the novel by Ayn Rand . As of 2013,
3116-698: The Sales Center of the Porsche Design Tower in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida. The building was completed in January 2017. Sunny Isles Beach, Florida Sunny Isles Beach ( SIB or more commonly Sunny Isles , and officially the City of Sunny Isles Beach ) is a city located on a barrier island in northeast Miami-Dade County, Florida , United States. The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida , and
3198-522: The United States outside of the New York City metropolitan area . Developers like Michael Dezer have invested heavily in construction of high-rise hotels and condominiums while licensing the Donald Trump name for some of the buildings for promotional purposes. Sunny Isles Beach has a central location, minutes from Bal Harbour to the south, and Aventura to the north and west. Sunny Isles Beach
3280-582: The advocacy of reason to be the single most significant aspect of her philosophy. Commentators, including Hazel Barnes , Nathaniel Branden, and Albert Ellis , have criticized Rand's focus on the importance of reason. Barnes and Ellis said Rand was too dismissive of emotion and failed to recognize its importance in human life. Branden said Rand's emphasis on reason led her to denigrate emotions and create unrealistic expectations of how consistently rational human beings should be. In ethics, Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism (rational self-interest), as
3362-891: The affair hidden from Rand. As her relationship with Nathaniel Branden deteriorated, Rand had her husband be present for difficult conversations between her and Branden. In 1968, Rand learned about Branden's relationship with Scott. Though her romantic involvement with Nathaniel Branden was already over, Rand ended her relationship with both Brandens, and the NBI closed. She published an article in The Objectivist repudiating Nathaniel Branden for dishonesty and "irrational behavior in his private life". In subsequent years, Rand and several more of her closest associates parted company. Rand had surgery for lung cancer in 1974 after decades of heavy smoking. In 1976, she retired from her newsletter and, despite her lifelong objections to any government run program,
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3444-580: The beginning of her role as a popular philosopher. In 1958, Nathaniel Branden established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later incorporated as the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI), to promote Rand's philosophy through public lectures. He and Rand co-founded The Objectivist Newsletter (later renamed The Objectivist ) in 1962 to circulate articles about her ideas; she later republished some of these articles in book form. Rand
3526-411: The city's population was spread out, with 11.3% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 32.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males. In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $ 31,627, and the median income for
3608-414: The city. In 2000, 12.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.1% were non-families. 43.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87 and the average family size was 2.55. In 2000,
3690-679: The collectivistic society and rediscover the word I . It was published in England in 1938, but Rand could not find an American publisher at that time. As with We the Living , Rand's later success allowed her to get a revised version published in 1946, and this sold over 3.5 million copies. During the 1940s, Rand became politically active. She and her husband were full-time volunteers for Republican Wendell Willkie 's 1940 presidential campaign. This work put her in contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt , who introduced her to
3772-439: The earliest academic critiques of her ideas, said she failed in her attempt to solve the is–ought problem. Critics have called her definitions of egoism and altruism biased and inconsistent with normal usage. Critics from religious traditions oppose her atheism and her rejection of altruism. Rand's political philosophy emphasized individual rights , including property rights . She considered laissez-faire capitalism
3854-548: The film rights to Warner Bros. and returned to Hollywood to write the screenplay. Producer Hal B. Wallis then hired her as a screenwriter and script-doctor for screenplays including Love Letters and You Came Along . Rand became involved with the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals and American Writers Association . In 1947, during the Second Red Scare , she testified as
3936-423: The guiding moral principle. She said the individual should "exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself". Rand referred to egoism as "the virtue of selfishness" in her book of that title . In it, she presented her solution to the is–ought problem by describing a meta-ethical theory that based morality in the needs of "man's survival qua man", which requires
4018-589: The influence of the Russian Symbolists and other nineteenth-century Russian writing, most notably the 1863 novel What Is to Be Done? by Nikolay Chernyshevsky . Scholars of Russian literature see in Chernyshevsky's character Rakhmetov, an "ascetic revolutionist", the template for Rand's literary heroes and heroines. Rand's experience of the Russian Revolution and early Communist Russia influenced
4100-431: The initiation of force should lead to support of anarchism, rather than limited government. Except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals , Rand was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her. Acknowledging Aristotle as her greatest influence, Rand remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend "three A's"—Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand. In
4182-457: The manuscript drafts of her new novel, Atlas Shrugged . In 1954, her close relationship with Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair. They informed both their spouses, who briefly objected, until Rand "sp[u]n out a deductive chain from which you just couldn't escape", in Barbara Branden's words, resulting in her and O'Connor's assent. Historian Jennifer Burns concludes that O'Connor
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#17330849244234264-411: The material provided by man's senses". Rand rejected all claims of non-perceptual knowledge, including " 'instinct,' 'intuition,' 'revelation,' or any form of 'just knowing ' ". In her Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology , Rand presented a theory of concept formation and rejected the analytic–synthetic dichotomy . She believed epistemology was a foundational branch of philosophy and considered
4346-402: The nation's wealth and achievements. The novel contains an exposition of Objectivism in a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt. Despite many negative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller, but the reaction of intellectuals to the novel discouraged and depressed Rand. Atlas Shrugged was her last completed work of fiction, marking the end of her career as a novelist and
4428-570: The north end of Sunny Isles Beach. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km ), with 1.0 square mile (2.6 km ) of it land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km ) of it (44.24%) as water. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 22,342 people, 10,666 households, and 5,309 families residing in the city. As of the 2010 United States census , there were 20,832 people, 10,266 households, and 5,183 families residing in
4510-517: The northern border of the city along A1A , and The Mansions at Acqualina, located adjacent to the Acqualina Resort & Spa on the Beach. Sunny Isles Beach is located in northeastern Miami-Dade County at 25°56′30″N 80°7′30″W / 25.94167°N 80.12500°W / 25.94167; -80.12500 (25.941270, –80.125111). It is bordered to the north by the town of Golden Beach , to
4592-458: The novel was too long; others called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's style "offensively pedestrian". Atlas Shrugged was widely reviewed, and many of the reviews were strongly negative. Atlas Shrugged received positive reviews from a few publications, but Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that "reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs", with reviews including comments that it
4674-489: The novel, Rand was prescribed Benzedrine , an amphetamine , to fight fatigue. The drug helped her to work long hours to meet her deadline for delivering the novel, but afterwards she was so exhausted that her doctor ordered two weeks' rest. Her use of the drug for approximately three decades may have contributed to mood swings and outbursts described by some of her later associates. The success of The Fountainhead brought Rand fame and financial security. In 1943, she sold
4756-524: The only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on protecting those rights. Rand opposed collectivism and statism , which she considered to include many specific forms of government, such as communism , fascism , socialism , theocracy , and the welfare state . Her preferred form of government was a constitutional republic that is limited to the protection of individual rights. Although her political views are often classified as conservative or libertarian , Rand preferred
4838-563: The pattern for reaction to her ideas among liberal critics. Her subsequent books got progressively less review attention. Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was limited. Mimi Reisel Gladstein could not find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s. Since her death, scholars of English and American literature have continued largely to ignore her work, although attention to her literary work has increased since
4920-498: The population had Russian as their first language. Other languages included French (4.08%), Yiddish (2.63%), Hebrew (2.42%), Portuguese (2.01%), Polish (1.38%), Hungarian (0.93%), Italian (0.69%), Arabic (0.66%), German (0.55%), and French Creole (0.35%). Also, as of 2010, the six main ancestries of the population (excluding Hispanic ancestry ) were 9.4% Russian , 5.8% Italian , 5.0% Polish , 4.9% American , 2.9% Irish , and 2.7% German . Sunny Isles Beach
5002-544: The portrayal of her villains. Beyond We the Living , which is set in Russia, this influence can be seen in the ideas and rhetoric of Ellsworth Toohey in The Fountainhead , and in the destruction of the economy in Atlas Shrugged . Rand's descriptive style echoes her early career writing scenarios and scripts for movies; her novels have many narrative descriptions that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios. They often follow common film editing conventions, such as having
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#17330849244235084-429: The producer. Although Rand believed that We the Living was not widely reviewed, over 200 publications published approximately 125 different reviews. Overall, they were more positive than those she received for her later work. Anthem received little review attention, both for its first publication in England and for subsequent re-issues. Rand's first bestseller, The Fountainhead , received far fewer reviews than We
5166-710: The public and in academic settings. Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February 2, 1905, into a Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg in what was then the Russian Empire . She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna ( née Kaplan ). She was 12 when the October Revolution and the rule of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin disrupted her family's lives. Her father's pharmacy
5248-680: The publication of The Fountainhead , Rand received many letters from readers, some of whom the book had influenced profoundly. In 1951, Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers who met at Rand's apartment on weekends to discuss philosophy. The group included future chair of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan , a young psychology student named Nathan Blumenthal (later Nathaniel Branden ) and his wife Barbara , and Barbara's cousin Leonard Peikoff . Later, Rand began allowing them to read
5330-571: The renamed Leningrad State University in October 1924. She then studied for a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts in Leningrad. For an assignment, Rand wrote an essay about the Polish actress Pola Negri ; it became her first published work. She decided her professional surname for writing would be Rand , and she adopted the first name Ayn (pronounced / aɪ n / ). In late 1925, Rand
5412-406: The revolution, Rand was among the first to enroll at Petrograd State University . At 16, she began her studies in the department of social pedagogy , majoring in history. She was one of many bourgeois students purged from the university shortly before graduating. After complaints from a group of visiting foreign scientists, many purged students, including Rand, were reinstated. She graduated from
5494-450: The right to invade and take land inhabited by American Indians , and calling homosexuality "immoral" and "disgusting", despite advocating the repeal of all laws concerning it. She endorsed several Republican candidates for president of the United States, most strongly Barry Goldwater in 1964 . In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott , whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept
5576-688: The term "radical for capitalism". She worked with conservatives on political projects but disagreed with them over issues such as religion and ethics. Rand rejected anarchism as a naive theory based in subjectivism that would lead to collectivism in practice, and denounced libertarianism, which she associated with anarchism. Several critics, including Nozick, have said her attempt to justify individual rights based on egoism fails. Others, like libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer , have gone further, saying that her support of egoism and her support of individual rights are inconsistent positions. Some critics, like Roy Childs , have said that her opposition to
5658-409: The use of a rational mind. She condemned ethical altruism as incompatible with the requirements of human life and happiness, and held the initiation of force was evil and irrational, writing in Atlas Shrugged that "Force and mind are opposites". Rand's ethics and politics are the most criticized areas of her philosophy. Several authors, including Robert Nozick and William F. O'Neill in two of
5740-594: The west across the Intracoastal Waterway by the cities of Aventura and North Miami Beach , to the south by Miami-Dade County's Haulover Park , and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean . Florida State Road A1A is the main road through the city, leading north 4 miles (6 km) to Hollywood Beach and south 10 miles (16 km) to the center of Miami Beach . State Road 826 (Sunny Isles Boulevard) leads west into North Miami Beach, and State Road 856 (the William Lehman Causeway) leads west into Aventura from
5822-449: Was "written out of hate" and showed "remorseless hectoring and prolixity". Whittaker Chambers wrote what was later called the novel's most "notorious" review for the conservative magazine National Review . He accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the Soviets ), claiming, "From almost any page of Atlas Shrugged , a voice can be heard ... commanding: 'To
5904-567: Was also critical of Plato and viewed his differences with Aristotle on questions of metaphysics and epistemology as the primary conflict in the history of philosophy. Rand's relationship with contemporary philosophers was mostly antagonistic. She was not an academic and did not participate in academic discourse. She was dismissive of critics and wrote about ideas she disagreed with in a polemical manner without in-depth analysis. Academic philosophers in turn viewed her negatively and dismissed her as an unimportant figure who should not be considered
5986-528: Was enrolled in and subsequently claimed Social Security and Medicare with the aid of a social worker. Her activities in the Objectivist movement declined, especially after her husband died on November 9, 1979. One of her final projects was a never-completed television adaptation of Atlas Shrugged . On March 6, 1982, Rand died of heart failure at her home in New York City. Her funeral included
6068-460: Was granted a visa to visit relatives in Chicago. She arrived in New York City on February 19, 1926. Intent on staying in the United States to become a screenwriter, she lived for a few months with her relatives learning English before moving to Hollywood , California. In Hollywood a chance meeting with director Cecil B. DeMille led to work as an extra in his film The King of Kings and
6150-491: Was known as North Miami Beach until 1931, then known as Sunny Isles until 1997. In 1936, Milwaukee malt magnate Kurtis Froedtert bought Sunny Isles. The Sunny Isles Pier was built and soon became a popular destination. Sunny Isles developed slowly until the 1950s when the first single-family homes were built in the Golden Shores area. During the 1950s and 1960s more than 30 motels sprang up along Collins Avenue including
6232-451: Was likely "the hardest hit" emotionally by the affair. Published in 1957, Atlas Shrugged is considered Rand's magnum opus . She described the novel's theme as "the role of the mind in man's existence—and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest". It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves
6314-441: Was literature. In works such as The Romantic Manifesto and The Art of Fiction , she described Romanticism as the approach that most accurately reflects the existence of human free will. In epistemology, Rand considered all knowledge to be based on forming higher levels of understanding from sense perception, the validity of which she considered axiomatic . She described reason as "the faculty that identifies and integrates
6396-619: Was nationalized, and the family fled to Yevpatoria in Crimea, which was initially under the control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War . After graduating high school there in June 1921, she returned with her family to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg was then named), where they faced desperate conditions, occasionally nearly starving. When Russian universities were opened to women after
6478-427: Was not allowed to do so. When asked after the hearings about her feelings on the investigations' effectiveness, Rand described the process as "futile". After several delays, the film version of The Fountainhead was released in 1949. Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she "disliked the movie from beginning to end" and complained about its editing, the acting and other elements. Following
6560-701: Was the 2008 site of MTV 's annual Spring Break celebration, with headquarters at the local Newport Beachside Resort. In 1920, Harvey Baker Graves, a private investor, purchased a 2.26-square-mile (5.9 km ) tract of land for development as a tourist resort. He named it "Sunny Isles, the America Riviera ". When the Haulover bridge was completed in 1925, the area became accessible from Miami Beach , attracting developers who widened streams, dug canals and inlets and created islands and peninsulas for building waterfront properties on Biscayne Bay . Sunny Isles Beach
6642-517: Was the sale of her screenplay Red Pawn to Universal Studios in 1932, although it was never produced. Her courtroom drama Night of January 16th , first staged in Hollywood in 1934, reopened successfully on Broadway in 1935. Each night, a jury was selected from members of the audience; based on its vote, one of two different endings would be performed. Rand and O'Connor moved to New York City in December 1934 so she could handle revisions for
6724-473: Was unimpressed by many of the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later said the NBI culture was one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand. Some described the NBI or the Objectivist movement as a cult or religion. Rand expressed opinions on
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