34-473: Pope Innocent may refer to: Additionally, one antipope has chosen the name Innocent: Antipope God Schools Relations with: An antipope ( Latin : antipapa ) is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope . Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within
68-689: A papal legate in Romagna . He participated in the Council of Pisa in 1408, which sought to end the Western Schism with the election of a third alternative pope. In 1410, he succeeded Antipope Alexander V , taking the name John XXIII. At the instigation of Sigismund, King of the Romans , Pope John called the Council of Constance of 1413, which deposed John XXIII and Benedict XIII, accepted Gregory XII's resignation, and elected Pope Martin V to replace them, thus ending
102-485: A few created cardinal-nephews , known as quasi-cardinal-nephews . Antipopes still exist today, but all are minor claimants, without the support of any Cardinal. Examples include Palmarians , Apostles of Infinite Love Antipopes, and an unknown number of many other Sedevacantist claimants. As the Patriarch of Alexandria , Egypt , has historically also held the title of pope , a person who, in opposition to someone who
136-491: A general council. John did so with hesitation, at first trying to have the council held in Italy (rather than in a German Imperial City , as Sigismund wanted). The Council of Constance was convened on 30 October 1414. During the third session, rival Pope Gregory XII authorized the council as well. The council resolved that all three popes should abdicate and a new pope be elected. In March, John escaped from Constance disguised as
170-612: A good soldier but no churchman". At this time Cossa also had some links with local robber bands, which were often used to intimidate his rivals and attack carriages. These connections added to his influence and power in the region. Cardinal Cossa was one of the seven cardinals who, in May 1408, withdrew their allegiance from Pope Gregory XII , stating that he had broken his solemn oath not to create new cardinals without consulting them in advance. In company with those cardinals who had been following Antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon, they convened
204-672: A military career, taking part in the Angevin-Neapolitan war . His two brothers were sentenced to death for piracy by Ladislaus of Naples . He studied law at the University of Bologna and obtained doctorates in both civil and canon law. Probably at the prompting of his family, in 1392 he entered the service of Pope Boniface IX , first working in Bologna and then in Rome. (The Western Schism had begun in 1378, and there were two competing popes at
238-629: A pope, without thereby expressing a judgement on his legitimacy. The Catholic Encyclopedia places him in its List of Popes , but with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope". Other sources classify him as an antipope. As Celestine II resigned before being consecrated and enthroned in order to avoid a schism, Oxford's A Dictionary of Popes (2010) considers he "...is classified, unfairly, as an antipope", an opinion historian Salvador Miranda also shares. Those with asterisks (*) were counted in subsequent papal numbering. Many antipopes created cardinals, known as quasi-cardinals , and
272-637: A postman. According to the Klingenberger Chronicle, written by a noble client of Frederick IV, Duke of Austria , John XXIII travelled down the Rhine to Schaffhausen in a boat, while Frederick accompanied him with a small band of men on horseback. There was a huge outcry in Constance when it was discovered that John had fled, and Sigismund was furious about this setback to his plans for ending the Schism. The King of
306-624: A third claimant. To end the schism, in May 1415 , the Council of Constance deposed antipope John XXIII of the Pisan line. Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. In 1417 , the council also formally deposed antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon, but he adamantly refused to resign. Afterwards, Pope Martin V was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area of influence of Benedict XIII. The following table gives
340-610: Is generally accepted as a legitimate pope of Alexandria , claims to hold that position may also be considered an antipope. Coptic lector Max Michel became an antipope of Alexandria, calling himself Maximos I. His claim to the Alexandrine papacy was dismissed by both the Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda III and Pope Theodore II of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria . The Coptic pope of Alexandria and
374-421: The Council of Pisa , of which Cossa became a leading figure. The aim of the council was to end the schism; to this end they deposed both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and elected a new pope Alexander V in 1409. Gregory and Benedict ignored this decision, however, so that there were now three simultaneous claimants to the papacy . Alexander suddenly died while he was with Cardinal Baldassare Cossa at Bologna on
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#1732880888290408-506: The schism . John XXIII was tried for various crimes, though later accounts question the veracity of those accusations. Towards the end of his life Cossa restored his relationship with the Church and was made Cardinal Bishop of Frascati by Pope Martin V. Baldassarre Cossa was born on the island of Procida in the Kingdom of Naples , the son of Giovanni Cossa, lord of Procida. Initially he followed
442-607: The Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon , Castile , Sicily and Scotland . Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples , Carlo I Malatesta , the princes of Bavaria , Louis III , Elector Palatine , and parts of Germany and Poland . John XXIII made the Medici Bank the bank of the papacy, contributing considerably to the family's wealth and prestige. The main enemy of John
476-532: The Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of Rome remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him. Eusebius quotes from an unnamed earlier writer the story of Natalius, a 3rd-century priest who accepted
510-507: The Church itself and secular rulers. Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case of Pope Leo VIII and Pope Benedict V . Hippolytus of Rome (d. 235) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I . Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian , and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by
544-627: The French cardinals, claiming that the election of Pope Urban VI was invalid, elected antipope Clement VII as a rival to the Roman Pope ;– led eventually to two competing lines of antipopes: the Avignon line as Clement VII moved back to Avignon , and the Pisan line. The Pisan line, which began in 1409 , was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the (Pisan) council had elected antipope Alexander V as
578-540: The Greek pope of Alexandria currently view one another, not as antipopes, but rather as successors to differing lines of apostolic succession that formed as a result of christological disputes in the fifth century. Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either in historical fiction , as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or as purely imaginary antipopes. Antipope John XXIII Baldassarre Cossa ( c. 1370 – 22 December 1419)
612-478: The Rhine to the town of Freiburg im Breisgau , which recognised the duke of Austria as its lord. There Sigismund's lieutenant Ludwig III, Elector Palatine caught up with them. He convinced Frederick that he stood to lose too much by harbouring the fugitive pope, and the Austrian duke agreed to give himself and John up and return to Constance. During his absence, John was deposed by the council, and upon his return he
646-624: The Romans issued orders to all the powers on the Upper Rhine and in Swabia stating that he had declared Frederick to be an outlaw and that his lands and possessions were forfeit. In due course this led to a great deal of political upheaval and many Austrian losses in the region, notably in Aargau to the Swiss Confederation . In the meantime, Antipope John XXIII and Frederick fled further downriver along
680-507: The bishopric of the Adoptionists , a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully begged Pope Zephyrinus to receive him into communion. Novatian (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed the See of Rome in opposition to Pope Cornelius , and if Natalius and Hippolytus were excluded because of the uncertainties concerning them, Novatian could then be said to be
714-550: The first antipope. The period in which antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees to further their own causes. The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants ( anti-kings ) in Germany to overcome a particular emperor. The Western Schism – which began in 1378 , when
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#1732880888290748-400: The inscription on the sarcophagus: "John the former pope". J.P. Kirsch remarks that "Undeniably secular and ambitious, his moral life was not above reproach, and his unscrupulous methods in no wise accorded with the requirements of his high office ... the heinous crimes of which his opponents in the council accused him were certainly gravely exaggerated." One historian concluded that John
782-462: The legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter . The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the popes. Thus, because of the obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, the Annuario Pontificio lists Sylvester III as
816-401: The legitimate successor of Saint Peter. However, the Western Schism was reinterpreted when Pope John XXIII chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII, which is now reflected in modern editions of the Annuario Pontificio . John XXIII is now considered to be an antipope and Gregory XII's reign is recognized to have extended until 1415. Cossa was born in the Kingdom of Naples . In 1403, he served as
850-516: The names of the antipopes included in the list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio , with the addition of the names of Natalius (in spite of doubts about his historicity) and Antipope Clement VIII (whose following was insignificant). An asterisk marks those who were included in the conventional numbering of later popes who took the same name. More commonly, the antipope is ignored in later papal regnal numbers; for example, there
884-567: The night of 3–4 May 1410. On 25 May 1410, Cossa was consecrated a pope taking the name John XXIII. He had become an ordained bishop only one day earlier. John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France , England , Bohemia , Portugal , parts of the Holy Roman Empire , and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice and the Patriarchate of Aquileia ; and in the beginning and in 1411–1413 by Hungary and Poland. However,
918-559: The servants and abuses any animal which he is satisfied will not retaliate. If Gibbon may be believed, Pope John the Twenty-third as a stripling must have resembled him". In 1983 American political satirist and novelist Richard Condon wrote A Trembling Upon Rome , a novel of historical fiction about the life of Baldassare Cossa. Russian writer Dmitry Balashov wrote the novel Baltazar Kossa ( Бальтазар Косса ) about Antipope John XXIII. He should not be confused with Pope John XXIII of
952-482: The time, one in Avignon supported by France and Spain, and one in Rome, supported by most of Italy, Germany and England.) In 1386 he is listed as canon of the cathedral of Bologna. In 1396, he became archdeacon in Bologna. He became Cardinal deacon of Saint Eustachius in 1402 and Papal legate in Romagna in 1403. Johann Peter Kirsch describes Cossa as "utterly worldly-minded, ambitious, crafty, unscrupulous, and immoral,
986-420: Was Ladislaus of Naples , who protected Gregory XII in Rome. Following his election as pope, John spent a year in Bologna and then joined forces with Louis II of Anjou to march against Ladislaus. An initial victory proved short-lived and Ladislaus retook Rome in May 1413, forcing John to flee to Florence. In Florence he met Sigismund , King of the Romans. Sigismund wanted to end the schism and urged John to call
1020-499: Was Pisan antipope as John XXIII (1410–1415) during the Western Schism . The Catholic Church today regards him as an antipope in opposition to Pope Gregory XII , whom it recognizes as the rightful successor of Saint Peter . John XXIII was also an opponent of Antipope Benedict XIII , who was recognized by the French clergy and monarchy as the legitimate Pontiff. Historically, the Annuario Pontificio recognized John XXIII
1054-447: Was "a great man in temporal things, but a complete failure and worthless in spiritual things". John is portrayed by Steven Waddington in the 2016 television series Medici: Masters of Florence . The 1932 thriller Safe Custody by Dornford Yates , references John. Listing the members of an objectionable family, a character in the story says, "Then we come to his nephew—a promising lad of fifteen. He lies, steals, smells, assaults
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1088-543: Was an Antipope John XXIII , but the new Pope John elected in 1958 was also called John XXIII . For the additional confusion regarding popes named John, see Pope John numbering . The list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio attaches the following note to the name of Pope Leo VIII (963–965): At this point, as again in the mid-11th century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed
1122-605: Was excommunicated. Martin V was elected as new pope in 1417. Cossa was freed in 1418 after a heavy ransom was paid by the Medici. He went to Florence, where he submitted to Martin V, who made him Cardinal Bishop of Frascati . Cossa died only a few months later. The Medici oversaw the construction of his magnificent tomb by Donatello and Michelozzo in the Battistero di San Giovanni in Florence. Pope Martin V protested in vain against
1156-529: Was tried for heresy, simony , schism and immorality, and found guilty on all counts. The 18th century historian Edward Gibbon wrote, "The more scandalous charges were suppressed; the vicar of Christ was accused only of piracy , rape , sodomy, murder and incest ." John was given over to Ludwig III, Elector Palatine , who imprisoned him for several months in Heidelberg and Mannheim . The last remaining claimant in Avignon, Benedict XIII , refused to resign and
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