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61-489: The forerunner of Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor began in the 18th century when Kyai Ageng Hasan Besari established Pondok Tegalsari in Jetis Ponorogo village of East Java (10 km to the south of the city of Ponorogo). Pondok Tegalsari was well known in its time and visited by thousands of santris (students of pesantren) from various regions in the archipelago. The leadership of the pondok lasted for six generations. In

122-585: A Shafi'ite Sunni center of learning. Therefore, "he had all the treasures of the palace, including the books, sold over a period of ten years. Many were burned, thrown into the Nile , or thrown into a great heap, which was covered with sand, so that a regular "hill of books" was formed and the soldiers used to sole their shoes with the fine bindings. The number of books said to have disposed of varies from 120,000 to 2,000,000." Abd-el-latif delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at Al-Azhar, while according to legend

183-548: A modernist position, advocating "Wasatiyya" (centrism), a reaction against the extreme textualism of many Wahhabi Salafi ideologues. Wasatiyya covers a range of thinkers, some of whom are liberal intellectuals with religious inclinations, preachers such as Yusuf al-Qaradawi and many members of the Muslim Brotherhood . Since the 2013 coup however, Al-Azhar has taken a position against the brotherhood. The nineteenth and current Grand Mufti of Egypt and Al Azhar scholar,

244-660: A Dubai information technology enterprise, IT Education Project (ITEP) launched the H.H. Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum project to preserve Al-Azhar scripts and publish them online (the "Al-Azhar Online Project") to eventually publish online access to the library's entire rare manuscripts collection, comprising about seven million pages of material. Al-Azhar is one of the relics of the Isma'ili Shi'a Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descent from Fatimah , daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali , son-in-law, and cousin of Muhammad. Fatimah

305-402: A Sufi order has long been standard for both professors and students in the al-Azhar mosque and university system. Although al-Azhar is not monolithic, its identity has been strongly associated with Sufism. The current Shaykh al-Azhar (rector of the school), Ahmed el-Tayeb , is a hereditary Sufi shaykh from Upper Egypt who has recently expressed his support for the formation of a world Sufi league;

366-708: A kyai combines the skills and roles of both the Islamic scholar and the Sufi master ( sheikh or syehk ). Stories abound about kyai that can perform such feats as: Kyai is also a common honorific for important heirloom items in kratons in Java, like gamelan, chariot, and kris . For example, gamelan used in annual Grebeg celebration in Yogyakarta is called Kyai Sekati , itself divided into two instrumental sets: Kyai Gunturmadu and Kyai Nagawilaga . Meanwhile, Yogyakarta's royal chariot of

427-575: A kyai has his position and authority because people will listen to what he says. Some Indonesians refer to a widely regarded kyai as an ulama . This word is actually the plural form of the Arabic word alim which means knowledgeable person. Through common usage in Indonesia, the word ulama grew to signify a high-level kyai, even though this is a grammatical misuse of the Arabic word. In legend, if not in fact,

488-541: A madrasa in pre-modern times before its transformation into a university. An Islamic women's faculty was also added in the same year. Historically, Al-Azhar had a membership that represented diverse opinions within Islam. The theological schools of al- Ash'ari and al- Maturidi were both represented. It has a long tradition of teaching all four schools of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi , and Hanbali ). The chief mufti of each school of thought acted as

549-400: A new pesantren and the reformation of the pondok, which in later became a pesantren known as Pondok Gontor Lama. Supported by 40 santris brought from Pondok Tegalsari, Kyai R.M. Sulaiman Djamaluddin, and his wife founded Pondok Gontor Lama in a place located ±3 km east of Tegalsari and 11 km to the southeast of the city of Ponorogo. At that time, Gontor was still covered in forest and

610-405: A professor ( ijazah ). The average length of study was 6 years. Despite the lack of bureaucracy, the training remained rigorous and prolonged. Students were loosely organized into riwaq (a sort of fraternity ) organized according to their nationality and branch of Islamic law they studied. Each riwaq was supervised by a professor. A rector, usually a senior professor, oversaw the finances. By

671-476: A religious celebration in the same month, Tantawy had released comments alluding to "the arrogant and the pretenders who accuse others with the ugliest vice and unsubstantiated charges". In response, Egypt's press union issued a statement suggesting that Tantawy appeared to be involved in inciting and escalating a campaign against journalists and freedom of the press. Tantawy died in 2010 and was succeeded by Mohamed Ahmed el-Tayeb . In 2016 Ahmed el-Tayeb reissued

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732-459: A scholar at Al-Azhar published Man Qatala Faraj Fawda . 10th–17th centuries 19th – early 20th centuries 1910s–1950s 1950–present Al-Azhar, the historic centre of higher Islamic learning in Cairo, has undergone significant change since the late 19th century, with new regulations and reforms resulting in an expanded role for the university. 1. From madrasa to university This great mosque,

793-410: A spirit of cooperation. Bergsträsser was certainly impressed with the work. In March 1924, Abdülmecid II had been deposed as Caliph , supreme religious and political leader of all Muslims across the world. The Grand Sheikh of al-Azhar repudiated the abolition and was part of a call from Al-Azhar for an Islamic Conference . The unsuccessful "caliphate conference" was held under the presidency of

854-474: A supporter of then Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak , also called for a punishment of eighty lashes to "those who spread rumors" in an indictment of speculation by journalists over Mubarak's ill health and possible death. This was not the first time that he had criticized the Egyptian press regarding its news coverage nor the first time he in return had been accused by the press of opposing freedom of speech. During

915-524: A variety of scholars. According to Syed Farid Alatas, these subjects included Islamic law and jurisprudence , Arabic grammar , Islamic astronomy , Islamic philosophy , and logic . Under the Fatimids, Al-Azhar also notably promoted Shia Islam . In the 12th century, following the overthrow of the Isma'ili Fatimid dynasty, Saladin (the founder of the Sunni Ayyubid dynasty ) converted Al-Azhar to

976-612: A wide range of secular faculties were added for the first time, such as business , economics , science , pharmacy , medicine , engineering and agriculture . Before that date, the Encyclopaedia of Islam classifies the Al-Azhar variously as madrasa, center of higher learning and, since the 19th century, religious university, but not as a university in the full sense, referring to the modern transition process as "from madrasa to university". Other academic sources also refer to al-Azhar as

1037-465: Is Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam . The university is opposed to overt liberal reform of Islam and issued a fatwa against the liberal Ibn Rushd-Goethe mosque in Berlin because it banned face-covering veils such as burqa and niqab on its premises while allowing women and men to pray together. The fatwa encompassed all present and future liberal mosques . Al-Azhar University's Council of Senior Scholars

1098-553: Is Egypt's oldest degree-granting university and is known as one of the most prestigious universities for Islamic learning. In addition to higher education, Al-Azhar oversees a national network of schools with approximately two million students. As of 1996, over 4,000 teaching institutes in Egypt were affiliated with the university. Founded in 970 or 972 by the Fatimid Caliphate as a centre of Islamic learning, its students studied

1159-517: Is a Persian word. There are many ustads in Indonesia who teach the religion. Kiai were educated in various pesantren : Highly motivated students went from pesantren to pesantren, studying in each the texts in which its kiai was specialised. After a few pesantrens in Banten, they would go on to pesantrens in Bogor, Cianjur, Cirebon, Central or East Java and finally, if their families could afford it, to Mecca,

1220-466: Is an educational institution for male santris, with a learning period of 4 to 6 years, covering the secondary educational level. KMI was established on 19 December 1936, after the 10th anniversary of PMDG. There is also Kulliyatul Mu'allimat Al-Islamiyyah Pondok Gontor Putri which is the equivalent of KMI for female santris. According to the decision of the Waqf Board, on 7 Rabiul Awwal 1411, KMI Gontor Putri

1281-456: Is an expert in Islam . This denomination is usually used among the ethnic Javanese people . The word kyai is of Javanese origin. Sometimes it is spelled kiai . Traditionally, students of Islam in Indonesia would study in a boarding school known as a pesantren . As a form of respect, the leader of the school was referred to as kyai. The traditional word for a teacher in Islam is ustad , which

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1342-663: Is called Kyai Garudayaksa . In some parts of Indonesia, famous students of the Wali Songo mystics are referred to historically as kyai or kiai or ki . One of them, Ki Ageng Gribig, is said to have returned from Mecca with a small kind of pastry which did not spoil during the long journey. To commemorate this feat, the people of Jatinom hold a festival each year, wherein thousands of these little cakes (called apem) are blessed and tossed out to participants. The main road from Klaten to Boyolali in Central Java , which passes through

1403-473: Is called kyai. The other teachers in the school are called ustadz. Many Indonesian Muslims consider a kyai to be higher ranked than an ustadz because a kyai runs his own boarding school and has mystical abilities. Kiai were distinct from the pangulu , the state officials: The pesantrens were typically (although not uniquely) located in rural districts, away from the major roads. Their geographical isolation symbolised, as it were, their ideological distance from

1464-486: Is more important than teaching". There are four major outlines of the direction and purpose of education at PMDG, which are education for the community, simplicity, no partying, and demanding knowledge of God. As a modern pesantren, the curriculum of PMDG covers both traditional Islamic educational and secular educational materials. Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor aims to reflect the leading international Islamic educational institutions, and it has established partnerships with

1525-468: Is tasked with nominating the Grand Mufti of Egypt (subject to presidential approval), electing the next Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Mosque , and is expected to be the final authority in determining if new legislation is compliant with Islamic law. Although the council's decisions are not binding (absent new legislation), it is expected that it would be difficult for the parliament to pass legislation deemed by

1586-447: The Jewish philosopher Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin though no historical proof has corroborated this. Saladin introduced the college system in Egypt, which was also adopted in Al-Azhar. Under this system, the college was a separate institution within the mosque compound, with its own classrooms, dormitories and a library. Under

1647-543: The Qur'an and Islamic law , along with logic, grammar, rhetoric, and how to calculate the phases of the moon. Today it is the chief centre of Arabic literature and Islamic learning in the world. In 1961 additional non-religious subjects were added to its curriculum. Its library is considered second in importance in Egypt only to the Egyptian National Library and Archives . In May 2005, Al-Azhar in partnership with

1708-644: The dean , responsible for the teachers and students in that group. During the time of the Ottomans, the Hanafi dean came to hold a position as primus inter pares . It also had membership from the seven main Sufi orders . Al-Azhar has had an antagonistic relationship with Wahhabism . According to a 2011 report issued by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Al Azhar is strongly Sufi in character: Adherence to

1769-460: The ummah , which was deemed highly as a sacrifice of private property for the benefit of society. The recipient of the mandate was represented by 15 members of Gontor alumni (IKPM) who later came to consist of the Waqf Board of PMDG. The highest institution in the educational committee of PMDG is the Waqf Board. The board is a 15-member legislative body, responsible for all the governance including

1830-404: The 'brilliant one' ... is one of the principal mosques of present-day Cairo. This seat of learning ... regained all its activity—Sunnī from now on—during the reign of Sultan Baybars. ... Al-Azhar at the beginning of the 19th century could well have been called a religious university; what it was not was a complete university giving instruction in those modern disciplines essential to the awakening of

1891-426: The Egyptian government to toughen its rules and punishments against journalists. During a Friday sermon in the presence of Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif and a number of ministers, Tantawy was alleged to have stated that journalism which contributes to the spread of false rumours rather than true news deserved to be boycotted, and that it was tantamount to sinning for readers to purchase such newspapers. Tantawy,

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1952-400: The Egyptian parliament. The King Fuad I Edition of the Qur'an was first published on 10 July 1924 by a committee from Al-Azhar University Prominent committee members included Islamic scholar, Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Husayni al-Haddad. Noteworthy Western scholars/academics working in Egypt at the time include Bergsträsser and Jeffery . Methodological differences aside, speculation alludes to

2013-494: The Grand Chancellor of Azhar in 1926 but no one was able to gain a consensus for the candidacy across the Islamic world. Candidates proposed for the caliphate included King Fuad. The pioneering Pakistani journalist Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah became the first woman to address the university in 1955. In 1961, Al-Azhar was re-established as a university under the government of Egypt's second President Gamal Abdel Nasser when

2074-643: The Mamluks, Al-Azhar gained influence and rose in prestige. The Mamluks established salaries for instructors and stipends for the students and gave the institution an endowment. A college was built for the institution in 1340, outside of the mosque. In the late 1400s, the buildings were renovated and new dormitories were built for the students. During this time Cairo had 70 other institutions of Islamic learning, however, Al-Azhar attracted many scholars due to its prestige. The famed Ibn Khaldun taught at Al-Azhar starting in 1383. During this time texts were few and much of

2135-555: The Muslims in cooperation and on friendly terms, and are not enemies of the faith" ("in this case, their rights and responsibilities are the same as the Muslims so long as they do not become enemies of Islam"). Shi'a fiqh (according to a fatwa by Al-Azhar) is accepted as a fifth school of Islamic thought . In October 2007, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy , then the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, drew allegations of stifling freedom of speech when he asked

2196-605: The authority to execute the decisions of the board and takes its responsibility. PMDG leaders, in addition to leading the institutions and sections in the educational committee, are also obliged to take care of the santris following the Sunnah . In his first trial in 1985, after the Trimurti, the Waqf Board established three chiefs of Pondok to lead the post-Trimurti governance of the pesantren. All three are Shoiman Luqmanul Hakim, Abdullah Syukri Zarkasyi, and Hasan Abdullah Sahal. In 1999, with

2257-505: The council as against Islamic law. In January 2013, Al-Tayeb referred a relatively minor issue related to Islamic bonds to the council, for the first time asserting the council's jurisdiction. In 2013, the Council elected Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam to be the next Grand Mufti of Egypt. This marks the first time that the Grand Mufti would be elected by Islamic scholars since the position

2318-630: The death of Shoiman Luqmanul Hakim, the Waqf Board appointed Imam Badri as his successor. In 2006, with the death of Imam Badri, he was succeeded by Syamsul Hadi Abdan. In 2020, with the death of Syamsul Hadi Abdan and Abdullah Syukri Zarkasyi, the Waqf board appointed Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi and Akrim Mariyat as their successors. Currently, the leadership of PMDG is held by Hasan Abdullah Sahal (since 1985), Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi (since 2020), and Akrim Mariyat (since 2020). Kulliyatul Mu'allimin Al-Islamiyyah (KMI)

2379-416: The duty of active da'wa . He has made declarations about Muslims interacting with non-Muslims who are not a threat to Muslims. There are non-Muslims living apart from Muslims and who are not enemies of Islam ("Muslims are allowed to undertake exchanges of interests with these non-Muslims so long as these ties do not tarnish the image of the faith"), and there are "the non-Muslims who live in the same country as

2440-649: The fatwa on Shia Muslims , calling Shia the fifth school of Islam and seeing no problem with conversions from Sunni to Shia Islam. However, the NGOs report that violence and propaganda against the country's Shia minority continues. Shia Muslims are frequently denied services in addition to being called derogatory names. Anti-Shia sentiment is spread through education at all levels. Clerics educated at Al-Azhar University publicly promote sectarian beliefs by calling Shia Muslims infidels and encourage isolation and marginalization of Shia Muslims in Egypt . Scholars from Al-Azhar declared

2501-425: The former Grand Mufti of Egypt and senior al-Azhar scholar Ali Gomaa is also a highly respected Sufi master. However, in the early 20th century, enlightened Modernist thinkers such as Muhammad Abduh led a reform of the curriculum, reintroducing a desire for legal reform through ijtihad . Subsequently, disputes were had between modernist intellectuals and traditionalists within al-Azhar. Al-Azhar now maintains

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2562-639: The four educational institutions that heavily influenced the school orientation. The main partnership is with Al-Azhar University of Cairo , Egypt , which has a vast waqf and scholarly resources, which can send scholars across the world and provide scholarships for thousands of students from various parts of the world to study at the university. The other institutions are Aligarh Muslim University in India , Shanggit in Mauritania, and Santiniketan in India . Kyai A kyai ( / k j aɪ / KYEYE )

2623-439: The guidance of the rector (as kyai). UNIDA was established on 17 November 1963 (1 Rajab 1383) by Trimurti and managed under the Waqf Board. Currently, Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi serves as the rector. Below are the faculties and its courses existing under UNIDA: The scholarly orientation at PMDG is aimed at forming a person with devout Islamic faith and morals who can serve the community at the same time. PMDG proclaimed that "education

2684-463: The implementation and development of the education in PMDG. Members of the board consist of PMDG alumni who are elected every 5 years. For daily duties and obligations, the mandate is run by the leadership of PMDG. The leadership of PMDG is the executive body instituted after the death of the founders, chosen by the Waqf Board every 5 years. The chairman of pondok is a mandate of the Waqf Board which possesses

2745-571: The learning happened by students memorizing their teachers' lectures and notes. In fact, blind young boys were enrolled at Al-Azhar in the hopes that they could eventually earn a living as teachers. During the Ottoman period, Al-Azhar's prestige and influence grew to the point of becoming the preeminent institution for Islamic learning in the Sunni Muslim world. During this time, the Shaykh Al-Azhar

2806-484: The mid 19th century, al-Azhar had surpassed Istanbul and was considered the capital of Sunni legal expertise; a main centre of power in the Islamic world; and a rival to Damascus, Mecca and Baghdad. When the Kingdom of Egypt was established in 1923, the signing of the new nation's constitution was delayed because of King Fuad I 's insistence that Al-Azhar and other religious institutions were to be subject to him and not

2867-477: The mid-19th century, during the time of Kyai Hasan Khalifah, Pondok Tegalsari began to decline. At that time, the pondok had a renowned santri named R.M. Sulaiman Djamaluddin, a descendant of the royal family based in Keraton Kasepuhan of Cirebon . Kyai Hasan Khalifah then arranged the marriage of his youngest daughter Oemijatin (known as Nyai Sulaiman) with Sulaiman and they were given the task of establishing

2928-414: The most prestigious centre of Islamic learning. A student in a pesantren is called a santri . After the founding kyai of a pesantren dies, his son or another santri may take over the supervision of the school, and would then be called kyai. It is possible for a large boarding school to have several kyai living and teaching there. However, most pesantren have a few hundred students, with only one person who

2989-721: The pondok by updating and improving their system and curriculum. After studying at various traditional pesantrens and modern educational institutions, the three sons of Kyai Santoso Anom finally returned to Gontor on September 20, 1926 (12 Rabiul Awwal 1345) for the commemoration of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad . There they pledged the establishment of Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor (PMDG). All three were known as Trimurti Founders of Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, namely Ahmad Sahal, Zainudin Fananie, and Imam Zarkasyi. On October 12, 1958 (28 Rabi'ul Awwal 1378), Trimurti donated PMDG to

3050-430: The priorities of Muslims are "to master all knowledge of the world and the hereafter, not least the technology of modern weapons to strengthen and defend the community and faith". He added that "mastery over modern weaponry is important to prepare for any eventuality or prejudices of the others, although Islam is a religion of peace". Sheikh Tantawy also reasserted that his is the best faith to follow and that Muslims have

3111-414: The remaining 14 vacancies are filled, new vacancies will be appointed by the existing Council itself. All four madhahib (schools) of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence are proportionally represented on the council ( Hanafi , Shafi'i , Hanbali , Maliki ) and voting is on a majority basis. In addition to El-Tayeb, other prominent members of the Council include the outgoing Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa . The council

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3172-459: The state. The pangulu , as a state official, and the independent teacher, the kiai , were two contrasting types, in Banten as well as elsewhere in Java." A kyai is not a cleric in the same way as a priest in Christianity or Buddhism . There is no governing body that ordains or authorizes a kyai. Likewise, no organization can defrock a kyai or remove him from his position. The reason is that

3233-591: The town of Jatinom, is officially named after Ki Ageng Gribig, though known colloquially as Jalan Boyolali (Boyolali Road). Al-Azhar University The Al-Azhar University ( / ˈ ɑː z h ɑːr / AHZ -har ; Egyptian Arabic : جامعة الأزهر (الشريف) , IPA: [ˈɡæmʕet elˈʔɑzhɑɾ eʃʃæˈɾiːf] , lit.   ' University of (the honorable) Al-Azhar ' ) is a public university in Cairo , Egypt. Associated with Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in Islamic Cairo , it

3294-566: The writings to Farag Foda to be blasphemous. Muhammad al-Ghazali, a member of Al-Azhar, declared Foda to be guilty of apostasy . According to Geneive Abdo , Muhammad al-Ghazali also added that anyone killing an apostate would not be punished, while according to Nathan Brown , Muhammad al-Ghazali stopped just short of condoning Foroda's assassination. Foda was assassinated in June 1992, by an Egyptian terrorist group al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya , who claimed justification from Al-Azhar's fatwas. In response,

3355-757: Was called al-Zahra (the luminous), and the institution was named in her honor. It was founded as a mosque by the Fatimid commander Jawhar al-Siqilli at the orders of the Caliph and Imam Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah as he founded the city for Cairo. It was begun (probably on Saturday) in Jumada al-Awwal in the year AH 359 (March/April 970 CE). Its building was completed on the 9th of Ramadan in AH 361 (24 June 972 CE). Both Caliph al-Aziz Billah and Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah added to its premises. It

3416-542: Was created in 1895. Prior to this, the Egyptian head of state made the appointment. Al-Azhar's muftis have a history of being consulted on political issues. Muhammad Ali Pasha appointed Al-Azhar muftis to the Consultative Council in 1829 and this would be repeated by Abbas I and later Isma'il Pasha . At the same time, there were many cases where the Egyptian ruler would disregard the opinion of Al-Azhar scholars. Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy noted that among

3477-458: Was established, an office given to the leading scholar at the institution; prior to this the head of the institution was not necessarily a scholar. In 1748, the Ottoman pasha tried to get Al-Azhar to teach astronomy and mathematics, to little avail. During the time there wasn't a system of academic degrees, instead the shaykh (professor) determined if the student was sufficiently trained to enter

3538-490: Was founded in 1911 but was replaced in 1961 by the Center for Islamic Research. In July 2012, after the law restricting Al-Azhar University's autonomy was modified by the incoming president Mohamed Morsi , the council was reformed. The Council consists of 40 members and as of February 2013 had 14 vacancies all appointed by the current imam of Al-Azhar, Ahmed El-Tayeb , who was appointed by the prior president, Hosni Mubarak . Once

3599-405: Was further repaired, renovated, and extended by al-Mustansir Billah and al-Hafiz li-Din Allah . The Fatimid caliphs always encouraged scholars and jurists to have their study-circles and gatherings in this mosque and thus it was turned into a madrasa which has the claim to be considered as the oldest such institution still functioning. The mosque provided teaching on a variety of subjects from

3660-458: Was officially established in Mantingan , Ngawi Regency . This pesantren for women is 100 km from the main area of PMDG. The curriculum and learning program of Gontor Putri is similar to KMI, with adjustments to local content and emphasis on training specifically for female santris. The University of Darussalam (UNIDA) is a pesantren college where all the students are in campus dormitories under

3721-469: Was often used as a hideout for robbers, criminals, and rogues. The third generation leader of the pondok Kyai Santoso Anom Besari was married to Rr. Sudarmi, the offspring of R.M. Sosrodiningrat (the regent of Madiun ). Kyai Santoso Anom died in 1918 at a young age and left 7 children, thus the leadership of Pondok Gontor Lama was cut off. Three of the seven sons and daughters of the Kyai eventually went on to revive

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