69-638: Pompallier House is a nineteenth-century building located in Russell, New Zealand which once served as the headquarters to the French Catholic mission to the Western Pacific . It is named after Jean Baptiste Pompallier , the first vicar apostolic to visit New Zealand, who founded a number of missions in the North Island . Pompallier House is owned and managed by Heritage New Zealand , who open it to
138-644: A 30 km radius of their nest. Research conducted on the Philip Island colony found the spatial segregeation of foraging behaviour was primarily determined by age rather than biological sex. In long lived species such as seabirds, it is during the middle age of their lifetimes where they are expected to be in the best physical condition. This is why in Eudyptula minor , middle aged individuals foraged at greater distances from their nests and were able to dive greater distances Older penguins are found to forage closer to
207-617: A change of gravel in their enclosure. It is still not known what caused the deaths of the penguins, and it was decided not to return the 12 surviving penguins to the same enclosure where the penguins became ill. A new enclosure for the little penguin colony was opened at Sea World in 2008. In New Zealand, Eudyptula penguin exhibits exist at the Auckland Zoo , the Wellington Zoo , the International Antarctic Centre and
276-525: A chapel, houses, kitchens and other outhouses, but the "Pompallier House" is the only one remaining. The original Gaveaux printing press was brought to the mission from France in the early 1840s; between 1842 and 1849 it printed over 30,000 books and tracts, some of the first in Māori. After the mission left Russell in 1850 the press was amongst the belongings redistributed. In 1857 the Waikato Māori asked for
345-501: A large group after dusk and walk along the shore to reach their nesting sites. This may be an effective predator avoidance strategy by traveling in a large group simultaneously. This has not been seen by those of the New Zealand lineage. Eudyptula minor only recently encountered terrestrial vertebrate predators, while Eudyptula novaehollandiae would have had to deal with carnivorous marsupials . Eudyptula minor breeds along most of
414-464: A major oil spill with the grounding of the Rena off New Zealand in 2011, which killed 2,000 seabirds (including little penguins) directly, and killed an estimated 20,000 in total based on wider ecosystem impacts. Oil spills are the most common cause of the little penguins being admitted to the rehabilitation facilities at Phillip Island Nature Park (PINP). These oil spill recurrences have endangered not just
483-400: A season. Double brooding is more likely to occur in individuals who lay their first clutch, prior to mid-September. While there is some inter annual variability, the most common period for little penguins to lay their first clutch in spring, mid-September is considered early and gives species time left in the season to lay a second clutch of eggs after the first have fledged Double brooding
552-595: A second containing little penguins of Australia and the Otago region of New Zealand. Preliminary analysis of braying calls and cluster analysis of morphometrics partially supported these results. A 2016 study described the Australian little penguin as a new and separate species, Eudyptula novaehollandiae . E. minor is endemic to New Zealand, while E. novaehollandiae is found in Australia and Otago. A 2019 study supported
621-471: A separate species. Eudyptula minor feathers are dense in melanosomes which attribute to both their strength to swim fast through the water, and its unique blue colour. The little penguin was first described by German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781. Several subspecies are known, but a precise classification of these is still a matter of dispute. The holotypes of the subspecies E. m. variabilis and Eudyptula minor chathamensis are in
690-499: A small foraging range, and therefore higher possibility of competition when prey availability is more scarce Particularly during breeding season when energy demands for both parents and chicks are at their highest, in order to survive Eudyptula minor adapt to these constraints by increasing the plasticity and variability in their foraging behaviour, which includes spatial, age, or diet based segregation During chick rearing, parents will make on average one day long foraging trips within
759-412: Is a behaviour which its onset can be strongly influenced by sea surface temperature, age and food availability Warmer sea surface temperature in summer and autumn corellated with earlier laying of first clutch of eggs increasing the chances of double brooding. In contrast, in New Zealand it was observed that during periods of El Niño Southern Oscilation where colder temperature water was being brought to
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#1732876896693828-517: Is available. When prey is larger and individuals are only catching 1-2 items at a time, they are more likely to hunt alone to reduce competition, whereas smaller and more mobile prey, or schooling prey species, promote group hunting to enable efficient encirclement. The Oamaru colony predominantly feeds on smaller schooling species such as sprat and gudgeon, while penguins from the Stewart/Codfish Island colonies more often hunt alone. The latter
897-513: Is known is colonies in New Zealand commonly consist of smaller fragmented groups in comparison to Australias larger colonies, some with <10 breeding pairs, this is largely attributed to NZs fragmented coastline separating the larger colonies. This is commonly seen in Kaikoura where 6-7 smaller colonies have been found along 1.7% of coastline Little penguins are central place foragers, meaning they will travel distances to forage but always return to
966-478: Is likely linked to a predominantly cephalopods diet (58% of prey items at < 10 gm each). Rising ocean temperatures has seen a trend towards earlier onset of breeding in Eudyptula minor but this does not always align with the availability of their prey. This is because higher sea surface temperatures are associated with early onset of nesting, but also associated with lower nutrients and oxygen availability. During
1035-513: Is not considered endangered in New Zealand, with the exception of the white-flippered subspecies found only on Banks Peninsula and nearby Motunau Island . Since the 1960s, the mainland population has declined by 60-70%; though a small increase has occurred on Motunau Island. A colony exists in Wellington Harbor on Matiu / Somes Island . Protestors have opposed the development of a marina at Kennedy Point, Waiheke Island in New Zealand for
1104-405: Is the smallest species of penguin . It originates from New Zealand . It is commonly known as the fairy penguin , little blue penguin , or blue penguin , owing to its slate -blue plumage and is also known by its Māori name kororā . It is a fossorial bird. The Australian little penguin ( Eudyptula novaehollandiae ), from Australia and the Otago region of New Zealand, is considered
1173-501: Is thought to be some of the main reasons for increased vulnerability in the future. The threats it provides include nest and habitat distruption, as well as deadly to eggs and individuals, despite this Eudyptula minor appears to show no fear towards fire when directly exposed. When observed, they have been to found to remain around or under vegetation until severely burnt or injured. Some have even been observed preening their feathers near to open flames. Fires can also significantly alter
1242-766: The 2018 census , and an increase of 96 people (13.7%) since the 2013 census . There were 384 males, 408 females and 3 people of other genders in 408 dwellings. 3.0% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 61.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 57 people (7.1%) aged under 15 years, 66 (8.3%) aged 15 to 29, 342 (42.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 330 (41.4%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 84.6% European ( Pākehā ); 21.8% Māori ; 1.5% Pasifika ; 1.9% Asian ; 1.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.3% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
1311-485: The Eudyptula minor colonies currently facing decline The data shows highest level of penguin mortality is caused by roadkill, likely due to many of the colonies being close to coastal highway. To mitigate this issue, a penguin-proof fence was erected in 2019 across 3.3 km of highway where road kill was most prevalent, no roadkill deaths have been recorded since its implementation The risk of fire damage to habitats in Philip Island has been partially mitigated through
1380-458: The Eudyptula novaehollandiae the lineage of little blue penguins which inhabit Australian and Otago regions, there is not evidence to suggest this is an established behaviour within Eudyptula minor , however double broods are occasionally noticed among the colonies in the Kaikoura coastline It is unsure yet whether this is means double brooding is a genetically mediated behaviour. There is also an uneven distribution of research carried out across
1449-694: The National Aquarium of New Zealand . Since 2017, the National Aquarium of New Zealand, has featured a monthly "Penguin of the Month" board, declaring two of their resident animals the "Naughty" and "Nice" penguin for that month. Photos of the board have gone viral and gained the aquarium a large worldwide social media following. In the United States, Eudyptula penguins can be seen at the Louisville Zoo
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#17328768966931518-579: The Ngāpuhi iwi, became known as the Girls' War . On 30 January 1840 at Christ Church , Governor William Hobson read his proclamations (which were the beginnings of the Treaty of Waitangi ) in the presence of a number of settlers and the Māori chief Moka Te Kainga-mataa . A document confirming what had happened was signed at this time by around forty witnesses, including Moka, the only Māori signatory. The following week,
1587-577: The Pompallier Mission . In January 2023, the New Zealand Geographic Board proposed that the town's name be officially changed back to Kororāreka, its original Māori name. Russell covers 3.28 km (1.27 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 810 as of June 2024, with a population density of 247 people per km . Russell had a population of 798 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 36 people (4.7%) since
1656-593: The Taronga Zoo in Sydney . Enclosures include nesting boxes or similar structures for the animals to retire into, a reconstruction of a pool and in some cases, a transparent aquarium wall to allow patrons to view the animals underwater while they swim. Eudyptula penguin exhibit exists at Sea World , on the Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia. In early March 2007, 25 of the 37 penguins died from an unknown toxin following
1725-430: The 18th century, that the area was quite prosperous. When European and American ships began visiting New Zealand in the early 1800s, the indigenous Māori quickly recognised there were great advantages in trading with these strangers, whom they called tauiwi . The Bay of Islands offered a safe anchorage and had a large Māori population. To attract ships, Māori began to supply food, timber and prostitution. In exchange,
1794-535: The Bay of Islands runs between Okiato and Opua , and is the main tourist access to Russell. There is a land connection, but this requires a substantial detour (the ferry route is only 2.3 kilometres, while the land route is 43.5 km ). Russell School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 63 as of August 2024. The school opened in 1892. Little penguin The little penguin ( Eudyptula minor )
1863-572: The Māori population traded for firearms, alcohol and other goods of European manufacture. Kororāreka developed as a result of this trade but soon earned a reputation as a community full of prostitution and without laws. It became known as the "Hell Hole of the Pacific"; European law had no influence and Māori law was seldom enforced within the town's area. Fighting on the beach at Kororāreka in March 1830, between northern and southern subtribes ( hapū ) within
1932-582: The Oamaru colony of Eudyptula minor , however in 1995 the availability of species from 20% in December to 0% in January the following year. Penguins were able to successfully adapt and their diet instead began to consist of slender sprat and pigfish If penguins produce a second clutch of eggs in a season once the first chicks have fledged, this is known as double brooding. Thus far this behaviour has only been observed in
2001-619: The West Coast of New Zealand, to begin their work in the country. Joined by other members of the order, they moved to the Bay of Islands to set up their headquarters in Kororareka (now Russell). Bishop Pompallier bought land in Russell in 1839, and the building was constructed in 1841–2. In 1842, it produced its first Māori translations of religious texts. Unable to bear the cost of purchasing much timber,
2070-593: The ability to reclaim success early suggests it is likely that successful double brooding is a behaviour that improves with age. Another influencing factor is the availability of food, for larger colonies such as the Philip Islands, competition for food can increase significantly during the breeding season, particularly if there is variability in the amount of prey available. If this competition results in aggression between adults this can also influence ability to successfully raise chicks, and be able to successfully breed in
2139-432: The arrival of the Australian species in New Zealand was determined to have occurred roughly between AD 1500 and 1900. When the E. minor population declined in New Zealand, it left a genetic opening for E. novaehollandiae . The decrease of E. minor was most likely due to anthropogenic effects, such as being hunted by humans as well as introduced predators, including dogs brought from overseas. It has been determined that
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2208-554: The arrival of the Europeans, the area now known as Russell was inhabited by Māori because of its pleasant climate and the abundance of food, fish and fertile soil. The settlement was known as Kororāreka, and was located on the coast. The name translates to 'sweet blue penguin ', after an ailing chief who had eaten a penguin broth remarked ka reka te kororā or 'the kororā is sweet'. Early European explorers James Cook and Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne remarked, by their arrival in
2277-407: The breeding season parents are restricted to a short foraging area close to their nest and are therefore vulnerable to small regional changes. La Niña Southern Oscilation events increasing the sea surface temperature along the New Zealand coastline caused prey such as schooling fish and krill to either become more regionally scarce or migrate to new habitats. Grahams Gudgeon once dominated the diet of
2346-413: The care of Heritage New Zealand . On 18 November 1844, while at anchor in the Bay of Islands, Mary Davis Wallis described "Kororarika" [ sic ] as a town "which appears small, consisting of a few houses along the shore, and cottages scattered here and there on the slope of the hills behind. Nothing is to be seen back of the town but lofty hills not particularly verdant." The Flagstaff War
2415-411: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 150 (20.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 366 (49.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 177 (23.9%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 32,500, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 63 people (8.5%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
2484-538: The chin to the belly. Their flippers are blue in colour. The dark grey-black beak is 3–4 cm long, the irises pale silvery- or bluish-grey or hazel, and the feet pink above with black soles and webbing. An immature individual will have a shorter bill and lighter upperparts. Like most seabirds, the Eudyptula species have a long lifespan. The average for the species is 6.5 years, but flipper ringing experiments show that in very exceptional cases they may live up to 25 years in captivity. Eudyptula minor does not have
2553-544: The coastline of New Zealand, including the Chatham Islands . However, Eudyptula minor does not occur in Otago , which is located on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island . The Australian species Eudyptula novaehollandiae occurs in Otago. E. novaehollandiae was originally endemic to Australia. Using ancient-DNA analysis and radiocarbon dating using historical, pre-human, as well as archaeological Eudyptula remains,
2622-517: The collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa . The white-flippered penguin ( E. m. albosignata or E. m. minor morpha albosignata ) is currently considered by most taxonomists to be a colour morph or subspecies of Eudyptula minor. In 2008, Shirihai treated the little penguin and white-flippered penguin as allospecies . However, as of 2012, the IUCN and BirdLife International consider
2691-848: The composition of vegetation in Eudyptula minor habitats. A large fire in Marion Bay, South Australia in 1994 saw the loss of two key plant species; introduced marram grass Ammophila and coastal wattle A.sophorae . Following the fire, these grasses were replaced by invasive palms A.arenia and A.sophorae grew back in dense thickets. This habitat became no longer suitable for Eudyptula minor and colony relocated. Eudyptula species are classified as "at risk - declining" under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953 . Overall, little penguin populations in New Zealand have been decreasing. Some colonies have become extinct, and others continue to be at risk. Some new colonies have been established in urban areas. The species
2760-420: The diet of the Philip Island colony has diversified to include selections of cephalopods and krill during the post guard stage of their life cycle where greater amounts of energy is required for chick development and egg production, resident penguins predominantly rely on anchovies when more energy is required. The nature of their diet also impacts foraging methods, which may vary by colony depending on what food
2829-490: The distinct bright blue feathers that distinguish Eudyptula novaehollandiae. In addition, the vocalisation patterns of the New Zealand lineage located on Tiritiri Matangi Island vary from the Australian lineage located in Oamaru . Females are known to prefer the local call of the New Zealand lineage. There are also behavioural differences that help differentiate these penguins. Those of the Australian lineage will swim together in
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2898-556: The gardens remain as an example of the Victorian and Edwardian gardens typical of the latter owners. 35°15′53″S 174°07′19″E / 35.2646°S 174.1220°E / -35.2646; 174.1220 Russell, New Zealand Russell , also known by the Māori name Kororāreka , is a town in the Bay of Islands , in New Zealand's far north. It was the first permanent European settlement and seaport in New Zealand. Before
2967-488: The greatest terrestrial risk to little penguins and include cats, dogs, rats, and particularly ferrets and stoats . As examples significant dog attacks have been recorded at the colony at Little Kaiteriteri Beach, and a suspected stoat or ferret attack at Doctor's Point near Dunedin , New Zealand, claimed the lives of 29 little blue penguins in November 2014. Little penguin populations have been significantly affected by
3036-513: The hillside parkland walk with views out over the bay. There is also a French Coffee House on site which is open seven days a week from 9am. In 1836, Bishop Jean Baptiste Pompallier, along with the newly formed French order the Society of Mary (or Marists) received papal approval and were given the mission of Western Oceania. In 1838, Pompallier, along with three of these brothers arrived in Hokianga , on
3105-499: The historic printery/tannery/storehouse of the early Roman Catholic missionaries, is the oldest surviving industrial building in New Zealand, while the town's Christ Church is the country's oldest surviving Anglican church. The surrounding area also contains many expensive holiday homes, as well as New Zealand's most expensive rental accommodation, the Eagles Nest . The photographer Laurence Aberhart lives here. A car ferry across
3174-506: The little penguins, but the entire penguin population. This can further decline the population, which can lead to possible extinction. Increased frequency of drought and extreme temperatures in Southern Australia has led to an increased fire risk. Being flightless birds that nest on land, little blue penguins are especially vulnerable to fire. Behavioural traits such as reluctancy to abandon nests and emerging mostly during daylit hours
3243-499: The mission headquarters moved to Auckland , and in 1856 James Callaghan took over the building, converting it to a residence known as "Callaghan's Castle". It passed through a number of private owners, who altered the original building, until the Government purchased the building in 1941. In the 1990s, it was fully restored to replicate its early condition. The building contains the original printing press, restored to working order, and
3312-449: The missionaries used the rammed earth construction common in Lyon , their original home. The earth was dug on site and supplemented with sand and rocks from the nearby beaches. Lime was made by burning shells. The upper floor was constructed with earth supported by timber frames. The work was supervised by architect Louis Perret. There were a number of other buildings on the site, including
3381-404: The next season. During the breeding season, Eudyptula minor are central place foragers, this means that they travel within their home range to find food, but will return to their nest to feed both themselves and their chicks. Their foraging range is limited by how long chicks can fast, and the high energetic of costs of constant travelling for individuals. Such a behaviour has resulted in both
3450-540: The planting of fire-resistant indigenous vegetation in and around the nesting sites. Thus far this planting has occurred primarily in the <10% of the colony most visible from tourist look-out points In 1997 in NSW, the Eudyptula minor was listed as an endangered species under the endangered species act 1995. Since then conservation efforts such as public education, nest monitoring and labelling it as ‘critical habitat’ were implemented. Despite these efforts, this mainland colony
3519-625: The population of Eudyptula novaehollandiae in Otago arrived even more recently than previously estimated due to mulitlocus coalescent analyses. Outside of the Otago region, all colonies are expected to belong to the sub species Eudyptula novaehollandiae Many of these colonies are smaller and more patchily distributed than larger Eudyptula minor colonies that exist in Australia and Otago. Extensive research exists on Philip Island and Oamaru colonies as they are sites of large colonies which attract large groups of tourists Population size and trends of colonies in New Zealand remain poorly documented, what
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#17328768966933588-633: The press, which was given to them by Bishop Pompallier. The press was used by Tāwhiao , the Māori King to print the Māori-language newspaper Te Paki o Matariki . The press remained in Waikato until the 1990s when it was returned to Pompallier by the Māori Queen Te Atairangikaahu . While the building was originally built for a printery, it also housed a tannery for book-binding. In 1850
3657-456: The public. It is New Zealand's oldest Roman Catholic building, oldest rammed earth building, and oldest industrial building. The mission and printery is open to the public seven days a week, from 10 am to 4 pm. Access to the building is by guided tour only, with guided tours running four times a day. Garden visit tickets are available to view the Victorian and Edwardian gardens and
3726-647: The recognition of E. minor and E. novaehollandiae as separate species. This IUCN assessment treats Eudyptula minor and Eudyptula novaehollandiae as just one species. Are used interchangeably throughout report to specify location, however are considered a part of the same species Like those of all penguins , the wings of Eudyptula species have developed into flippers used for swimming. Eudyptula species typically grow to between 30 and 33 cm (12 and 13 in) tall and on average weigh 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). The head and upper parts are blue in colour, with slate-grey ear coverts fading to white underneath, from
3795-531: The risk it poses to little penguins and their habitat. Protesters claimed that they exhausted all legal means to oppose the project and have had to resort to occupation and non-violent resistance. Several arrests have been made for trespassing. The West Coast Penguin Trust and DOC have worked in collaboration to maintain data on penguin mortality, the West Coast South Island colonies are highlighted as one of
3864-440: The same nest or colony. They are also a species where both parents are required to raise chicks, and alternate foraging trips while the other is guarding and incubating the nest during the post guard stage. These stints can last anywhere between 1–10 days during incubation. Despite nesting on the shore, little penguins forage at sea and feed on a diet ranging from small schooling fish, to cephalopods, krill, and microzooplankton. As
3933-403: The sea floor. Foraging efficiency has been found to be significantly influenced by age. Foraging success appears to stabilise selection for middle-aged penguins, as feeding is a learnt behaviour but also requires good physical condition. For the Philip Island and other Southern Australian colonies, anchovies are the primary food source. Anchovies are rich in oils and nutritional value. Although
4002-421: The shore than middle aged adults When foraging in groups, they were also observed to all be of a similar age cohort, likely that when the prey available is small schooling prey and is more advantageous for penguins to forage as a group If the groups are segregated by age, this is likely because they are at the same foraging ability and occupy the same approximate range Introduced mammalian predators present
4071-688: The south, and renamed it Russell in honour of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord John Russell . Hobson soon decided that the move to the Okiato site was a mistake, and Auckland was selected as the new capital not long after. Kororāreka was part of the Port of Russell, and after Russell (now Okiato ) became virtually deserted, Kororāreka gradually came to be known as Russell as well. In January 1844, Governor Robert FitzRoy officially designated Kororāreka as part of
4140-423: The species is widely distributed across a range of habitats in New Zealand and Australia, variation in diet and foraging choice has also arisen. Important little penguin prey items include arrow squid , slender sprat , Graham's gudgeon , red cod , and ahuru . Little penguins feed by hunting small clupeoid fish, cephalopods , and crustaceans , for which they travel and dive quite extensively, including to
4209-468: The sub species of little penguin the Eudyptula novaehollandiae are disproportionally researched more than others because they occur in large colonies which such as the Philip Island penguin parade, and the Oamaru penguin colony which have attracted international and local tourism and are understanding their behaviours are important to economic success In a study carried out on Oamaru penguin colony found double broods to increase breeding success by up to 75%
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#17328768966934278-406: The surface there was a delay in the onset of breeding for the Eudyptula novaehollaniae , thus resulting in a lower incidence of double brooding in the Otago colonies. Age is also believed to be a factor effecting double brooding because the pairs successfully able to double brood were most commonly strategic in reclaiming successful nests and pair-bonds. Little penguins show a high nest fidelity, and
4347-404: The township of Russell. Today, the name Russell applies only to Kororāreka, while the former capital is known either by its original name of Okiato or as Old Russell. In 1841–42, Jean Baptiste Pompallier established a Roman Catholic mission in Russell, which contained a printing press for the production of Māori-language religious texts. His building, known as Pompallier Mission , remains in
4416-482: The treaty proceedings moved across to the western side of the bay to Waitangi . By this time, Kororāreka was an important mercantile centre and served as a vital resupply port for whaling and sealing operations. When the Colony of New Zealand was founded in that year, Hobson was reluctant to choose Kororāreka as his capital , due to its bad reputation. Instead, he purchased land at Okiato , situated five kilometres to
4485-410: The white-flippered penguin to be a subspecies or morph of the little penguin. Little penguins from New Zealand and Australia were once considered to be the same species, called Eudyptula minor . Analysis of mtDNA in 2002 revealed two clades in Eudyptula : one containing little penguins of New Zealand's North Island , Cook Strait and Chatham Island , as well as the white-flippered penguin, and
4554-630: Was met with additional challenges from threats from wild dogs and foxes, to lack of available local prey. Species is now listed as at-risk declining under the same act Zoological exhibits featuring purpose-built enclosures for Eudyptula species can be seen in Australia at the Adelaide Zoo , Melbourne Zoo , the National Zoo & Aquarium in Canberra , Perth Zoo , Caversham Wildlife Park (Perth), Ballarat Wildlife Park , Sea Life Sydney Aquarium , and
4623-480: Was spoken by 98.5%, Māori language by 4.9%, and other languages by 12.8%. No language could be spoken by 0.8% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 33.1, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 24.4% Christian , 0.4% Hindu , 1.5% Māori religious beliefs , 1.1% Buddhist , 0.8% New Age , 0.4% Jewish , and 0.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 62.4%, and 8.6% of people did not answer
4692-455: Was that 258 (34.8%) people were employed full-time, 123 (16.6%) were part-time, and 15 (2.0%) were unemployed. Much of the accommodation in the area consists of holiday homes or tourist accommodation. The local Kororāreka Marae is a traditional meeting ground of Te Kapotai, a hapū of Ngāpuhi . Russell experiences a mild subtropical climate. Russell is now mostly a "bastion of cafés, gift shops and B&Bs ". Pompallier Mission,
4761-635: Was touched off in 1845 by the repeated felling and re-erection of the Union Jack on Flagstaff Hill above the town. The town was sacked by Hōne Heke , after diversionary raids drew away the British defenders. The flagstaff was felled for the fourth time at the commencement of the Battle of Kororāreka , and the inhabitants fled aboard British ships, which then shelled and destroyed most of the houses. Hōne Heke directed his warriors not to interfere with Christ Church and
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