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112-500: Poly Implant Prothèse ( PIP ) was a French company founded in 1991 that produced silicone gel breast implants . The company was preemptively liquidated in 2010 following the revelation that they had been illegally manufacturing and selling breast implants made from cheaper industrial-grade silicone since 2001 (instead of the mandated medical-grade silicone they had previously used). The hundreds of thousands of unapproved implants sold globally by PIP from 2001 to 2010 were found to have

224-399: A chemotactic gradient created by the local cells to reach the site of injury. The loss of function ( functio laesa ) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in response to pain. In addition to cell-derived mediators, several acellular biochemical cascade systems—consisting of preformed plasma proteins—act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory response. These include

336-650: A dry cleaning solvent , providing an alternative to the traditional chlorine -containing perchloroethylene (perc) solvent. The use of silicones in dry cleaning reduces the environmental effect of a typically high-polluting industry. Electronic components are sometimes encased in silicone to increase stability against mechanical and electrical shock, radiation and vibration, a process called "potting". Silicones are used where durability and high performance are demanded of components under extreme environmental conditions, such as in space (satellite technology). They are selected over polyurethane or epoxy encapsulation when

448-401: A lipid storage disorder, is now understood as a chronic inflammatory condition involving the arterial walls. Research has established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of atherosclerosis from initiation through progression and, ultimately, the thrombotic complications from it. These new findings reveal links between traditional risk factors like cholesterol levels and

560-634: A 20-year period. The implants were exported to Latin American countries such as Brazil , Venezuela and Argentina , Western European markets including Britain (25,000), Germany , Spain and Italy , as well as Australia (8900). Following the FDA ruling in 2000 which banned silicone breast implants in the US market (leading to a slump in sales worldwide), Mas sought to "tighten PIP's belt" and recoup some of its lost market share by severely cutting costs. In particular, Mas

672-460: A 500% higher risk of rupturing or leaking than approved models, as well as being implicated in several deaths due to systemic toxicity and several cases of induced breast cancer . The scandal, which produced fears of a massive health disaster, prompted a full recall of the company's implants by the French health ministry in 2010, by which time the company was already defunct. PIP was founded in 1991 by

784-454: A construction site – for the purpose of aiding phagocytic debridement and wound repair later on. Some of the exuded tissue fluid is also funneled by lymphatics to the regional lymph nodes, flushing bacteria along to start the recognition and attack phase of the adaptive immune system . Acute inflammation is characterized by marked vascular changes, including vasodilation , increased permeability and increased blood flow, which are induced by

896-498: A doctor ruled that necessary. They also called on private medical centers to offer the same deal to patients who had paid for private sector cosmetic surgery. On 8 January 2012, The Sunday Times reported that leading cosmetic surgeon Jan Stanek had conducted a study with colleague Mike Berry into PIP implants. Their report to the Journal of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery revealed that, in an audit of 453 patients, between 16% and 34% of

1008-410: A few days. Cytokines and chemokines promote the migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation. Pathogens, allergens, toxins, burns, and frostbite are some of the typical causes of acute inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial pathogens. Acute inflammation can be a defensive mechanism to protect tissues against injury. Inflammation lasting 2–6 weeks

1120-514: A liquid or vapor onto other components. Silicone contamination of electrical switch contacts can lead to failures by causing an increase in contact resistance, often late in the life of the contact, well after any testing is completed. Use of silicone-based spray products in electronic devices during maintenance or repairs can cause later failures. Silicone foam has been used in North American buildings in an attempt to firestop openings within

1232-400: A list of women who has received breast implants from PIP. Clinics that did not use any PIP implants should also be required to send a declaration stating that. The Czech Republic health ministry said about 2,000 women with potentially faulty implants should have them removed. Silicone gel Alfred Stock and Carl Somiesky examined the hydrolysis of dichlorosilane , a reaction that

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1344-406: A specific cell type. Such an approach may limit side effects that are unrelated to the tumor of interest, and may help preserve vital homeostatic functions and developmental processes in the organism. There is some evidence from 2009 to suggest that cancer-related inflammation (CRI) may lead to accumulation of random genetic alterations in cancer cells. In 1863, Rudolf Virchow hypothesized that

1456-492: A suspect silicone gel by the worldwide exporting PIP firm. 2013: Criminal trial is held in France, and Jean-Claude Mas was sent to prison for four years. 2021: French court found TUV Rheinland negligent and partially liable for damages. Medical problems arise when breast implants rupture and cause inflammation and irritation . Further, impure gel may also release toxic substances. Removing implants "carries risks in itself", says

1568-403: A systemic response known as anaphylaxis . Inflammatory myopathies are caused by the immune system inappropriately attacking components of muscle, leading to signs of muscle inflammation. They may occur in conjunction with other immune disorders, such as systemic sclerosis , and include dermatomyositis , polymyositis , and inclusion body myositis . Due to the central role of leukocytes in

1680-474: A urethral infection because urethral microbial invasion is the most common cause of urethritis. However, the inflammation–infection distinction is crucial in situations in pathology and medical diagnosis that involve inflammation that is not driven by microbial invasion, such as cases of atherosclerosis , trauma , ischemia , and autoimmune diseases (including type III hypersensitivity ). Biological: Chemical: Psychological: Acute inflammation

1792-605: A vascular phase that occurs first, followed by a cellular phase involving immune cells (more specifically myeloid granulocytes in the acute setting). The vascular component of acute inflammation involves the movement of plasma fluid , containing important proteins such as fibrin and immunoglobulins ( antibodies ), into inflamed tissue. Upon contact with PAMPs, tissue macrophages and mastocytes release vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin , as well as eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 to remodel

1904-471: A vast variety of human diseases. The immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders, as demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some myopathies , with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal inflammation. Non-immune diseases with causal origins in inflammatory processes include cancer, atherosclerosis , and ischemic heart disease . Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include: Atherosclerosis, formerly considered

2016-443: A waterborne formulation using a silane's reactivity and penetration ability into a mineral-based surface can be combined with water-beading properties from a siloxane to produce a more-useful surface protection product. As a low-taint, non-toxic material, silicone can be used where contact with food is required. Silicone is becoming an important product in the cookware industry, particularly bakeware and kitchen utensils . Silicone

2128-535: A wide operating temperature range is required (−65 to 315 °C). Silicones also have the advantage of little exothermic heat rise during cure, low toxicity, good electrical properties, and high purity. Silicones are often components of thermal pastes used to improve heat transfer from power-dissipating electronic components to heat sinks . The use of silicones in electronics is not without problems, however. Silicones are relatively expensive and can be attacked by certain solvents. Silicone easily migrates as either

2240-803: A worse sense of smell during a cold, or having difficulty breathing when bronchitis is present. Loss of function has multiple causes. The process of acute inflammation is initiated by resident immune cells already present in the involved tissue, mainly resident macrophages , dendritic cells , histiocytes , Kupffer cells and mast cells . These cells possess surface receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize (i.e., bind) two subclasses of molecules: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PAMPs are compounds that are associated with various pathogens , but which are distinguishable from host molecules. DAMPs are compounds that are associated with host-related injury and cell damage. At

2352-469: Is a short-term process, usually appearing within a few minutes or hours and begins to cease upon the removal of the injurious stimulus. It involves a coordinated and systemic mobilization response locally of various immune, endocrine and neurological mediators of acute inflammation. In a normal healthy response, it becomes activated, clears the pathogen and begins a repair process and then ceases. Acute inflammation occurs immediately upon injury, lasting only

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2464-409: Is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (in particular granulocytes ) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system , the immune system , and various cells in the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation , leads to a progressive shift in

2576-473: Is acquired by Heritage Worldwide Inc. Regulatory filings show the first signs of legal problems and financial losses. 2009: Concerns surfaced in France first in 2009 when surgeons started reporting an abnormally high rupture rates. Which resulted in a flood of legal complaints and the company's bankruptcy. 2010: TÜV Rheinland , headquartered in Germany , gave a quality certificate to the production process used by

2688-775: Is associated with a 30% increased risk of developing major depressive disorder, supporting the link between inflammation and mental health. An allergic reaction, formally known as type 1 hypersensitivity , is the result of an inappropriate immune response triggering inflammation, vasodilation, and nerve irritation. A common example is hay fever , which is caused by a hypersensitive response by mast cells to allergens . Pre-sensitised mast cells respond by degranulating , releasing vasoactive chemicals such as histamine. These chemicals propagate an excessive inflammatory response characterised by blood vessel dilation, production of pro-inflammatory molecules, cytokine release, and recruitment of leukocytes. Severe inflammatory response may mature into

2800-663: Is derived by hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane . This dichloride reacts with water as follows: n   Si ( CH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 + n   H 2 O ⟶ [ Si ( CH 3 ) 2 O ] n + 2 n   HCl {\displaystyle n\ {\ce {Si(CH3)2Cl2}}+n\ {\ce {H2O -> [Si(CH3)2O]}}_{n}+2n\ {\ce {HCl}}} The polymerization typically produces linear chains capped with Si−Cl or Si−OH ( silanol ) groups. Under different conditions,

2912-445: Is designated subacute inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by five cardinal signs , (the traditional names of which come from Latin): The first four (classical signs) were described by Celsus ( c.  30 BC –38 AD). Pain is due to the release of chemicals such as bradykinin and histamine that stimulate nerve endings. Acute inflammation of the lung (usually in response to pneumonia ) does not cause pain unless

3024-510: Is just a smokescreen and the victims of PIP are angry," said Alexandra Blachere, head of the association of PIP implant users in France. A government hotline has been set up by December 2011. In Britain, there are an estimated 30,000–40,000 affected women. The chief Medical Officer Dame Sally Davies said, "Women with PIP implants should not be unduly worried. We have no evidence of a link to cancer or an increased risk of rupture. If women are concerned they should speak to their surgeon". Removing

3136-416: Is mediated by mononuclear cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes . Various leukocytes , particularly neutrophils, are critically involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation. These cells must be able to move to the site of injury from their usual location in the blood, therefore mechanisms exist to recruit and direct leukocytes to the appropriate place. The process of leukocyte movement from

3248-492: Is often used for this purpose, since its specific crosslinking results in a flexible and soft silicone with high durability and tack. It has also been used as the hydrophobic block of amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers used to form the vesicle membrane of polymersomes . Illicit cosmetic silicone injections may induce chronic and definitive silicone blood diffusion with dermatologic complications. Inflammation Inflammation (from Latin : inflammatio )

3360-412: Is paramount for passenger safety in the aerospace industry, so each component on an aircraft requires high-performance materials. Specially developed aerospace grades of silicone are stable from −70 to 220 °C , these grades can be used in the construction of gaskets for windows and cabin doors. During operation, aircraft go through large temperature fluctuations in a relatively short period of time; from

3472-400: Is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens , damaged cells, or irritants . The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin calor , dolor , rubor , tumor , and functio laesa ). Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore is considered a mechanism of innate immunity , whereas adaptive immunity

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3584-505: Is sometimes used in automotive intake systems (especially for engines with forced induction ). Sheet silicone is used to manufacture gaskets used in automotive engines , transmissions , and other applications. Automotive body manufacturing plants and paint shops avoid silicones, as trace contamination may cause "fish eyes", which are small, circular craters which mar a smooth finish. Additionally, silicone compounds such as silicone rubber are used as coatings and sealants for airbags ;

3696-406: Is specific to each pathogen. Inflammation is a protective response involving immune cells , blood vessels , and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise

3808-701: Is used as an insulator in heat-resistant potholders and similar items; however, it is more conductive of heat than similar less dense fiber-based products. Silicone oven gloves are able to withstand temperatures up to 260 °C (500 °F), making it possible to reach into boiling water. Other products include molds for chocolate, ice, cookies, muffins, and various other foods; non-stick bakeware and reusable mats used on baking sheets; steamers , egg boilers or poachers ; cookware lids, pot holders , trivets , and kitchen mats. Silicones are used as active compounds in defoamers due to their low water solubility and good spreading properties. Liquid silicone can be used as

3920-426: Is used in microfluidics , seals, gaskets, shrouds, and other applications requiring high biocompatibility . Additionally, the gel form is used in bandages and dressings, breast implants , testicle implants, pectoral implants, contact lenses , and a variety of other medical uses. Scar treatment sheets are often made of medical grade silicone due to its durability and biocompatibility. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

4032-466: The −Si−O− chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking , silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. The most common siloxane is linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicone oil . The second-largest group of silicone materials is based on silicone resins , which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes. F. S. Kipping coined

4144-697: The Art Institute of Chicago became the first building to receive exterior glass fixed only with the material. Silicone membranes have been used to cover and restore industrial roofs, thanks to its extreme UV resistance, and ability to keep their waterproof performance for decades. Silicone rubber can be 3D printed (liquid deposition modelling, LDM) using pump-nozzle extrusion systems. Unfortunately, standard silicone formulations are optimized to be used by extrusion and injection moulding machines and are not applicable in LDM-based 3D printing. The rheological behavior and

4256-629: The British Association of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS) says the French move was "certainly not unreasonable" but the British cosmetic surgeon Kevin Hancock said the divergent government responses would cause distress for British women. Plastic surgeon Hancock, of the Liverpool Women's Hospital , says there were concerns in the profession over a high rupture rate and that "We are worried about

4368-493: The additive manufacturing of polymer derived ceramics by stereolithography techniques. Silicones exhibit many useful characteristics, including: Silicone can be developed into rubber sheeting, where it has other properties, such as being FDA compliant. This extends the uses of silicone sheeting to industries that demand hygiene, for example, food and beverage, and pharmaceuticals. Silicones are used in many products. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry lists

4480-427: The automotive field, silicone grease is typically used as a lubricant for brake components since it is stable at high temperatures, is not water-soluble, and is far less likely than other lubricants to foul. DOT 5 brake fluids are based on liquid silicones. Automotive spark plug wires are insulated by multiple layers of silicone to prevent sparks from jumping to adjacent wires, causing misfires. Silicone tubing

4592-572: The bone marrow may result in abnormal or few leukocytes. Certain drugs or exogenous chemical compounds are known to affect inflammation. Vitamin A deficiency, for example, causes an increase in inflammatory responses, and anti-inflammatory drugs work specifically by inhibiting the enzymes that produce inflammatory eicosanoids . Additionally, certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and ecstasy may exert some of their detrimental effects by activating transcription factors intimately involved with inflammation (e.g. NF-κB ). Inflammation orchestrates

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4704-424: The complement system activated by bacteria and the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems activated by necrosis (e.g., burn, trauma). Acute inflammation may be regarded as the first line of defense against injury. Acute inflammatory response requires constant stimulation to be sustained. Inflammatory mediators are short-lived and are quickly degraded in the tissue. Hence, acute inflammation begins to cease once

4816-521: The microenvironment around tumours, contributing to proliferation, survival and migration. Cancer cells use selectins , chemokines and their receptors for invasion, migration and metastasis. On the other hand, many cells of the immune system contribute to cancer immunology , suppressing cancer. Molecular intersection between receptors of steroid hormones, which have important effects on cellular development, and transcription factors that play key roles in inflammation, such as NF-κB , may mediate some of

4928-520: The pot life need to be adjusted. 3D printing also requires the use of a removable support material that is compatible with the silicone rubber. Silicone films can be applied to such silica-based substrates as glass to form a covalently bonded hydrophobic coating. Such coatings were developed for use on aircraft windshields to repel water and to preserve visibility, without requiring mechanical windshield wipers which are impractical at supersonic speeds. Similar treatments were eventually adapted to

5040-452: The 14th century, which then comes from Latin inflammatio or inflammationem . Literally, the term relates to the word "flame", as the property of being "set on fire" or "to burn". The term inflammation is not a synonym for infection . Infection describes the interaction between the action of microbial invasion and the reaction of the body's inflammatory response—the two components are considered together in discussion of infection, and

5152-482: The French government. By the end of 2011, eight cases of breast tumours had been uncovered in women after removing the implants, yet, while of concern, according to the French government, there is no evidence of any increased cancer risk. The UK medical watchdog, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority (MHRA), says France has reported rupture rates of around 5% for PIP implants, compared with 1% in

5264-572: The Frenchman Jean-Claude Mas, born in 1939, a former butcher and later medical sales representative for the Bristol Myers company for 15 years. Mas had previously teamed up with plastic surgeon Henri Arion, who had introduced breast implants to France in 1965. After Arion died in a plane crash, Mas went on alone and launched PIP in 1991. Starting in 1991, the company produced approximately 2 million sets of silicone breast implants over

5376-805: The PIP implants ruptured. This compared to a failure rate of less than 1% in other implants. Around 1,500 Irish women received PIP implants in Shandon Street Hospital in Cork and Clane General Hospital in County Kildare. The implants were removed free-of-charge by the Health Service Executive . Germany's medical safety board and Brazil's health watchdog called for users of PIP implants to visit their doctor for checks. On 6 January 2012 Germany's Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices recommended

5488-447: The UK. But a "leading cosmetic surgery firm" has privately warned ministers that the proportion of women at risk is as high as 8%. Symptoms can include lumps around the implant or in the under-arm, inflammation in the breast tissue and a hardening of the breast. Patient UK says French regulatory authority has reported a rupture rate of up to 10%, with a gel leak in 11% of cases. Nigel Mercer of

5600-510: The US government show that implants were sold until May 2000 through Heritage Worldwide, when the FDA launched a moratorium on silicone implants. At the time, the US market accounted for 40% of Heritage Worldwide's revenues, or 3 million EUR , according to corporate documents filed in 2009 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In 2007 significant losses started as both users and distributors filed complaints. Between 1996 and 2009, PIP

5712-480: The [regulators'] approval and in this regard there was a violation of regulations,". The company did not ask France's medical device safety regulators for approval of their in-house manufactured product, but expected it would have received approval if the company asked for it. Cancer has been found in 20 women with the allegedly faulty PIP breast implants but French health authorities ( Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (AFSSAPS)) insisted there

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5824-407: The actions of various inflammatory mediators. Vasodilation occurs first at the arteriole level, progressing to the capillary level, and brings about a net increase in the amount of blood present, causing the redness and heat of inflammation. Increased permeability of the vessels results in the movement of plasma into the tissues, with resultant stasis due to the increase in the concentration of

5936-557: The aircraft. As silicone rubber has exceptional noise reduction and anti-vibration properties, it can be formed into small components and fitted into small gaps ensuring all equipment can be protected from unwanted vibration such as overhead lockers, vent ducts, hatches, entertainment system seals, and LED lighting systems. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based binders along with ammonium perchlorate (NH 4 ClO 4 ) are used as fast burning solid propellants in rockets. The strength and reliability of silicone rubber are widely acknowledged in

6048-568: The ambient temperatures when on the ground in hot countries to sub-zero temperatures when flying at high altitude. Silicone rubber can be molded with tight tolerances ensuring gaskets form airtight seals both on the ground and in the air, where atmospheric pressure decreases. Silicone rubber's resistance to heat corrosion enables it to be used for gaskets in aircraft engines where it will outlast other types of rubber, both improving aircraft safety and reducing maintenance costs. The silicone acts to seal instrument panels and other electrical systems in

6160-440: The automotive market in products marketed by Rain-X and others. Many fabrics can be coated or impregnated with silicone to form a strong, waterproof composite such as silnylon . A silicone polymer can be suspended in water by using stabilizing surfactants. This allows water-based formulations to be used to deliver many ingredients that would otherwise require a stronger solvent, or be too viscous to use effectively. For example,

6272-462: The bad Rofil M-implants used when they bought cut-price breast enlargement surgery from clinics in Eastern and Central Europe . The PIP factory was shut down and their products banned after it was found they had used the chemicals Baysilone, Silopren and Rhodorsil in their implants. These chemicals are normally used as fuel additives or in the manufacture of industrial rubber tubing. In 1993, there

6384-909: The blood to the tissues through the blood vessels is known as extravasation and can be broadly divided up into a number of steps: Extravasated neutrophils in the cellular phase come into contact with microbes at the inflamed tissue. Phagocytes express cell-surface endocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that have affinity and efficacy against non-specific microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Most PAMPs that bind to endocytic PRRs and initiate phagocytosis are cell wall components, including complex carbohydrates such as mannans and β- glucans , lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans , and surface proteins. Endocytic PRRs on phagocytes reflect these molecular patterns, with C-type lectin receptors binding to mannans and β-glucans, and scavenger receptors binding to LPS. Upon endocytic PRR binding, actin - myosin cytoskeletal rearrangement adjacent to

6496-573: The breast, which is a common occurrence with implants. This tissue developed anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), a rare form of cancer that affects the immune system cells. The cancer caused death in this case and caused the French authorities to act. During the 672 registered preventive extractions, in 43 cases (6.4%) the implants had ruptured and in 14 cases (2.1%) they were "oozing", AFSSAPS said. The PIP implants have been resold as "Rofil M-implants". British Association of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS) believes many British women may have had

6608-604: The case to a judge who ordered a police inquiry for "aggravated deception". The bad silicone has been used to make male chest , testicle and buttock implants as well. "Three people were specially trained to work with a machine that made silicon testicles'" said a former PIP worker. Most of the male chest, buttock and testicle implants were exported to Latin America . The French government recommended per 23 December 2011 that 30,000 women in France seek removal of breast implants made by PIP. For women that want to keep their implants,

6720-498: The cells within blood – a condition characterized by enlarged vessels packed with cells. Stasis allows leukocytes to marginate (move) along the endothelium , a process critical to their recruitment into the tissues. Normal flowing blood prevents this, as the shearing force along the periphery of the vessels moves cells in the blood into the middle of the vessel. * non-exhaustive list The cellular component involves leukocytes , which normally reside in blood and must move into

6832-459: The cockpit, protecting printed circuit boards from the risks of extreme altitude such as moisture and extremely low temperature. Silicone can be used as a sheath to protect wires and electrical components from any dust or ice that may creep into a plane's inner workings. As the nature of air travel results in much noise and vibration, powerful engines, landings, and high speeds all need to be considered to ensure passenger comfort and safe operation of

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6944-406: The company until March 2010. However, this didn't apply to the type of silicone used. A former PIP worker and union chief, Eric Mariaccia said, "You had to have been a chemist to have noticed anything". He also said that "The responsible ones aren't the workers but the heads of the company, notably the four who were linked to production and thus responsible for their quality". 2010: In March 2010 PIP

7056-449: The construction industry. One-part silicone sealants and caulks are in common use to seal gaps, joints and crevices in buildings. One-part silicones cure by absorbing atmospheric moisture, which simplifies installation. In plumbing, silicone grease is typically applied to O-rings in brass taps and valves, preventing lime from sticking to the metal. Structural silicone has also been used in curtain wall building façades since 1974 when

7168-627: The controversial implants. Nine clinics in Sweden has sold them says Gert Bruse of the Swedish Medical Products Agency (Läkemedelsverket) told the Dagens Nyheter (DN) newspaper this week. The agency also recommends that the implants to be removed. Sweden banned the company's implants in March 2010, along with many other European countries, when it was discovered that substandard silicone gel

7280-438: The development and propagation of inflammation, defects in leukocyte functionality often result in a decreased capacity for inflammatory defense with subsequent vulnerability to infection. Dysfunctional leukocytes may be unable to correctly bind to blood vessels due to surface receptor mutations, digest bacteria ( Chédiak–Higashi syndrome ), or produce microbicides ( chronic granulomatous disease ). In addition, diseases affecting

7392-417: The efficacy of the phagocytic process, enhancing the lysosomal elimination of the infective agent. * non-exhaustive list Specific patterns of acute and chronic inflammation are seen during particular situations that arise in the body, such as when inflammation occurs on an epithelial surface, or pyogenic bacteria are involved. Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders that underlie

7504-628: The end of a siloxane chain. When silicone is burned in air or oxygen, it forms solid silica ( silicon dioxide , SiO 2 ) as a white powder, char, and various gases. The readily dispersed powder is sometimes called silica fume . The pyrolysis of certain polysiloxanes under an inert atmosphere is a valuable pathway towards the production of amorphous silicon oxycarbide ceramics, also known as polymer derived ceramics . Polysiloxanes terminated with functional ligands such as vinyl , mercapto or acrylate groups have been cross linked to yield preceramic polymers , which can be photopolymerised for

7616-476: The end product were noted. However, none of the relevant regulations were followed for manufacturing medical implants, and no pre-launch tests were conducted. 2000: Implant sales in the United States halted by an FDA launched moratorium on silicone implants. 2001: PIP began to use unapproved in-house manufactured industrial-grade instead of medical grade silicone in the majority of its implants. 2003: PIP

7728-430: The factors that promote chronic inflammation. A 2014 study reported that 60% of Americans had at least one chronic inflammatory condition, and 42% had more than one. Common signs and symptoms that develop during chronic inflammation are: As defined, acute inflammation is an immunovascular response to inflammatory stimuli, which can include infection or trauma. This means acute inflammation can be broadly divided into

7840-409: The fire-resistance-rated wall and floor assemblies to prevent the spread of flames and smoke from one room to another. When properly installed, silicone-foam firestops can be fabricated for building code compliance. Advantages include flexibility and high dielectric strength. Disadvantages include combustibility (hard to extinguish) and significant smoke development. Silicone-foam firestops have been

7952-494: The following major categories of application: Electrical (e.g. insulation), electronics (e.g., coatings), household (e.g., sealants and cooking utensils), automobile (e.g. gaskets), airplane (e.g., seals), office machines (e.g. keyboard pads), medicine and dentistry (e.g. tooth impression molds ), textiles and paper (e.g. coatings). For these applications, an estimated 400,000 tonnes of silicones were produced in 1991. Specific examples, both large and small are presented below. In

8064-514: The high strength of silicone rubber makes it an optimal adhesive and sealant for high impact airbags. Silicones in combination with thermoplastics provide improvements in scratch and mar resistance and lowered coefficient of friction. Silicone is a widely used material in the aerospace industry due to its sealing properties, stability across an extreme temperature range, durability, sound dampening and anti-vibration qualities, and naturally flame retardant properties. Maintaining extreme functionality

8176-594: The implant "carries risks in itself," she said. Concerns were filed with the UK MHRA in 2009 when a lump was found during a mammogram and ultrasound scan in a female patients breast but no action was taken by MHRA at the time. Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham said private clinics in Britain that fitted PIP implants must be forced to pick up the cost of removing them. On 6 January 2012, NHS officials began to offer examinations and possible removal – in instances where

8288-400: The inflamed tissue via extravasation to aid in inflammation. Some act as phagocytes , ingesting bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. Others release enzymatic granules that damage pathogenic invaders. Leukocytes also release inflammatory mediators that develop and maintain the inflammatory response. In general, acute inflammation is mediated by granulocytes , whereas chronic inflammation

8400-483: The inflammation involves the parietal pleura , which does have pain-sensitive nerve endings . Heat and redness are due to increased blood flow at body core temperature to the inflamed site. Swelling is caused by accumulation of fluid. The fifth sign, loss of function , is believed to have been added later by Galen , Thomas Sydenham or Rudolf Virchow . Examples of loss of function include pain that inhibits mobility, severe swelling that prevents movement, having

8512-462: The launch of the silicone industry in the 1930s. His most notable contributions include his creation of silicone from silicon compounds and his method of making fused silica , a high-quality glass later used in aeronautics, advanced telecommunications, and computer chips. His work led to the formation of Dow Corning , an alliance between the Dow Chemical Company and Corning Glass Works that

8624-513: The local vasculature. Macrophages and endothelial cells release nitric oxide . These mediators vasodilate and permeabilize the blood vessels , which results in the net distribution of blood plasma from the vessel into the tissue space. The increased collection of fluid into the tissue causes it to swell ( edema ). This exuded tissue fluid contains various antimicrobial mediators from the plasma such as complement , lysozyme , antibodies , which can immediately deal damage to microbes, and opsonise

8736-505: The microbes in preparation for the cellular phase. If the inflammatory stimulus is a lacerating wound, exuded platelets , coagulants , plasmin and kinins can clot the wounded area using vitamin K-dependent mechanisms and provide haemostasis in the first instance. These clotting mediators also provide a structural staging framework at the inflammatory tissue site in the form of a fibrin lattice – as would construction scaffolding at

8848-613: The mid-2010's, some professional athletes began wearing silicone rings as an alternative during games. Silicone greases are used for many purposes, such as bicycle chains , airsoft gun parts, and a wide range of other mechanisms . Typically, a dry-set lubricant is delivered with a solvent carrier to penetrate the mechanism. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a clear film that lubricates but does not attract dirt and grit as much as an oil -based or other traditional "wet" lubricant. Silicone personal lubricants are also available for use in medical procedures or sexual activity. Silicone

8960-406: The most critical effects of inflammatory stimuli on cancer cells. This capacity of a mediator of inflammation to influence the effects of steroid hormones in cells is very likely to affect carcinogenesis. On the other hand, due to the modular nature of many steroid hormone receptors, this interaction may offer ways to interfere with cancer progression, through targeting of a specific protein domain in

9072-421: The name "silicone", have long been identified as intermediates in gas-phase processes such as chemical vapor deposition in microelectronics production, and in the formation of ceramics by combustion. However, they have a strong tendency to polymerize into siloxanes. The first stable silanone was obtained in 2014 by A. Filippou and others. Most common are materials based on polydimethylsiloxane , which

9184-422: The officially authorised gel," Mas said. "Usually, from 1997 onwards we hid the products used to make the PIP gel. I wasn't allowed to buy these products because they were not authorised. We organised everything to escape being monitored." Investigators interviewed Mas on 18 and 19 November 2010 after the French health authority AFSSAPS discovered the PIP breast implants did not conform to regulations. They passed

9296-484: The onset of an infection, burn, or other injuries, these cells undergo activation (one of the PRRs recognize a PAMP or DAMP) and release inflammatory mediators responsible for the clinical signs of inflammation. Vasodilation and its resulting increased blood flow causes the redness ( rubor ) and increased heat ( calor ). Increased permeability of the blood vessels results in an exudation (leakage) of plasma proteins and fluid into

9408-501: The phagolysosomes then kill microbes inside the phagocyte. Phagocytic efficacy can be enhanced by opsonization . Plasma derived complement C3b and antibodies that exude into the inflamed tissue during the vascular phase bind to and coat the microbial antigens. As well as endocytic PRRs, phagocytes also express opsonin receptors Fc receptor and complement receptor 1 (CR1), which bind to antibodies and C3b, respectively. The co-stimulation of endocytic PRR and opsonin receptor increases

9520-487: The plasma membrane occurs in a way that endocytoses the plasma membrane containing the PRR-PAMP complex, and the microbe. Phosphatidylinositol and Vps34 - Vps15 - Beclin1 signalling pathways have been implicated to traffic the endocytosed phagosome to intracellular lysosomes , where fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome produces a phagolysosome. The reactive oxygen species , superoxides and hypochlorite bleach within

9632-431: The polymer chain can be introduced by using organosilicone precursors with fewer alkyl groups, such as methyl trichlorosilane and methyltrimethoxysilane . Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This process can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms

9744-922: The polymer is a cyclic, not a chain. For consumer applications such as caulks, silyl acetates are used instead of silyl chlorides. The hydrolysis of the acetates produces the less dangerous acetic acid (the acid found in vinegar ) as the reaction product of a much slower curing process. This chemistry is used in many consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives . n   Si ( CH 3 ) 2 ( CH 3 COO ) 2 + n   H 2 O ⟶ [ Si ( CH 3 ) 2 O ] n + 2 n   CH 3 COOH {\displaystyle n\ {\ce {Si(CH3)2(CH3COO)2}}+n\ {\ce {H2O -> [Si(CH3)2O]}}_{n}+2n\ {\ce {CH3COOH}}} Branches or crosslinks in

9856-554: The removal of PIP breast implants as a precaution. The bad breast implants were sold to about 1,000 Dutch women under the name "M-implants" by the Dutch importer Rofil. The Dutch healthcare spokeswoman Diana Bouhys said, "We have advised them to consult their physician", but also declined to disclose the name of the company. PIP was the third largest maker of breast implants in the world. Approximately 5 000 implants have already been sold, corresponding to an estimated 2,500 Swedish women with

9968-401: The requirement of an independent clinical trial . The company sold a high-end product that used approved silicone for wealthier clients and which cost five times more than products with silicon gel manufactured in-house. Most PIP implants were manufactured with the in-house silicon. The lawyer, Haddad, representing the founder, said "There is a product made by PIP which did not formally receive

10080-485: The rupture risk because it is the rupture that brings the contents into direct contact with the body's tissues... We know that the contents were not what they were supposed to be. So in general we agree with the (French) decision to remove them". Patients are used as "guinea pigs", said Nigel Mercer, a former president of the British Association of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), because medical implants lack

10192-514: The same surgeon. The Society of Finnish Plastic Surgeons was advising to remove the implants in January 2012. Patients from Finland often visit Tallinn in Estonia to get cosmetic surgery. In October 2011 (two months before the ban on 22 December 2011), a Finnish woman in her 30s had received a different implant than what was agreed to in advance. An M-implant with the same type code as the implant from PIP

10304-445: The state will pay for a six-month ultrasound scan. French public health care funds will be used to finance the recommended implant removals, at a cost estimated at 60 million EUR . New implants will be paid for in cases where they were used initially for medical reasons, others will need to finance a new implant by themselves. Associations representing women with PIP implants demand that public funds cover all cases. "This announcement

10416-482: The stimulus has been removed. Chronic inflammation is inflammation that lasts for months or years. Macrophages, lymphocytes , and plasma cells predominate in chronic inflammation, in contrast to the neutrophils that predominate in acute inflammation. Diabetes , cardiovascular disease , allergies , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are examples of diseases mediated by chronic inflammation. Obesity , smoking, stress and insufficient diet are some of

10528-448: The structural differences between Kipping's molecules and the ketones means that silicone is no longer the correct term (though it remains in common usage) and that the term siloxane is preferred according to the nomenclature of modern chemistry. James Franklin Hyde (born 11 March 1903) was an American chemist and inventor. He has been called the "Father of Silicones" and is credited with

10640-707: The subject of controversy and press attention due to smoke development from pyrolysis of combustible components within the foam, hydrogen gas escape, shrinkage, and cracking. These problems have led to reportable events among licensees (operators of nuclear power plants ) of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) . Silicone firestops are also used in aircraft. Silicone is a popular alternative to traditional metals (such as silver and gold) with jewelry, specifically rings. Silicone rings are commonly worn in professions where metal rings can lead to injuries, such as electrical conduction and ring avulsions. During

10752-402: The survival of the organism. However inflammation can also have negative effects. Too much inflammation, in the form of chronic inflammation, is associated with various diseases, such as hay fever , periodontal disease , atherosclerosis , and osteoarthritis . Inflammation can be classified as acute or chronic . Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli, and

10864-410: The tissue ( edema ), which manifests itself as swelling ( tumor ). Some of the released mediators such as bradykinin increase the sensitivity to pain ( hyperalgesia , dolor ). The mediator molecules also alter the blood vessels to permit the migration of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils and macrophages , to flow out of the blood vessels (extravasation) and into the tissue. The neutrophils migrate along

10976-771: The treatment of atherosclerosis have focused on addressing inflammation directly. New anti-inflammatory drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-1β, have been studied in large clinical trials, showing promising results in reducing cardiovascular events. These drugs offer a potential new avenue for treatment, particularly for patients who do not respond adequately to statins. However, concerns about long-term safety and cost remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Inflammatory processes can be triggered by negative cognition or their consequences, such as stress, violence, or deprivation. Negative cognition may therefore contribute to inflammation, which in turn can lead to depression. A 2019 meta-analysis found that chronic inflammation

11088-441: The type of cells present at the site of inflammation, such as mononuclear cells , and involves simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue. Inflammation has also been classified as Type 1 and Type 2 based on the type of cytokines and helper T cells (Th1 and Th2) involved. The earliest known reference for the term inflammation is around the early 15th century. The word root comes from Old French inflammation around

11200-1042: The underlying mechanisms of atherogenesis . Clinical studies have shown that this emerging biology of inflammation in atherosclerosis applies directly to people. For instance, elevation in markers of inflammation predicts outcomes of people with acute coronary syndromes , independently of myocardial damage. In addition, low-grade chronic inflammation, as indicated by levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein , prospectively defines risk of atherosclerotic complications, thus adding to prognostic information provided by traditional risk factors, such as LDL levels. Moreover, certain treatments that reduce coronary risk also limit inflammation. Notably, lipid-lowering medications such as statins have shown anti-inflammatory effects, which may contribute to their efficacy beyond just lowering LDL levels. This emerging understanding of inflammation’s role in atherosclerosis has had significant clinical implications, influencing both risk stratification and therapeutic strategies. Recent developments in

11312-433: The word silicone in 1901 to describe the formula of polydiphenylsiloxane, Ph 2 SiO (Ph = phenyl , C 6 H 5 ), by analogy with the formula of the ketone benzophenone , Ph 2 CO (his term was originally silicoketone ). Kipping was well aware that polydiphenylsiloxane is polymeric whereas benzophenone is monomeric and noted the contrasting properties of Ph 2 SiO and Ph 2 CO . The discovery of

11424-519: The word is used to imply a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory reaction. Inflammation , on the other hand, describes just the body's immunovascular response, regardless of cause. But, because the two are often correlated , words ending in the suffix -itis (which means inflammation) are sometimes informally described as referring to infection: for example, the word urethritis strictly means only "urethral inflammation", but clinical health care providers usually discuss urethritis as

11536-418: Was an availability crisis of silicone materials for use in medical long-term implant applications. In 1993, Mas ordered the staff to "hide the truth" and "We did it for 13 years without a problem". The PIP gel cost 5 EUR per litre while the authorized American gel Nusil cost 35 EUR per litre. The PIP implants were made with 75% non-authorised gel and 25% Nusil. "The material was better than that used to make

11648-577: Was causing unusually many implants to burst. "We've had cases where the implants have burst in Sweden, but it's fewer than in France in relation to how many women have these implants in both countries... Implants shouldn't burst and they shouldn't have an irritating effect that spreads throughout the body. What this company has done is criminal, simply put." said Bruse. PIP's implants have only been used in cosmetic breast augmentation surgery, not in reconstructive surgery. In Finland only seven women were given PIP implants; all implants were imported from Sweden by

11760-416: Was credited with the idea that by switching PIP's silicone from externally purchased medical-grade to in-house produced industrial-grade, huge savings (on the order of 90%) could be generated that would ensure profits remained high no matter the market. As one PIP engineer later noted, this decision involved a relatively small change in the formula for the silicone, enough so that only superficial differences in

11872-535: Was determined to have the approximate formula [H 2 SiO] 6 . Higher polymers were proposed to form with time. Most polysiloxanes feature organic substituents, e.g., [(CH 3 ) 2 SiO] n and [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 SiO)] n . All polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes, silicones consist of an inorganic silicon–oxygen backbone chain ( ···−Si−O−Si−O−Si−O−··· ) with two groups attached to each silicon center. The materials can be cyclic or polymeric. By varying

11984-775: Was inserted instead of a promised Allergan implant. At least two Estonian clinics operating in Tallinn have offered M-implants as recently as December 2011. According to the Estonian Health Board, 364 patients were installed with PIP and M-implants. PIP-implants were used by two clinics: Villa Medica and KT Kliinik OÜ, where these breast implants were installed to 163 patients. M-implant implants were installed in 2004–2009 in KT Kliinik OÜ and Plastilise Kirurgia OÜ clinics to 139 patients. In 2011, M-implants have been installed by KT Kliinik OÜ to 61 patients. Documents filed with

12096-532: Was placed into liquidation with losses of 9 million EUR after the French medical safety agency recalled its implants. In a subsequent inspection of the manufacturing site, the company was found to use unapproved industrial-grade, silicone , with a cost of only 10% of an approved gel. 2011: On 20 December French officials say that an action plan is underway following the death of a woman from ALCL . The French government recommended on 23 December 2011 that 30,000 women in France seek removal of breast implants made of

12208-403: Was proposed to initially give the monomer H 2 SiO : SiH 2 Cl 2 + H 2 O ⟶ H 2 SiO + 2 HCl {\displaystyle {\ce {SiH2Cl2 + H2O -> H2SiO + 2 HCl}}} When the hydrolysis is performed by treating a solution of H 2 SiCl 2 in benzene with water, the product

12320-602: Was specifically created to produce silicone products. Silicone is often confused with silicon , but they are distinct substances. Silicon is a chemical element , a hard dark-grey semiconducting metalloid , which in its crystalline form is used to make integrated circuits ("electronic chips") and solar cells . Silicones are compounds that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and perhaps other kinds of atoms as well, and have many very different physical and chemical properties. Compounds containing silicon–oxygen double bonds, now called silanones , but which could deserve

12432-412: Was still no proven link with the disease. AFSSAPS has as of 28 December 2011, registered 15 cases of breast adenocarcinoma , the most frequent form of breast cancer, one case of breast lymphoma , two cases of other lymphoma, one case of lung cancer and one case of acute myelogenous leukemia in women with the implants. A French woman with a PIP breast implant where capsular scar tissue formed in

12544-508: Was targeted by several dozen lawsuits in the United States, filed by users and business partners, claiming breach of contract or unmet payments. Starting in 2003, dozens of women began filing lawsuits mainly for product liability against PIP. However, as of 2009, no trial date had yet been set. Many of the lawsuits were later dismissed. On 29 December 2011, Health Minister Renato Balduzzi said that hospitals and clinics are required to compile

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