Misplaced Pages

#90909

118-492: Polish Radio Programme 3 is based at 3/5/7 Myśliwiecka Street in Warsaw. The radio station building is one of the buildings of the former barracks. Burnt down during World War II, it was adapted for radio use and opened on 22 July 1949. From 2015, the stations most known DJ's started to resign from the network or were fired (including Artur Orzech, Artur Andrus, Robert Kantereit, Dariusz Rosiak, Anna Gacek and Wojciech Mann). In May 2020

236-651: A free-market capitalist liberal democracy , but his active role in Polish politics diminished after he narrowly lost the 1995 Polish presidential election . In 1995, he established the Lech Wałęsa Institute . Since 1980, Wałęsa has received hundreds of prizes, honors and awards from multiple countries and organizations worldwide. He was named the Time Person of the Year (1981) and one of Time's 100 most important people of

354-509: A handwriting examination . Eventually, the requested examination concluded that the documents were authentic, which suggest he was a paid informant. Wałęsa previously said that he had signed a commitment to inform document, but that he had never acted on it. The dossier consists of two folders. The first is a "personal file" containing 90 pages of documents, including a handwritten commitment to cooperate with Polish Security Service dated 21 December 1970, and signed Lech Wałęsa – Bolek with

472-412: A " feline enthusiast ". The communist-era Security Service (SB) files described Kaczyński as "...very uncertain about his fate. His appearance is careless. He claimed that he was not interested in material matters, women, e.g. he does not care about having a family in the future. He has a phlegmatic disposition, the appearance of a bookworm." The files also noted that he was not willing to cooperate with

590-475: A Communist agent in 1970s. The most comprehensive analysis of Wałęsa's possible collaboration with secret police was provided in a 2008 book SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii  [ pl ] ( SB and Lech Wałęsa. Contribution to biography ). The book was written by two historians from the Institute of National Remembrance, Sławomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk , and included documents from

708-507: A Member of Parliament from 1991 to 1993 and continuously since 1997. In 2001 he co-founded the PiS party with his twin brother, Lech Kaczyński , of which he became leader in 2003. Running for PiS, he served as the prime minister of Poland from July 2006 to November 2007, while his brother was the president of Poland. After PiS's electoral defeat in 2007 , Kaczyński was the main leader of the opposition during Civic Platform 's governments. Following

826-529: A campaign to commemorate the victims of the 1970 protests. Afterwards, he worked as an electrician for several other companies but his activism led to him continually being laid off and he was jobless for long periods. Wałęsa and his family were under constant surveillance by the Polish secret police ; his home and workplace were always bugged. Over the next few years, he was arrested several times for participating in dissident activities. Wałęsa worked closely with

944-453: A distant second behind the pro-European and liberal-conservative party Civic Platform. Kaczyński was succeeded as prime minister by Donald Tusk , but remained chairman of Law and Justice and became leader of the opposition. Following the death of his brother , Jarosław announced that he would run for president against Bronisław Komorowski in the election held on 20 June 2010. Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska ran his electoral campaign staff and

1062-584: A few journalists that decided to stay and many coming from other media outlets, including some right-wing commentators. The new team of Trójka resulted in a huge drop of listenership, from around 8% to less than 2% of the market. Former Trójka journalists now work at Radio 357 and Radio Nowy Świat . This article about media in Poland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jaros%C5%82aw Kaczy%C5%84ski New Conservatives Defunct Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (born 18 June 1949)

1180-405: A nationwide program ( Lustracja ) which required thousands of public employees, teachers, and journalists to formally declare whether or not they had collaborated with the security services of the former communist regime. In 2006, Kaczyński also established a Central Anticorruption Bureau ( Polish : Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne ) with far-reaching powers and was embroiled in a case relating to

1298-451: A pledge he would never admit his collaboration with secret police "not even to family"; the file also contains the confirmations of having received funds. The second is a "work file" which contains 279 pages of documents, including numerous reports by Bolek on his co-workers at Gdańsk Shipyard, and notes by Security Service officers from meetings with him. According to one note, Wałęsa agreed to collaborate out of fear of persecution after

SECTION 10

#1732868869091

1416-496: A requirement for those seeking high public office. According to the law, it is not a crime to have collaborated, but those who deny it and are found to have lied are banned from political life for ten years. The 2000 presidential election was the first use of this law. Despite helping Wałęsa in 2005 to receive the official status of a "victim of communist regime" from the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), this court ruling did not convince many Poles. In November 2009, Wałęsa sued

1534-717: A soldier in the Armia Krajowa in World War II , and his mother was Jadwiga Kaczyńska  [ pl ] (1925–2013), a philologist at the Polish Academy of Sciences , during the war served in the Grey Ranks . As children, he starred with his brother in the 1962 Polish film The Two Who Stole the Moon ( Polish : O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc ), based on a popular children's story by Kornel Makuszyński . Kaczyński attended

1652-457: A source of scholarly debate among historians. On 12 August 2000, Wałęsa, who was running a presidential campaign at the time, was cleared by the special Lustration Court of charges that he collaborated with the Communist-era secret services and reported on the activities of his fellow shipyard workers, due to the lack of evidence. Anti-Communists Piotr Naimski , one of the first members of

1770-597: A statement that the results were fabricated. The statement received highly negative comments from many politicians (both opposition and the ruling party) and artists, as the list had existed since 1983 and most of the list staff had been working in Polish Radio since as early as 1978. The accusations of fabrication resulted in resignations first of the Music Chart team, and later of almost all Trójka journalists. This followed by airing many hours of music without hosts (normally,

1888-564: A substantial reduction in foreign debts. Wałęsa supported Poland's entry into NATO and the European Union , both of which occurred after his presidency, in 1999 and 2004 , respectively. In the early 1990s, he proposed the creation of a sub-regional security system called NATO bis . The concept was supported by right-wing and populist movements in Poland but garnered little support abroad; Poland's neighbors, some of which (e.g. Lithuania ), had recently regained independence and tended to see

2006-456: Is " Kaczyzm ". Kaczyński is a Eurosceptic , and he pejoratively stated that " Germany wants to turn the European Union into Fourth Reich ". On 21 September 2005, Kaczyński said that "homosexuals should not be isolated, however, they should not be school teachers for example. Active homosexuals surely not, in any case", but that they "should not be discriminated otherwise". He has also stated, "The affirmation of homosexuality will lead to

2124-474: Is a Polish politician. He co-founded the Law and Justice (PiS) party in 2001 with his twin brother and has served as its long-time leader since 2003. He served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2006 to 2007, and has twice held the post of Deputy Prime Minister of Poland , first from 2020 to 2022, and a second time from June to November 2023. He is considered to have been the eminence grise of Poland, when PiS formed

2242-427: Is critical of Law and Justice. The song was inspired by Kaczyński's actions and does not reference the party or Kaczyński by name. When "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" charted at number one on Trójka's weekly countdown on 15 May, the station subsequently suppressed the chart and all references to the song from its website. Station director Tomasz Kowalczewski accused the programme's host Marek Niedźwiecki of having rigged

2360-447: Is known for his conservative stance on LGBT rights . In 2013, he said on Polish television: "I do not wish for this minority, which I tolerate and understand, to impose itself on the majority". Referring to Robert Biedroń , he argued that, considering they represent less than one percent of Polish society, homosexual MPs should sit "in the last row of the parliament, or even behind its walls". After sharp international criticism, including

2478-550: Is not trustworthy compared to Duda or Szydło. In 2017, Politico described him as the de facto ruler of Poland and as one of the most influential politicians in Poland. In 2020, Kaczyński became deputy prime minister in the Mateusz Morawiecki government. Kaczyński announced in mid-October 2021 that he would step down as the deputy prime minister at the beginning of 2022 in order to focus on his leadership of his party, and stepped down on 21 June 2022. On 10 April 2020, on

SECTION 20

#1732868869091

2596-436: Is okay. I told Mr. Kania before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more". Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland . Wałęsa and many other Solidarity leaders and activists were arrested; he was incarcerated for 11 months until 14 November 1982 at Chylice , Otwock , and Arłamów ; eastern towns near

2714-642: Is running her father's office in Gdańsk and Jarosław is a European MP. In 2008, Wałęsa underwent a coronary artery stent placement and the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker at the Houston Methodist Hospital in Houston , Texas . He underwent a heart operation in 2021. In January 2022, Wałęsa tested positive for COVID-19 . He said he had received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine . In 1983, Wałęsa

2832-404: The 1995 presidential election , winning 33.11 percent of the vote in the first round and 48.28 percent in the run-off against Aleksander Kwaśniewski , who represented the resurgent Polish post-Communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD). Wałęsa's fate was sealed by his poor handling of the media; in televised debates he appeared incoherent and rude; in response to Kwaśniewski's extended hand at

2950-589: The Institute of National Remembrance seized materials from the widow of Czesław Kiszczak , former minister of the Minister of Interior , that were said to document Wałęsa's role as a spy for the security services. In 2017, a handwriting study ordered by the government-controlled Institute of National Remembrance (INR), stated that signatures on several documents from the 1970s belonged to Wałęsa. The exact nature of Wałęsa's relationship with Security Service continues to be

3068-515: The Intervention Office of the KSS KOR  [ pl ] , run by Zbigniew Romaszewski and Zofia Romaszewska . Its task was to register all cases of human rights violations by the authorities, providing assistance to the repressed and those affected by the regime's actions. Kaczynski investigated cases of murders committed by MO and SB officers. Kaczyński also joined the editorial board of

3186-581: The Lech Wałęsa Award.  [ pl ] In 2004, Gdańsk International Airport was officially renamed Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport and Wałęsa's signature was incorporated into the airport's logo. A college hall in Northeastern Illinois University (Chicago), six streets, and five schools in Canada, France, Sweden and Poland also were named after Lech Wałęsa Wałęsa was named Man of

3304-506: The San Francisco Board of Supervisors 's decision to rename Walesa Street as a result of these remarks, Wałęsa apologized for his comments, stressing that "being a man of old date, in my view one's sexual orientation should lie in one's intimate sphere". He said that his intentions were "distorted by the media" and that homosexuality should be respected. Over the following years, Wałęsa's views shifted, and he has voiced his support for

3422-593: The Soviet Bloc . The parliament elected Tadeusz Mazowiecki as the first non-Communist Prime Minister of Poland in over forty years. Following the June 1989 parliamentary elections, Wałęsa was disappointed that some of his former fellow campaigners were satisfied to govern alongside former Communists. He decided to run for the newly re-established office of president , using the slogan, "I don't want to, but I have to" ( "Nie chcę, ale muszę." ). On 9 December 1990, Wałęsa won

3540-586: The Workers' Defence Committee ( KOR ), a group that emerged to lend aid to people arrested after the 1976 labor strikes and to their families. In June 1978, he became an activist of the underground Free Trade Unions of the Coast ( Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża ). On 14 August 1980, another rise in food prices led to a strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, of which Wałęsa was one of the instigators. Wałęsa climbed over

3658-484: The migrant crisis in Europe , said: "watching the refugees on television, I noticed that ... they are well fed, well dressed and maybe even are richer than we are ... If Europe opens its gates, soon millions will come through and while living among us will start exercising their own customs, including beheading". In August 2017, ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates, including Wałęsa, urged Saudi Arabia to stop

Polskie Radio Program III - Misplaced Pages Continue

3776-471: The president of Poland between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 election , Wałęsa became the first democratically elected president of Poland since 1926 and the first-ever Polish president elected by popular vote . A shipyard electrician by trade, Wałęsa became the leader of the Solidarity movement and led a successful pro-democratic effort, which in 1989 ended Communist rule in Poland and ushered in

3894-481: The presidential election , defeating Prime Minister Mazowiecki and other candidates to become Poland's first freely elected head of state in 63 years, and the first non-Communist head of state in 45 years. In 1993, he founded his own political party, the Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms ( BBWR ); the grouping's Polish-language acronym echoed that of Józef Piłsudski's " Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with

4012-505: The suicide of Barbara Bilda who was under investigation for corruption. The government also modified Polish foreign relations relating to the European Union by adopting a more eurosceptical stance, where Polish governments had in the past adopted a very pro-European Union position. At the request of his government, taxes were reduced. Despite gaining votes, Law and Justice lost the parliamentary election on 21 October 2007, finishing

4130-477: The 1970s. In 2008, a book written by historians Sławomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk titled SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii ( SB and Lech Wałęsa. Contribution to biography ) purported to show that Wałęsa, codenamed Bolek , had been an operative for the security services from 1970 to 1976. The issue of Wałęsa's alleged collaboration with the communist regime resurfaced again in February 2016, when

4248-465: The 2015 presidential and parliamentary elections. Andrzej Duda ran as PiS's presidential candidate, while Beata Szydło was its candidate for prime minister. PiS won both elections. In the parliamentary election, PiS became the first party to win an outright majority since the end of communism. But despite being a popular leader among PiS's base, he himself remains unpopular among the wider public, with some polls showing that more Poles think Kaczyński

4366-748: The 20th century (1999). He has received over forty honorary degrees, including from Harvard University and Columbia University , as well as dozens of the highest state orders, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath , and the French Grand Cross of Legion of Honour . In 1989, Wałęsa was the first foreign non-head of state to address the Joint Meeting of

4484-695: The Director of the Polish Central Archives of Modern Records ( Archiwum Akt Nowych ) about the accompanying files documenting the collaboration of Wałęsa with the Polish Security Service and asks him not to publish this information until five years after Wałęsa's death. In his letter, Kiszczak said he kept the documents out of reach: before the 1989 revolution , trying to protect Wałęsa's reputation; and afterwards to make sure they did not disappear or were used for political reasons. This letter and

4602-540: The Government ," of 1928–35, likewise an ostensibly non-political organization. During his presidency, Wałęsa saw Poland through privatization and transition to a free-market economy (the Balcerowicz Plan ), Poland's 1991 first completely free parliamentary elections , and a period of redefinition of the country's foreign relations . He successfully negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Poland and won

4720-666: The Joachim Lelewel XLI High School, but due to failing to be promoted to the next grade he moved to the Mikołaj Kopernik XXXIII High School. He graduated from secondary school in 1967. Kaczyński studied law at the Warsaw University 's Faculty of Law and Administration, where in 1976 he obtained a Doctor of Law (LL.D.) degree after completing a dissertation titled "The role of collegial bodies in governing institutions of higher education" under

4838-556: The LGBT rights movement as a foreign import that threatens the Polish nation. He also stated that everyone must recognize Christianity and questioning the Roman Catholic Church in Poland as unpatriotic: "We are dealing with a direct attack on the family and children — the sexualization of children, that entire LGBT movement, gender. This is imported, but they today actually threaten our identity, our nation, its continuation and therefore

Polskie Radio Program III - Misplaced Pages Continue

4956-571: The Lenin Shipyard workers the right to strike and permitted them to form an independent trade union. The Strike Coordinating Committee legalized itself as the National Coordinating Committee of the Solidarność (Solidarity) Free Trade Union, and Wałęsa was chosen as chairman of the committee. The Solidarity trade union quickly grew, ultimately claiming over 10 million members—more than a quarter of Poland's population. Wałęsa's role in

5074-418: The Polish state." [REDACTED]   Poland : [REDACTED]   Georgia : [REDACTED]   Ukraine : Kaczyński is a practicing Roman Catholic . He is a lifelong bachelor and has no partner or children. He lived with his ailing mother until her hospitalization. He owns no computer and is said to have opened his first bank account only in 2009. He owns two cats and has been described as

5192-467: The SB in any capacity. The main character of the political satire web series The Chairman's Ear , chairman Jarosław (portrayed by series creator Robert Górski ), is modeled on Kaczyński. Lech Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa Lech Wałęsa ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɛɣ vaˈwɛ̃sa] ; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish statesman, dissident , and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who served as

5310-534: The Security Service, while the monthly salary at the time was about 3,500 zlotys. The authors said oppositionist activity in Poland in the first half of 1970s was minimal and Wałęsa's role in it was quite marginal. However, according to the book, despite formally renouncing his ties with Security Service in 1976, Wałęsa went on to have contacts with Communist officials. The authors also claim that during his 1990–1995 presidency, Wałęsa used his office to destroy

5428-509: The Sejm elections were referred to as "Wałęsa's team" or "Lech's team" because they had all appeared on their election posters with Wałęsa. While ostensibly only chairman of Solidarity, Wałęsa played a key role in practical politics. In August 1989, he persuaded leaders of parties formerly allied with the Communist party to form a non-Communist coalition government—the first non-Communist government in

5546-620: The Solidarity Trade Union. In mid-1988, he instigated work-stoppage strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard. He was frequently hauled in for interrogations by the Polish secret police, the Security Service , during the 1980s. On many of these occasions, Danuta—who was even more anti-Communist than her husband—was known to openly taunt Security Service agents when they picked Lech up. After months of strikes and political deliberations, at

5664-566: The Soviet border. On 8 October 1982, Solidarity was outlawed. In 1983, Wałęsa applied to return to the Gdańsk Shipyard as an electrician. The same year, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . He was unable to accept it himself, fearing Poland's government would not let him back into the country. His wife Danuta accepted the prize on his behalf. Through the mid-1980s, Wałęsa continued underground Solidarity-related activities. Every issue of

5782-521: The U.S. Congress . The Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport has borne his name since 2004. Wałęsa was born in Popowo , Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia , Germany ( German-occupied Poland ). His father, Bolesław Wałęsa (1909–1945), was a carpenter who was rounded up and interned in a forced labour camp at Młyniec (outpost of KL Stutthof ) by the German occupying forces before Lech was born. Bolesław returned home after

5900-540: The US for economic reasons. They lived in Jersey City, New Jersey , where Feliksa died in a car accident in 1976 and Stanisław died of a heart attack in 1981. Both of them were buried in Poland. In 1961, Lech graduated from primary and vocational school in nearby Chalin and Lipno as a qualified electrician. He worked as a car mechanic from 1962 to 1964, and then embarked on his two-year, obligatory military service, attaining

6018-754: The United States, Wałęsa was the first recipient of the Liberty Medal , in 1989. That year, he also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and became the first non-head-of-state to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress . In 2000, Wałęsa received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . Wałęsa symbolically represented Europe by carrying the Olympic flag at

SECTION 50

#1732868869091

6136-629: The Workers' Defense Committee that led to the Solidarity trade union, and Antoni Macierewicz , Wałęsa's former Interior Minister , testified against him in the closed vetting trial. Naimski, who said he testified with a "heavy heart", expressed his disappointment that Wałęsa "made a mistake by not going openly to the public, and he has missed an important chance". According to Naimski, the court cleared Wałęsa on "technical grounds" because it did not find certain original documents—many of which had been destroyed since 1989—that offered sufficient proof that Wałęsa

6254-473: The Year by Time magazine (1981), Financial Times (1980), Saudi Gazette (1989) and 12 other newspapers and magazines. He was awarded with over 45 honorary doctorates by universities around the world, including Harvard University and Sorbonne . He was named an honorary karate black belt by International Traditional Karate Federation . Wałęsa is also an honorary citizen of more than 30 cities, including London , Buffalo and Turin . In

6372-409: The accompanying documents had never been sent. On 16 February 2016, about three months after Kiszczak's death, his widow Maria approached the Institute of National Remembrance and offered to sell the documents to the archives for 90,000 zlotys ($ 23,000). However, according to Polish law, all documents of the political police must be handed in to the state. The administration of the institute notified

6490-476: The achievements of Polish Solidarity, educate young generations, promote democracy, and build civil society in Poland and around the world". In 1997, he founded a new party, Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic , hoping it would help him to successfully run in future elections. Wałęsa's contention for the 2000 presidential election ended with a crushing defeat when he polled 1.01 percent of

6608-545: The anniversary of the Smolensk air disaster , Kaczyński and nine other people, standing close together, visited the grave of Kaczynski's mother and the symbolic grave of twin-brother Lech at Powązki Military Cemetery , though they were closed to the public due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions . The Polish Police stated that the gathering in Powązki did not constitute a gathering in the sense of big gatherings forbidden in relation to

6726-405: The archives of the secret police that were inherited by the institute. Among the documents were registration cards, memos, notes from the secret police, and reports from the informant. The book's authors argue that Wałęsa, working under the code name Bolek , was a secret police informant from 1970 (after being released from jail) until 1976 (before he was fired from the shipyard). According to

6844-437: The archives. Until 2008, he denied having ever seen his Security Service file. After the publication of the book SB a Lech Wałęsa in 2008, he said that while he was president "I did borrow the file, but didn't remove anything from it. I saw there were some documents there about me and that they were clearly forgeries. I told my secretaries to tape up and seal the file. I wrote 'don't open' on it. But someone didn't obey, removed

6962-477: The authors, "he wrote reports and informed on more than 20 people and some of them were persecuted by the Communist police. He identified people and eavesdropped on his colleagues at work while they were listening to Radio Free Europe for example". The book describes the fate of seven of his alleged victims; information regarding others was destroyed or stolen from the files. According to them, Wałęsa received over 13,000 zlotys as remuneration for his services from

7080-419: The chart in favour of Kazik's song. Bartosz Gil — who also works on the chart show — alleged that Kaczyński's claim was false, and accused him of specifically targeting the song. The following Sunday, Niedźwiecki announced his immediate resignation from the station, and also threatened legal action against the broadcaster for false claims of fraud. On 16 May, Polskie Radio music head Piotr Metz revealed that, after

7198-414: The chart show aired, Kowalczewski had ordered him via text message to remove "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" from the station's music library. Metz also resigned from the station. The station also faced threats of boycotts from members of the Polish music industry. Kaczyński's project is said to consist of a "moral revolution" culminating in the creation of a " fourth republic " drawing a radical break from

SECTION 60

#1732868869091

7316-490: The compromises surrounding the fall of Communism in Poland , as well as reverting Poland back to its conservative, Roman Catholic roots and away from a multi-cultural styled Western European mainstream. In April 2016, he stated that he is not going to run for the office of President or Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland in the upcoming elections. Drawing from his strong, uncompromising views (especially regarding parts of

7434-526: The conclusion of the 10th plenary session of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR, the Polish Communist party), the government agreed to enter into Round Table Negotiations that lasted from February to April 1989. Wałęsa was an informal leader of the non-governmental side in the negotiations. During the talks, he traveled throughout Poland giving speeches in support of the negotiations. At

7552-472: The conservative, Christian democratic Centre Agreement party and later became its chairman, remaining in the role until 1998. In the years 1991 to 1993 and since 1997, Kaczyński was a member of the Sejm . In the same year, he worked under direction of the president of Poland, Lech Wałęsa , as the head of his presidential chancellery. Wałęsa fired Kaczyński, who then led the protest movement against him. Kaczyński

7670-480: The country's president and prime minister, respectively. The main point of disagreement was the Kaczyńskis' focus on rooting out those who had been involved in Communist rule and their party's attempt to make public all the files of the former Communist secret police. Until then only members of the government and parliament had to declare any connection with the former security services. Wałęsa and his supporters argued

7788-509: The death of his brother in a plane crash , Jarosław Kaczyński ran in the 2010 Polish presidential election , losing to Bronisław Komorowski . Since the 2015 victories of PiS, both in the presidential and parliamentary election, Kaczyński was considered to be the most powerful politician in Poland and one of the most influential European leaders. In 2020, he was designated as the Deputy Prime Minister of Poland with oversight over

7906-580: The defense, justice and interior ministries. He resigned from the government in November 2023 after the Law and Justice (PiS) party failed to gain a majority of seats in the Sejm in the 2023 Polish parliamentary election . Kaczyński was born on 18 June 1949, the identical twin brother of Lech Kaczyński . They were born in Warsaw . His father was Rajmund Kaczyński  [ pl ] (1922–2005), an engineer who served as

8024-659: The downfall of civilization. We can't agree to it". On 30 August 2006, during a visit to the European Commission, Kaczyński, as the Prime Minister, stated that "people with such preferences have full rights in Poland, there is no tradition in Poland of persecuting such people". He also asked the President of the European Commission, Jose Manuel Barroso "not to believe in the myth of Poland as an anti-Semitic, homophobic and xenophobic country". In 2019, Kaczyński characterized

8142-511: The end of the Cold War . While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the government , placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980, he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking workers and

8260-419: The end of the first of the two debates, he replied that the post-Communist leader could "shake his leg". After the election, Wałęsa said he was going into "political retirement" and his role in politics became increasingly marginal. After losing the 1995 election, Wałęsa announced he would return to work as an electrician at the Gdańsk Shipyard. Soon afterwards, he changed his mind and chose to travel around

8378-541: The end of the talks, the government signed an agreement to re-establish the Solidarity Trade Union and to organize semi-free elections to the Polish parliament; in accordance with the Round Table Agreement, only members of the Communist party and its allies could stand for 65 percent of the seats in the lower house, the Sejm . In December 1988, Wałęsa co-founded the Solidarity Citizens' Committee ; this

8496-442: The evidence of his collaboration with the secret police by removing incriminating documents from the archives. According to the book, historians discovered that with the help of the state intelligence agency, Wałęsa, Interior Minister Andrzej Milczanowski, and other members of Wałęsa's administration had borrowed from the archives the secret police files that had connections to Wałęsa, and returned them with key pages removed. When it

8614-434: The executions of 14 young people for participating in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests . In October 2024, Wałęsa described a victory by Donald Trump in the 2024 US presidential election as a "misfortune" both for the United States and the world, without providing further explanation. Despite the 2000 ruling of a special lustration court affirming his innocence, for many years there have been allegations that Wałęsa

8732-416: The files "lies, slander and forgeries", and said he "never took money and never made any spoken or written report on anyone". He said of the Polish public, which was about to believe in the allegations, "you have betrayed me, not me you", and "it was I who safely led Poland to a complete victory over communism". On 20 February 2016, Wałęsa wrote in his blog that a secret police officer had begged him to sign

8850-679: The financial documents in the 1970s because the officer had lost money entrusted to him to purchase a vehicle. Wałęsa appealed to the officer to step forward and clear him of the accusations. On 8 November 1969, Wałęsa married Mirosława Danuta Gołoś , who worked at a flower shop near the Lenin Shipyard where Wałęsa worked. Soon after they married, she began using her middle name more often than her first name, as per Lech's request. The couple had eight children; Bogdan (born 1970), Sławomir (born 1972), Przemysław (1974–2017), Jarosław (born 1976), Magdalena (born 1979), Anna (born 1980), Maria-Wiktoria (born 1982), and Brygida (born 1985). As of 2016 , Anna

8968-432: The following months, he was a frontbench MP and the leader of his party. He was said to have an enormous influence on the prime minister's decision-making process. Kaczyński was described as the architect of the coalition with the populist Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Samoobrona ) and the far-right League of Polish Families party. Following reports of a rift between Kaczyński and Marcinkiewicz,

9086-530: The government in 2005–2007 and again in 2015–2023, with direct political influence over the prime ministers Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz , Beata Szydło and Mateusz Morawiecki . Jaroslaw Kaczyński as a student took part in protest during the March 1968 political crisis . Subsequently, he became involved in the anti-communist opposition as a collaborator of KOR and KSS KOR . He took part in the protests in August 1980 when he

9204-417: The government-affiliated INR in Warsaw announced it had seized a package of original documents that allegedly proved Wałęsa was a paid Security Service informant. The documents dated from the period 1970–1976; they were seized from the home of a recently deceased former interior minister, General Czesław Kiszczak. The documents' authenticity was confirmed by an archival expert, but the prosecutors demanded

9322-613: The government. He co-founded the Solidarity trade-union, whose membership rose to over ten million. After martial law in Poland was imposed and Solidarity was outlawed, Wałęsa was again arrested. Released from custody, he continued his activism and was prominent in the establishment of the Round Table Agreement that led to the semi-free 1989 Polish legislative election and a Solidarity-led government. He presided over Poland's transition from Marxist–Leninist state socialism into

9440-445: The illegal 1970 protests at the Gdańsk Shipyard when workers protested at the government's decree raising food prices and he was considered for the position of chairman of the strike committee. The strikes' outcome, which involved the deaths of over 30 workers, galvanized Wałęsa's views on the need for change. In June 1976, Wałęsa lost his job at the Gdańsk Shipyard because of his continued involvement in illegal unions, strikes, and

9558-399: The introduction of same-sex marriage in Poland and has repeatedly met with Biedroń, whom he called "a talent" and "a future president of Poland". In 2013, Wałęsa suggested the creation of a political union between Poland and Germany. In 2014, in a widely publicized interview, Wałęsa expressed his disappointment in another Nobel laureate, US president Barack Obama : he told CNN, "When he

9676-468: The latter resigned on 7 July 2006. Kaczyński was appointed prime minister by his brother, the president, Lech Kaczyński, on 10 July, and sworn in on 14 July, following the formation of a cabinet and a confidence vote in the Sejm. They were the first pair of brothers in the world to serve as president and prime minister of a country and the only twin brothers to have done so. The following 15 months were erratic and not without controversy, Kaczyński initiated

9794-510: The leading underground weekly publication Tygodnik Mazowsze bore his motto, "Solidarity will not be divided or destroyed". Following a 1986 amnesty for Solidarity activists, Wałęsa co-founded the Provisional Council of NSZZ Solidarity ( Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność ), the first overt legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law. From 1987 to 1990, he organized and led the semi-illegal Provisional Executive Committee of

9912-417: The list after a wrenching internal debate about the virtues of honesty versus political discretion. In response to the publication of this list, President Wałęsa immediately engineered the fall of prime minister Jan Olszewski and the dismissal of Interior Minister Macierewicz. A parliamentary committee later concluded Wałęsa had not signed an agreement with the secret police. A 1997 Polish law made vetting

10030-492: The monthly magazine Głos in 1979, which was associated with KSS KOR and headed by Antoni Macierewicz . During the communist-era, Kaczyński worked for several opposition organizations including Workers' Defence Committee , Committee for Social Self-Defense , and the Solidarity trade union. Kaczyński was also the executive editor of the Tygodnik Solidarność weekly magazine from 1989 to 1991. In 1991, he created

10148-415: The pandemic, this caused controversy and criticism. The former prime minister of Poland Leszek Miller described the gathering as showing contempt for ordinary people respecting the restrictions. In May, a Polish radio station Trójka (run by state-owned broadcaster Polskie Radio ) was accused of censoring "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" ("Your Pain is Better Than Mine"), a song by Kazik Staszewski that

10266-577: The papers, now casting suspicion on me." Wałęsa's interior minister Andrzej Milczanowski denied the cover-up and said he "had full legal rights to make those documents available to President Wałęsa" and that "no original documents were removed from the file", which contained only photocopies. Wałęsa has offered conflicting statements regarding the authenticity of the documents. Initially he appeared to come close to an admission, saying in 1992, "in December 1970, I signed three or four documents" to escape from

10384-425: The political, cultural and media environment, which he sees as remnants or heirs of the former communist networks), Kaczyński is often labelled as "polarizing". In recent years, he was also known as an activist for animal rights , and, among other things, undertook activities aimed at banning the breeding of fur animals . A pejorative term for ideology of Jarosław Kaczyński used by some of his political opponents

10502-429: The president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, over his repeated collaboration allegations. Five months later, Kaczyński failed to invite Wałęsa to the commemoration service at Katyn , which almost certainly saved Wałęsa's life because the presidential plane crashed , killing all on board. In August 2010, Wałęsa lost a libel case against Krzysztof Wyszkowski, his former fellow activist, who also publicly accused Wałęsa of being

10620-596: The problems of Poland were to be solved. Wałęsa said "It's not the case that the name of socialism is bad. Only some people spoiled the name of socialism". He also complained about and criticized the government. Jaruzelski informed Wałęsa of the coming war games of the Warsaw Pact from 16 to 25 March, hoping he could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Wałęsa that Solidarity had used foreign funds. Wałęsa joked "We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corn, fertilizer, anything

10738-559: The proposal as Polish neo-imperialism . Wałęsa has been criticized for a confrontational style and for instigating "war at the top", whereby former Solidarity allies clashed with one another, causing annual changes of government. This increasingly isolated Wałęsa on the political scene. As he lost political allies, he came to be surrounded by people who were viewed by the public as incompetent and disreputable. Mudslinging during election campaigns tarnished his reputation. Some thought Wałęsa, an ex-electrician with no higher education,

10856-608: The prosecutor's office, which conducted a police search of the Kiszczaks' house and seized all the historic documents. Maria Kiszczak later said she had not read her husband's letter and had "made a mistake". For years, Wałęsa vehemently denied collaborating with the Polish Security Service and dismissed the incriminating files as forgeries created by the Security Service to compromise him. Wałęsa also denies that during his presidency he removed documents incriminating him from

10974-482: The publication of another biography connecting him with the secret police ( Lech Wałęsa: Idea and History by Pawel Zyzak), Wałęsa threatened to leave Poland if historians continue to question his past. He said that before revealing such information "a historian must decide whether this serves Poland". After the accusations against him resurfaced with the discovery of the Kiszczak dossier on 16 February 2016, Wałęsa called

11092-532: The rank of corporal before beginning work on 12 July 1967 as an electrician at Lenin Shipyard ( Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina ), now called Gdańsk Shipyard ( Stocznia Gdańska ) in Gdańsk . From early in his career, Wałęsa was interested in workers' concerns; in 1968 he encouraged shipyard colleagues to boycott official rallies that condemned recent student strikes . He was a charismatic leader, who helped organize

11210-493: The secret police. In his 1987 autobiography A Way of Hope , Wałęsa said, "It is also the truth that I had not left that clash completely pure. They gave me a condition: sign! And then I signed." He denied he acted upon the collaboration agreement. However, in his later years Wałęsa said all the documents are forgeries and told the BBC in 2008, "you will not find any signature of mine agreeing to collaborate anywhere". In 2009, after

11328-660: The shipyard fence and quickly became one of the strike leaders. The strike inspired other similar strikes in Gdańsk, which then spread across Poland. Wałęsa headed the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee , coordinating the workers at Gdańsk and at 20 other plants in the region. On 31 August, the government, represented by Mieczysław Jagielski , signed an accord (the Gdańsk Agreement ) with the Strike Coordinating Committee. The agreement granted

11446-510: The so-called transparency legislation advocated by the government might turn into a witch hunt and the more than 500,000 Poles who had possibly collaborated with the Communist secret police could face exposure. In 2011, Wałęsa rejected Lithuania 's Order of Vytautas the Great due to his concerns over the treatment of the Polish minority and Polish culture by the Lithuanian government. Wałęsa

11564-525: The spokesperson was Paweł Poncyljusz . Kaczyński appeared to soften his image during the campaign in order to win centrist voters. The campaign's motto was Poland Comes First . He polled 36.5% of the vote in the first round, against the acting president Bronisław Komorowski's 41.5%. In the second round he lost with 47.0% of the vote to Komorowski's 53.0%. In order to win over moderate voters, rather than running as PiS's candidate for president or prime minister, Kaczyński put forward more moderate PiS members in

11682-508: The station plays music without hosts for only two hours a year, during Christmas Eve Wigilia supper). Some of the journalist from the team decided to come back to the station after one of them became the Trójka director, but they left the station again after he was removed from this position in August (after three months in office). Polish Radio then assembled a new team for the station, which included

11800-532: The station suffered a major transformation - after the visit of Jarosław Kaczyński , chairman of the Polish ruling party Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc to the grave of Smolensk air disaster victims (all cemeteries were then closed due to COVID-19 pandemics) became known to the public, a song relating to the events (with the catchline "Your pain is better than mine") debuted on the first place of the Lista Przebojów, winning this music chart. The next day Polish Radio made

11918-463: The strike, in the negotiations, and in the newly formed independent trade union gained him fame on the international stage. On 10 March 1981, through the introduction of his former superior in the army, Wałęsa met Wojciech Jaruzelski for the first time in the office building of the Council of Ministers for three hours. During the meeting, Jaruzelski and Wałęsa agreed that mutual trust was necessary if

12036-577: The supervision of Stanisław Ehrlich  [ pl ] . From 1971 to 1976, he was employed as a researcher at the Institute of Scientific Policy and Higher Education and then became an assistant professor at the Białystok branch of the University of Warsaw . During his studies, he took part in the student protests in March 1968. Kaczyński began working with the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR) in 1976. KOR

12154-505: The vote. His humiliation was increased because Aleksander Kwaśniewski , who was re-elected in the first round with 54 percent of the vote, is a former Communist apparatchik . Wałęsa polled in seventh place, after which he announced his withdrawal from Polish politics. In 2006, Wałęsa quit Solidarity in protest of the union's support of the ruling right-wing Law and Justice party, and Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński —twin brothers who had been prominent in Solidarity and were now serving as

12272-547: The war but died two months later from exhaustion and illness. Lech's mother, Feliksa Wałęsa (née Kamieńska; 1915–1976), has been credited with shaping her son's beliefs and tenacity. After Bolesław's death, Feliksa remarried her brother-in-law, Stanisław Wałęsa (1917–1981), a farmer. Lech had three elder full siblings; Izabela (1935–2012), Edward (born 1937) and Stanisław (born 1940); and three younger half-brothers; Tadeusz (born 1945), Zygmunt (born 1948) and Wojciech (1950–1988). In 1973, Lech's mother and stepfather emigrated to

12390-507: The workers' protest in 1970. The documents also show that at first Bolek eagerly provided information on the opinions and actions of his co-workers and took money for the information, but his enthusiasm diminished and the quality of his information decreased until he was deemed no longer valuable and collaboration with him was terminated in 1976. The sealed dossier also contained a letter, hand-written by Kiszczak in April 1996, in which he informs

12508-478: The world on a lecture circuit . Wałęsa developed a portfolio of three lectures ("The Impact of an Expanded NATO on Global Security", "Democracy: The Never-Ending Battle" and "Solidarity: The New Millennium"), and reads them at universities and public events with an appearance fee of around £50,000 ($ 70,000). In 1995, he founded the Lech Wałęsa Institute , a think tank with a mission "to popularize

12626-411: Was already so popular that most Poles did not believe the official media and dismissed the allegations as a manipulation by the Communist authorities. The book's first print run sold out in Poland within hours. The book received substantial coverage in the media, provoked nationwide debate, and was noted by the international press. Wałęsa vowed to sue the authors but never did. On 18 February 2016,

12744-490: Was an effective union leader capable of articulating what the workers felt but as president he had difficulty delegating power or navigating bureaucracy. Wałęsa's problems were compounded by the difficult transition to a market economy; in the long run it was seen as highly successful but it lost Wałęsa's government much popular support. Wałęsa's BBWR performed poorly in the 1993 parliamentary elections ; at times his popular support dwindled to 10 percent and he narrowly lost

12862-463: Was an informant of the Security Service of the Polish People's Republic (Służba Bezpieczeństwa or SB), the Communist security services, in his twenties. In his 2002 book titled The Polish Revolution: Solidarity , British historian Timothy Garton Ash writes that Wałęsa, while vehemently denying being a regular Security Service informer, admitted that he had "signed something" under interrogation in

12980-603: Was arrested, then joined the Solidarity movement. In 1982 he became a member of the Polish Helsinki Committee . He took part in the 1988 strikes . In 1989, Kaczyński took part in the Round Table talks . In 1989–1991, he served as a senator . In 1990, he founded the Centre Agreement party, of which he served as leader until 1998. In 1990–91 he was head of the chancellery of President Lech Wałęsa . He served as

13098-553: Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Since then, he has received more than 30 state decorations and more than 50 awards from 30 countries, including Order of the Bath (UK), Order of Merit (Germany), Legion of Honour (France) and European Human Rights Prize ( EU 1989). In 2011, he declined to accept the Lithuanian highest order , citing his displeasure at Lithuania's policy towards the Polish diaspora . In 2008, he established

13216-417: Was discovered at the turn of 1995/96, the following prosecutorial inquiry was discontinued for political reasons despite the case attracting much public attention. Sławomir Cenckiewicz also said that in 1983, when Wałęsa was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, the secret police tried to embarrass him and leaked information about Wałęsa's previous collaboration with the government. By this time though, Wałęsa

13334-415: Was elected there was great hope in the world. We were hoping that Obama would reclaim moral leadership for America, but that failed ...  in terms of politics and morality America no longer leads the world". Wałęsa also accused Obama of not deserving his Nobel Peace Prize ; during the 2012 US presidential campaign he endorsed Obama's opponent Mitt Romney . In September 2015, Wałęsa, referring to

13452-499: Was formed after the workers' protests of June 1976 to defend workers against persecution by the communist authorities. In 1976, he was stopped in time while carrying out tasks for the KOR during a journey to Płock. Subsequently, the KOR was transformed into the Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR (KSS KOR), which aimed to undertake broader dissident activities. Jarosław Kaczyński worked in

13570-473: Was lying. In 1992, Naimski, as a head of the State Protection Office , started the process of screening people suspected of being Communist collaborators in Poland. In June that year, he helped Antoni Macierewicz prepare a list of 64 members of the government and parliament who were named as spies in the police records; these included Wałęsa, then the Polish president. Wałęsa's name was included on

13688-437: Was ostensibly an advisory body but in practice a political party that won the parliamentary elections in June 1989 . Solidarity took all the seats in the Sejm that were subject to free elections, and all but one seat in the newly re-established Senate . Wałęsa was one of Solidarity's most public figures; he was an active campaigner, appearing on many campaign posters, but did not run for parliament himself. Solidarity winners in

13806-524: Was the Law and Justice prime ministerial candidate in the September 2005 Polish parliamentary election . However, when the party emerged as winner of the election, he pledged that he would not take the position, expecting that his nomination would reduce the chances of his brother Lech Kaczyński, who was a candidate for the October presidential election . Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz was appointed prime minister. In

13924-413: Was too plain-spoken and too undignified for the post of president. Others thought him too erratic in his views or complained he was too authoritarian and that he sought to strengthen his own power at the expense of the Sejm. Wałęsa's national security advisor Jacek Merkel credited the shortcomings of Wałęsa's presidency to his inability to comprehend the office of the president as an institution. He

#90909