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130-661: Celebrated on 16 April, Police Workers Day ( Armenian : Ոստիկանության օր ) in Armenia commemorates personnel of the Police of Armenia . It was first celebrated in 2002 and was introduced year earlier by the National Assembly of Armenia . The 2011 Law "On Police Duties" was also passed on that same day. Traditionally, the President of Armenia and/or the Prime Minister of Armenia receives

260-646: A Police Day parade at the Home Team Academy presided by the Minister of Home Affairs and/or the President of Singapore . Various police units including the National Police Cadet Corps participate in PDP. Award presentations for categories such as the "Best Land Division" or "Best National Service Operationally Ready Unit". In Taiwan , Police Festival ( Chinese : 警察節 ) is celebrated on 15 June in honor of

390-748: A Wreath Laying Ceremony and a National Police Survivors Conference. The holiday was first celebrated in 1962 and is de facto the official Police Day of the United States. On January 9, citizens help commemorate National Law Enforcement Appreciation Day. October 28 is marked as National First Responders Day, which celebrates all members of the federal level and regional police, as well as firefighters , paramedics, and emergency dispatchers. The United States Senate designated National First Responders Day in 2017, being introduced by Senators Elizabeth Warren and Tom Cotton , as well as Representatives Mark Meadows , Michael Capuano and Elijah Cummings . While May 15

520-555: A catalyst for police-community relations. Annually in the province of Manitoba , February 1 is celebrated as "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Day". Police Day in Chile is marked on two anniversary dates: In Mainland China , Chinese People's Police Festival  [ zh ] ( Chinese : 中国人民警察节 ) is celebrated on 10 January in honor of the People's Police of the PRC . Its date "1-10" refers to

650-476: A compromise solution to hold early presidential elections for 5 January 2008. He also proposed to hold a plebiscite in parallel to snap presidential elections about when to hold parliamentary polls  – in spring as pushed for by the opposition parties, or in late 2008. Several concessions in the election code were also made to the opposition. On 23 November 2007, the ruling United National Movement party officially nominated Saakashvili as its candidate for

780-520: A consistent Proto-Indo-European pattern distinct from Iranian, and that the inflectional morphology was different from that of Iranian languages. The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with Holger Pedersen (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. Antoine Meillet (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement and postulated that

910-552: A constitutional amendment completely abolishing the death penalty in law. Saakashvili's government massively increased military spending to modernize the Georgian Armed Forces , which were small and poorly equipped and trained at the time he entered office. By 2007, the military budget had increased twenty-fold since 1999. New weapons and vehicles were purchased, military salaries were raised, new bases were built, and Georgian soldiers engaged in joint training exercises with

1040-561: A defiant militia led by a local warlord Emzar Kvitsiani . In his foreign policy, Saakashvili maintained close ties with the US, as well as other NATO countries, and remains one of the key partners of the GUAM organization. The Saakashvili-led Rose Revolution has been described by the White House as one of the most powerful movements in the modern history that has inspired others to seek freedom. At

1170-466: A few specialized facilities for mental health and infectious diseases remained in government hands, and the state continued to provide health insurance for those below the poverty line, whose insurance was paid for by public funds and provided by private insurers, and some civil servants, amounting to about 40% of the population. As a result, the level of healthcare greatly improved, with new hospitals and clinics beginning to replace older facilities. However,

1300-455: A leading opposition figure who accused the government of rigging the 2003 Georgian parliamentary election , spearheading mass protests which saw President Shevardnadze resign from his post in the bloodless Rose Revolution . Saakashvili's key role in the protests led to him being elected as the President in 2004. He was later reelected as President in 2008. However, his party suffered defeat in

1430-468: A loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian եւ yev , ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi ). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. Loan words from Iranian languages , along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led some linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as Paul de Lagarde and F. Müller believed that

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1560-756: A lobbyist and used Daniel Kunin of USAID and the NDI as a full-time adviser. On 24 February 2004, the United National Movement and the United Democrats had amalgamated. The new political movement was named the National Movement - Democrats (NMD). The movement's main political priorities include raising pensions and providing social services to the poor, its main base of support; fighting corruption; and increasing state revenue. The 2004 presidential election were carried out on 4 January 2004. The election

1690-500: A major political crisis in the southwestern Autonomous Republic of Adjara run by an authoritarian regional leader, Aslan Abashidze , who largely ignored the central Georgian government and was viewed by many as a pro-Russian politician. The crisis threatened to develop into an armed confrontation, but Saakashvili's government managed to resolve the conflict peacefully, forcing Abashidze to resign on 6 May 2004. Success in Adjara encouraged

1820-565: A major controversy with the State Security Minister Vakhtang Kutateladze and Tbilisi police chief Ioseb Alavidze, accusing them of profiting from corrupt business deals. Saakashvili resigned on 5 September 2001, saying that "I consider it immoral for me to remain as a member of Shevardnadze's government." He declared that corruption had penetrated to the very centre of the Georgian government and that Shevardnadze lacked

1950-455: A major road in the capital after Gamsakhurdia. He also released 32 Gamsakhurdia supporters (political prisoners) imprisoned by the Shevardnadze government in 1993–94. As well as a new national flag, Saakashivili authorised the adoption of a new national anthem on 20 May 2004 and the establishment of a new state arms on 1 October 2004. In the first months of his presidency, Saakashvili faced

2080-572: A national holiday. The United Kingdom celebrates annually National Police Memorial Day (NPMD) in honor of its fallen policemen. It was inaugurated by Joe Holness, following the killing of Kent police officer Jon Odell, in December 2000. It is an official national day and is celebrated throughout the 4 constituent countries . The NPMD is sponsored by the British Government and the Royal Family of

2210-425: A network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language's existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened

2340-792: A new political party called Movement of New Forces . On 26 July 2017, Saakashvili (at the time staying in the US) was stripped of his Ukrainian citizenship by Petro Poroshenko , and became a stateless person . He reentered Ukraine with a group of supporters through Poland but was arrested in February 2018 and deported. Saakashvili moved to the Netherlands , where he was granted permanent residency . On 29 May 2019, he returned to Ukraine after newly elected President Volodymyr Zelenskyy restored his citizenship. On 1 October 2021, Saakashvili announced via Facebook his return to Georgia after an eight-year absence, on

2470-697: A part of the Soviet Union). Saakashvili graduated from the Institute of International Relations (Department of International Law) of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (in then independent Ukraine) in 1992. At this university, he was friends with later President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko . While in Ukraine Saakashvili participated in the October 1990 student protest known as

2600-472: A portion of the population was left uninsured, as it could not afford private insurance and did not qualify for public insurance. Saakashvili sees membership of the NATO as a premise of stability for Georgia and offered an intensified dialogue with the de facto Abkhaz and Ossetian authorities. Until the 2008 South Ossetia war , a diplomatic solution was thought to be possible. Saakashvili's administration doubled

2730-501: A result, the rate of corruption in the country was drastically reduced and the business environment was improved significantly. The economy began growing and the standard of living rose. Georgia's ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International improved dramatically from rank 133 in 2004 to 67 in 2008 and further to 51 in 2012, surpassing several EU countries. The World Bank named Georgia as

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2860-595: A rule, on the eve of the holiday, the Warsaw Metropolitan Police Headquarters conducts ceremony of awarding decorations to policemen. Police Day is also an opportunity to lay wreaths front of plaques and monuments dedicated to the memory of the fallen on duty. On 23 July 2010, a monument in Warsaw was unveiled in honor of police officers who were murdered in the Katyn massacre in 1940. Earlier, on 13 May 2010,

2990-570: A six-year prison sentence in Georgia on charges of abuse of power and organization of an assault occasioning grievous bodily harm against an opposition lawmaker Valery Gelashvili . Saakashvili entered Georgian politics in 1995. He served as member of parliament and minister of justice under President Eduard Shevardnadze . Saakashvili later moved to opposition, establishing the United National Movement party. In 2003, Saakashvili became

3120-463: Is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician and jurist. He was the third president of Georgia for two consecutive terms from 25 January 2004 to 17 November 2013. From May 2015 until November 2016, Saakashvili was the governor of Ukraine's Odesa Oblast . He is the founder and former chairman of the United National Movement party. Saakashvili heads the executive committee of Ukraine's National Reform Council since 7 May 2020. In 2021 he began serving

3250-545: Is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages . It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization , although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian ), Albanian and Indo-Iranian were dialectally close to each other; within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian

3380-545: Is clearly the dialect to be most closely related to Armenian. Eric P. Hamp (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the augment and a negator derived from the set phrase in the Proto-Indo-European language * ne h₂oyu kʷid ("never anything" or "always nothing"),

3510-469: Is derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵipyós , with cognates in Sanskrit (ऋजिप्य, ṛjipyá ), Avestan ( ərəzifiia ), and Greek (αἰγίπιος, aigípios ). Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian eue ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely

3640-493: Is marked as a national working holiday, the day is also marked as the general celebration day for state, county, city and municipal police forces. These police forces still mark their respective foundation days, while sharing in the national celebration. The federal law enforcement services also mark their individual anniversaries: Among the overseas territories, the following also celebrate their anniversaries: Vietnam celebrates National Police Day on 19 August. It commemorates

3770-466: Is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. There are words used in Armenian that are generally believed to have been borrowed from Anatolian languages, particularly from Luwian , although some researchers have identified possible Hittite loanwords as well. One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian xalam , "skull", cognate to Hittite ḫalanta , "head". In 1985,

3900-530: Is observed in the United States on May 15 to pay tribute to the local, state, and federal law enforcement officers who have died/or permanently disabled, in the line of duty. It also coincides with National Police Week, which is the calendar week in which the memorial falls. The event is sponsored by the National Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) and includes an annual Blue Mass , a drill competition,

4030-895: Is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia . Historically spoken in the Armenian highlands , today Armenian is also widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Saint Mesrop Mashtots . The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Armenian

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4160-757: Is the term to refer to the Police Day of the Russian Police (formerly the Russian Militsiya ) and personnel the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) . It was first introduced Chairman Leonid Brezhnev in 1962, and was made an official holiday in October 1980. Since 2000, the President of Russia has given the keynote address in the State Kremlin Palace in front of police officers and interior ministry officials. In many former Soviet republics ,

4290-631: Is the working language. Armenian (without reference to a specific variety) is officially recognized as a minority language in Cyprus , Hungary , Iraq , Poland , Romania , and Ukraine . It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . Mikheil Saakashvili Mikheil Saakashvili ( Georgian : მიხეილ სააკაშვილი [miχeˈil saakʼaˈʃʷili] ; Ukrainian : Міхеіл Саакашвілі [m⁽ʲ⁾ixeˈil sɐɐkɐʃˈwil⁽ʲ⁾i] ; born 21 December 1967)

4420-555: The 2012 Georgian parliamentary election , while Saakashvili was barred by the constitution of Georgia from seeking a third term in the 2013 presidential election , which was also won by the opposition candidate. During his tenure as president, Saakashvili oversaw police, military, economic and government reforms. As the new Patrol Police department was established, the entire police force was fired and replaced with new one in an effort to root out corruption. The bureaucratic spendings were decreased as several ministries were abolished to cut

4550-458: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (11–14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet (" օ " and " ֆ "), bringing the total number to 38. The Book of Lamentations by Gregory of Narek (951–1003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style of Old Armenian by the 10th century. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of

4680-503: The Armenian genocide , mostly in the diaspora ). The differences between them are considerable but they are mutually intelligible after significant exposure. Some subdialects such as Homshetsi are not mutually intelligible with other varieties. Although Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th-century BC Behistun Inscription and in Xenophon 's 4th century BC history, The Anabasis ),

4810-604: The Cabinet of Georgia well before Georgian presidential elections . Shortly after being re-elected, the president formally re-appointed the Prime Minister of Georgia Lado Gurgenidze and asked him to present a renewed cabinet to the Parliament of Georgia for final approval. Gurgenidze changed most ministers, leaving Ivane Merabishvili , controversial Minister for Home Affairs, Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili and Minister of Finance Nika Gilauri on their former positions. Gia Nodia

4940-834: The Council of Ministers of Bulgaria on 29 January 1999, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church holiday of Saint Michael (archangel) was declared a professional holiday of the employees of the Ministry of Interior. In Canada , Police and Peace Officers National Memorial Day honors of members of Canadian law enforcement on the last Sunday in September. On 24 September 1998, the Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc , declared that day to be an official holiday. The country also celebrates Police Week, having been observed originally in 1970 as

5070-561: The European Union , he had also spoken of the importance of better relations with Russia. He faced major problems, however, particularly Georgia's difficult economic situation and the still unresolved question of separatism in the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Abkhazia regards itself as independent of Georgia and did not take part in the elections, while South Ossetia favours union with its northern counterpart in Russia. Saakashvili

5200-631: The Greek language , the Armenian language, and the Indo-Iranian languages . Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. Conceivably, Proto-Armenian would have been located between Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, consistent with the fact that Armenian shares certain features only with Indo-Iranian (the satem change) but others only with Greek ( s > h ). Graeco-Aryan has comparatively wide support among Indo-Europeanists who believe

5330-631: The Indo-European homeland to be located in the Armenian Highlands , the " Armenian hypothesis ". Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection. Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label Aryano-Greco-Armenic , splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and Indo-Iranian ). Classical Armenian (Arm: grabar ), attested from

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5460-582: The Ismaïlia Police Station on 25 January 1952. In Georgia , 6 May was declared as Police Day in 2010, which coincides with St. George's day and the Day of the Adjarian Revolution. In 2011, a Police Parade was held in the city of Batumi , seeing the participation of several thousand officers. Since the ousting of President Mikheil Saakashvili , the holiday has been celebrated on 31 May. The Day of

5590-600: The Latvian State Police is celebrated on 5 December. It is founding date of the police when the newly proclaimed transitional government of, the People's Council of Latvia , approved the Temporary Regulations on the Internal Security Organization ( Latvian : Pagaidu noteikumi par iekšējās apsardzības organizēšanu ), created regulations for the structure of the police and its jurisdiction under

5720-528: The Mekhitarists . The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar , was published in grabar in 1794. The classical form borrowed numerous words from Middle Iranian languages , primarily Parthian , and contains smaller inventories of loanwords from Greek, Syriac, Aramaic, Arabic, Mongol, Persian, and indigenous languages such as Urartian . An effort to modernize the language in Bagratid Armenia and

5850-702: The Ministry of the Interior . In Malaysia , Police Day ( Malay : Hari Polis ) is celebrated on 25 March in honor of the first effective police force established in Penang under William Farquhar 's rule since 1807, which is the predecessor of today's Royal Malaysia Police . On July 24 every year, the Polish Policja celebrates its Police Day ( Święto Policji ) as a public holiday, having been in existence since 1995. The timeline of previous Police Days are as follows: As

5980-601: The Ottoman bombing of Belgrade occurred. Policemen and women often parade before the Interior Minister and/or the President of Serbia during the holiday. The parade includes hardware, police aviation, mounted cavalry , as well as an exhibition of law enforcement strength. Wreaths are laid at the Čukur Fountain by MUP officials. Medals for diligent service are also distributed to MUP personnel. The Singapore Police Force celebrates its police day on June 3. It annually hosts

6110-636: The Police Law promulgated and implemented since 1952 based on the Constitution of the Republic of China . In Thailand , National Police Day ( Thai : วันตำรวจ, Wan Tamruat ) is celebrated on 17 October in honor of the Royal Thai Police . This was the day of the announcement of the merger of the city and provincial police forces of then Siam in 1915 the current day RTP. The first official police day ceremony

6240-655: The Revolution of Dignity . On 30 May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili as Governor of Odesa Oblast . He was also granted Ukrainian citizenship , and due to restrictions on dual nationality under Georgian law , was stripped of his Georgian citizenship. On 7 November 2016, Saakashvili resigned as governor while blaming President Poroshenko personally for enabling corruption in Odesa and in Ukraine overall. Four days later, he announced his goal to create

6370-768: The Romanian Parliament in April 2002 as a commemoration of the flag of the Romanian Police . The choice of this date is related to the symbol of the Annunciation on the first banner of the Great Ages. In 1822, Prince Grigore IV Ghica of Wallachia handed to the banner to Mihăiţă Filipescu (the head of the police at that time) the flag on which the sign of the Flag of Agia Maria is sewn. Police and Internal Affairs Servicemen's Day

6500-399: The Serbian " Otpor! ") and several NGOs , like Liberty Institute , were active in all protest activities. After an increasingly tense two weeks of demonstrations, Shevardnadze resigned as president on 23 November, to be replaced on an interim basis by parliamentary speaker Nino Burjanadze . While the revolutionary leaders did their best to stay within the constitutional norms, many called

6630-412: The Serbian Police and Interior Ministry ( Serbian : Дан српске полиције и Министарство унутрашњих послова ) is celebrated on 12 June. Also known as Serbian MUP Day, they are celebrated in the memory of the events in 1862 when the Serbian Gendarmery of the Principality of Serbia played the crucial role in the conflicts in the Čukur Fountain incident in Belgrade on June 15. Over the next two days,

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6760-452: The Soviet Union . His father, Nikoloz Saakashvili, is a physician who practises medicine in Tbilisi and directs a local balneological centre. His mother, Giuli Alasania , is a historian who lectures at Tbilisi State University . During university, he served his shortened military service in 1989–1990 with the Soviet Border Troops ' checkpoint unit in the Boryspil Airport in Ukraine (then as Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , also

6890-399: The emergency number 110 used in communities and celebrates the first 110 alarm service desk for police service in the country that established in Canton since 1986. National Police Day in Egypt occurs each year on 25 January. The holiday commemorates and is a remembrance for 50 police officers killed and more wounded when they refused British demands to hand over weapons and evacuate

7020-456: The murder of Sandro Girgvliani . In September 2012, the leaked video footage of systemic torture and rape in the Georgian prison system came to light during the Gldani prison scandal . Saakashvili was accused of being behind police brutality and the inhuman treatment of inmates. Shortly after the 2013 presidential election, Saakashvili left Georgia. In 2014, the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia filed criminal charges against Saakashvili. In 2018,

7150-493: The " Revolution on Granite ". Saakashvili briefly worked as a human rights officer for the interim State Council of Georgia following the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia before receiving a fellowship from the United States State Department (via the Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program ). He received an LL.M. from Columbia Law School in 1994 and took classes at the School of International and Public Affairs and The George Washington University Law School

7280-408: The 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by Middle Armenian , attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for grabar as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from

7410-481: The Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words, through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. "A Word of Wisdom", a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love, or female beauty. Gradually,

7540-435: The December 1995 elections along with Zhvania, and both men won seats in parliament , standing for the Union of Citizens of Georgia , Shevardnadze's party. Saakashvili was chairman of the parliamentary committee which was in charge of creating a new electoral system, an independent judiciary and a non-political police force. Opinion surveys recognised him to be the second most popular person in Georgia, behind Shevardnadze. He

7670-519: The French president Nicolas Sarkozy . The war resulted in Georgia losing all of its possessions in the disputed territories. Russia subsequently recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, while Georgia responded with breaking diplomatic relations. On the economic front, Saakashvili pursued a neoliberal policy: abolition of the minimum wage, dismissal of 60,000 civil servants, lowering of corporate income tax from 20% to 15%, and dividend tax from 10% to 5%. In 2009, Forbes ranked Georgia as

7800-443: The Georgian president, for which the Jewish leaders were invited as honoured guests. Relations with the United States were good, but were complicated by Saakashvili's "volatile" behaviour. Former and current US officials characterized the Georgian president as "difficult to manage". They criticized his "risky moves", moves that have often "caught the U.S. unprepared" while leaving it "exposed diplomatically". Saakashvili's ties with

7930-468: The Georgian reformists leaders. In June 2002, he was elected as the Chairman of the Tbilisi Assembly ("Sakrebulo") following an agreement between the United National Movement and the Georgian Labour Party . This gave him a powerful new platform from which to criticize the government. Georgia held parliamentary elections on 2 November 2003 which were denounced by local and international observers as being grossly rigged. Saakashvilli claimed that he had won

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8060-403: The Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa. A notable example is arciv , meaning "eagle", believed to have been the origin of Urartian Arṣibi and Northeast Caucasian arzu . This word

8190-402: The Memorial to the Memory of the Murdered Policemen was unveiled in Poznań , commemorating 395 policemen murdered by the Soviet NKVD and the German Military Administration in 1940. The 100th anniversary of the Polish Police was celebrated on Police Day with a ceremony on Piłsudski Square . In Romania , Police Day ( Romanian : Ziua Poliției ) takes place on 25 March. It was introduced by

8320-546: The Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian genocide . In addition to Armenia and Turkey, where it is indigenous , Armenian is spoken among the diaspora . According to Ethnologue , globally there are 1.6 million Western Armenian speakers and 3.7 million Eastern Armenian speakers, totalling 5.3 million Armenian speakers. In Georgia, Armenian speakers are concentrated in Ninotsminda and Akhalkalaki districts where they represent over 90% of

8450-404: The Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were further consolidated. Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Istanbul , whereas Tbilisi became

8580-654: The Soviet linguist Igor M. Diakonoff noted the presence in Classical Armenian of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the Kartvelian and Northeast Caucasian languages . Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as ałaxin "slave girl" ( ← Hurr. al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne ), cov "sea" ( ← Urart. ṣûǝ "(inland) sea"), ułt "camel" ( ← Hurr. uḷtu ), and xnjor "apple (tree)" ( ← Hurr. ḫinzuri ). Some of

8710-422: The Tbilisi City Court sentenced him in absentia to six years in prison for ordering the beating of Valeri Gelashvili and pardoning in prior agreement the individuals tried for Sandro Girgvliani's murder. Saakashvili continued to manage his party from abroad while accusing the Georgian government of using the legal system as a tool of political retribution. Saakashvili supported Ukraine 's Euromaidan movement and

8840-422: The US go back to 1991 (see Early life and career ). Biographies of Thomas Jefferson and John F. Kennedy can be found in his office, next to biographies of Joseph Stalin and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and books on war. Seeking US support, Saakashvili went outside the United States Department of State and established contacts with Sen. John McCain and forces seeking NATO expansion. Saakashvili believes that

8970-463: The US military. When Saakashvili took office, the university entrance system was bribe-based, with a university spot costing up to $ 50,000 in 2003. His government introduced a common entrance exam, replacing the bribe-based system with a merit-based one. The quality of university education also improved. Despite this, Saakashvili was accused of failing to reform the quality of primary and secondary-level school education, which reportedly remained low at

9100-406: The United Kingdom , with Charles, Prince of Wales even becoming patron in 2006. It commemorated on 29 September, the day Odell was killed. Unlike most countries, the United States marks three service days to honor men and women of the federal, state, county and local city and municipal police services, the fallen of these organizations and veterans of law enforcement. National Police Memorial Day

9230-449: The annual Reformer Awards. Under Saakashvili's term, Georgia became involved in international market transactions to a small extent, and in 2007 Bank of Georgia sold bonds at premium, when $ 200m five-year bond was priced with a coupon of 9 per cent at par, or 100 per cent of face value, after initially being priced at 9.5 per cent and investors pushed orders up to $ 600m. In 2009, he introduced The Economic Liberty Act of Georgia , which

9360-434: The center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life. The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vernacular, Ashkharhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to

9490-472: The change of government a popular coup dubbed by Georgian media as the Rose Revolution . Saakashvili's "storming of Georgia's parliament" in 2003 "put U.S. diplomats off guard... [Saakashvili] ousted a leader the U.S. had long backed, Eduard Shevardnadze." Seeking support, Saakashvili went outside the U.S. State Department. He hired Randy Scheunemann , then Sen. John McCain's top foreign-policy adviser, as

9620-414: The country with the fourth lowest tax burden in the world. During Saakashvili's tenure, Georgia went through several political crises. In 2007, mass demonstrations erupted demanding resignation of Saakashvili. The protests, which were triggered by detention of Georgian politician Irakli Okruashvili , were violently dispersed by the special forces on 7 November 2007. The largest opposition media Imedi TV

9750-660: The crowd about 20 metres (65 ft) from the podium after hitting a girl and did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July of that year, but before his capture, he managed to kill one law enforcement agent. He was convicted of the attempted assassinations of Saakashvili and Bush and the murder of the agent, and given a life sentence. The late Georgian businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili claimed that pressure had been exerted on his financial interests after Imedi Television broadcast several accusations against officials. On 25 October 2007, former defence minister Irakli Okruashvili accused

9880-738: The date of the Azerbaijan Police Day was changed to 2 July in reference to the establishment of the first police bodies within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on 2 July 1918. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the Azerbaijani police, a march composed by Aydan Aliyeva (an employee of the BMPD) and performed by soloist of the State Musical Comedy Theater Samad Khasiyev

10010-477: The election earlier than called for by the Georgian constitution in order to resolve the political tension surrounding opposition-led demonstrations, their suppression by the government on 7 November 2007, and the closure of the most popular opposition television network, Imedi. Saakashvili said in his presidential address that "these elections will be held according to our timing, and not that of our ill-wishers." Saakashvili publicly announced his plans of modernising

10140-475: The election. On 4 January 2004, Saakashvili won the presidential elections in Georgia with more than 96% of the votes cast, making him at 36 years old, the youngest national president in Europe at the time. On a platform of opposing corruption and improving pay and pensions, he promised to improve relations with the outside world. Although he is strongly pro-Western and intended to seek Georgian membership of NATO and

10270-670: The elections (a claim supported by independent exit polls), and urged Georgians to demonstrate against Shevardnadze's government and engage in nonviolent civil disobedience against the authorities. Saakashvili's UNM and Burdjanadze-Democrats united to demand the ouster of Shevardnadze and the rerun of the elections. Massive political demonstrations were held in Tbilisi in November, with over 100,000 people participating and listening to speeches by Saakashvili and other opposition figures. The Kmara ("Enough!") youth organization (a Georgian counterpart of

10400-491: The end of Saakashvili's second term, about a quarter of the population was still living below the absolute poverty rate. Georgia's ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International improved dramatically from rank 133 in 2004 to 67 in 2008 and further to 51 in 2012, surpassing several EU countries. The World Bank ranked the country 8th in terms of ease of doing business and named it as

10530-415: The end of his second term, about a quarter of the population was still poor, and unemployment was at 15%. On 27 March 2006, the government announced that it had prevented a nationwide prison riot plotted by criminal kingpins . The police operation ended with the deaths of 7 inmates and at least 17 injuries. While the opposition cast doubts over the official version and demanded an independent investigation,

10660-471: The end of his term in office. After Georgian independence, the government found that its Soviet-style centralized healthcare system was underfunded and failing. State-run centralized medical facilities were typically inefficient and in need of renovation and technological upgrades. As a result, the government privatized almost all public hospitals and clinics, and the insurance system was deregulated, with private insurance companies able to offer coverage. Only

10790-403: The eve of the local elections . Later on the same day Prime Minister of Georgia Irakli Garibashvili held a press briefing announcing that Saakashvili had been arrested in Tbilisi. According to the investigation, Saakashvili entered the country secretly, hiding in a semi-trailer truck loaded with milk products. He illegally crossed the state border of Georgia, bypassing the customs control. He

10920-565: The existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, whereas the diaspora created after the Armenian genocide preserved the Western Armenian dialect. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in

11050-679: The following year. In 1993, he also received a diploma from the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg , France. Saakashvili interned at the United Nations. After graduation, while on internship in the New York law firm of Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler in early 1995, he was approached by Zurab Zhvania , an old friend from Georgia who was working on behalf of President Eduard Shevardnadze to enter politics. He stood in

11180-462: The foundation of Vietnam People's Public Security , the national law enforcement force of Vietnam, in 1945 and also commemorates the August Revolution of the same date. Armenian language Armenian ( endonym : հայերեն , hayeren , pronounced [hɑjɛˈɾɛn] ) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. It

11310-446: The government size. Military budget rose to 9.2% of GDP by 2007 to strengthen the nation's defense capability. The government pursued a zero-tolerance policy towards crime. Saakashvili appointed Kakha Bendukidze as the Minister of Economy to implement economic liberalization and rapid privatization . Georgia's economy grew 70% between 2003 and 2013, and per capita income roughly tripled. However, poverty only marginally declined. At

11440-834: The holiday is celebrated in a similar manner to the Russians, but may however be celebrated on different days or called different things. Despite this, the most common reference to this Police Day is the Russian language translation Russian: День полиции , meaning Day of the Police or Day of the Militsiya in English. The latter was used as the name of the Russian holiday until the adoption of President Dmitry Medvedev 's Russian police reform in March 2011. The Day of

11570-425: The hypothetical Mushki language may have been a (now extinct) Armenic language. W. M. Austin (1942) concluded that there was early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages , based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. Unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies ), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy )

11700-464: The interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others took the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. These changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or

11830-434: The late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. Later, it was used mainly in religious and specialized literature, with the exception of a revival during the early modern period, when attempts were made to establish it as the language of a literary renaissance, with neoclassical inclinations, through the creation and dissemination of literature in varied genres, especially by

11960-472: The leading economic reformer in the world . The Abkhaz–Georgian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts continued during Saakashvili's presidency and saw a major escalation in 2008, which saw Russia officially announcing its support for separatists in Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Saakashvili led Georgia through the 2008 Russo-Georgian War , which ended after five days of fighting by a ceasefire agreement negotiated by

12090-528: The leading economic reformer in the world, and the country ranked 8th in terms of ease of doing business - while most of the country's neighbours are ranked somewhere in the hundreds. The World Bank noted a significant improvement in living conditions in Georgia, reporting that "Georgia's transformation since 2003 has been remarkable. The lights are on, the streets are safe, and public services are corruption free." Doing Business report founder Simeon Dyankov has given Georgia as an example to other reformers during

12220-558: The long-term priority for the country is to advance its membership in the European Community and during a meeting with Javier Solana , he said that in contrast with new and old European states, Georgia is an Ancient European state. On 10 May 2005, while U.S. President George W. Bush was giving a speech in Tbilisi's Freedom Square , Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live hand grenade at where Saakashvili and Bush were sitting. It landed in

12350-560: The morphology of the language. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as parallelism . In the 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland was once again divided. This time Eastern Armenia was conquered from Qajar Iran by the Russian Empire , while Western Armenia , containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under Ottoman control. The antagonistic relationship between

12480-640: The new president to intensify his efforts towards bringing the breakaway South Ossetia back under the Georgian jurisdiction. The separatist authorities responded with intense militarization in the region, that led to armed clashes in August 2004. A stalemate ensued, and despite a peace plan proposed by the Georgian government in 2005, the conflict remains unresolved. In late July 2006, Saakashvili's government dealt successfully with another major crisis , this time in Abkhazia's Kodori Gorge where Georgia's police forces disarmed

12610-403: The now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects existed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of

12740-614: The number of its troops in Iraq , making Georgia one of the biggest supporters of Coalition Forces , and keeping its troops in Kosovo and Afghanistan to "contribute to what it describes as global security". Saakashvili's government maintained diplomatic relations with other Caucasian states and Eastern European countries with Western orientation , such as Armenia , Azerbaijan , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Romania , Turkey and Ukraine . In 2004, Saakashvili visited Israel to attend

12870-602: The official opening of the Modern Energy Problems Research Center, and Dr. Brenda Schaffer, the director of the centre, described Saakashvili as the Nelson Mandela of the 21st century. In August of the same year, Saakashvili, who holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Haifa , travelled to Israel to attend the opening of the official Week of Georgian-Jewish Friendship, held under the auspices of

13000-526: The official status of the Armenian language. Eastern Armenian is the official variant used, making it the prestige variety while other variants have been excluded from national institutions. Indeed, Western Armenian is perceived by some as a mere dialect. Armenian was also official in the Republic of Artsakh . It is recognized as an official language of the Eurasian Economic Union although Russian

13130-619: The oldest surviving Armenian-language writing is etched in stone on Armenian temples and is called Mehenagir . The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405, at which time it had 36 letters. He is also credited by some with the creation of the Georgian alphabet and the Caucasian Albanian alphabet . While Armenian constitutes the sole member of the Armenian branch of the Indo-European family, Aram Kossian has suggested that

13260-474: The parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity during the Proto-Indo-European period. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his book Esquisse d'une histoire de la langue latine (1936). Georg Renatus Solta (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek

13390-407: The path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from several morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and generally analogous rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other as long as they are fluent in one of the literary standards. After World War I ,

13520-552: The population. The short-lived First Republic of Armenia declared Armenian its official language. Eastern Armenian was then dominating in institutions and among the population. When Armenia was incorporated into the USSR, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic made Eastern Armenian the language of the courts, government institutions and schools. Armenia was also russified . The current Republic of Armenia upholds

13650-465: The president (7–16 November) and the restriction imposed on some mass media sources led to harsh criticism of the Saakashvili government both in the country and abroad. Human Rights Watch criticized the Georgian government for using "excessive" force against protesters in November and International Crisis Group warned of growing authoritarianism. Patarkatsishvili's opposition television station Imedi

13780-408: The president and his allies. The protests climaxed early in November 2007, and involved several opposition groups and the influential media tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili . Although the demonstrations rapidly went downhill, the government's decision to use police force against the remaining protesters evolved into clashes in the streets of Tbilisi on 7 November. The declaration of state of emergency by

13910-559: The president and said that he did so to gain some political benefit and that Badri Patarkatsishvili told him to do so. Okruashvili's lawyer and other opposition leaders said his retraction had been made under duress. Georgia faced the worst crisis since the Rose Revolution. A series of anti-government demonstration were sparked, in October, by accusations of murders and corruption levelled by Irakli Okruashvili , Saakashvili's erstwhile associate and former member of his government, against

14040-476: The president of planning Patarkatsishvili's murder. Okruashvili was detained two days later on charges of extortion, money laundering, and abuse of office. However, in a videotaped confession released by the General Prosecutor's Office on 8 October 2007, in which Okruashvili pleaded guilty to large-scale bribery through extortion and negligence while serving as minister, he retracted his accusations against

14170-436: The representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". Graeco-(Armeno)-Aryan is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family , ancestral to

14300-411: The ruling party was able to vote down such initiatives. Despite this, Saakashvili's government also eased the legal system in some respects. His government decriminalized libel and pushed through legislation upholding freedom of speech , although he was accused of stifling the media and using the judicial system to go after his political opponents in spite of this. In December 2006, Saakashvili signed

14430-403: The salaries of state employees to the point where they could depend on their salaries rather than bribes for a living. Many oligarchs who had dominated the economy were arrested, with most agreeing to pay massive fines into the state budget in exchange for their freedom. Saakashvili reformed the economy by cutting red tape which had made business difficult, courting foreign investment, simplifying

14560-602: The salute at a ceremony in the Yerevan police headquarters. Celebrated on 2 July, the Azerbaijani Police Day ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Polisi Günü ) commemorates personnel of the Police of Azerbaijan . Initially, 6 June was declared the Azerbaijani Police Day by the decree of the President of Azerbaijan , Abulfaz Elchibey , dated 6 June 1992. On 24 May 1998, by the decree of the President Heydar Aliyev ,

14690-463: The similarities between the two languages meant that Armenian belonged to the Iranian language family . The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary . He showed that Armenian often had two morphemes for one concept, that the non-Iranian components yielded

14820-630: The suspension of law enforcement duties by the Ukrainian Militsiya (Ukraine) and the establishment of the National Police of Ukraine. It also coincides with the first oath of patrol policemen on Sofia Square in Kyiv. The holiday was introduced and first celebrated in August 2015 and was celebrated on that day ever since until President Petro Poroshenko by decree on 4 April 2018 declared that National Police Day be celebrated annually on 4 July, and become

14950-509: The tax code, launching a privatization campaign, and tackling widespread tax evasion . Due to the establishment of a functioning taxation and customs infrastructure, the state budget increased by 300% within three years. The government massively upgraded infrastructure and public services. In particular, water and power infrastructure was improved to the point where it functioned effectively, schools and hospitals were renovated, more roads were laid, and new housing developments were built. As

15080-512: The terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European , he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage. Contemporary linguists, such as Hrach Martirosyan , have rejected many of

15210-530: The time Saakashvili took office, Georgia suffered from a stagnant economy, widespread corruption by police and state officials to the point where bribery was needed for any kind of commercial transaction, high crime rates, and severe infrastructure problems, including widespread power outages, and schools and medical facilities falling into disrepair. Saakashvili set out on a massive reform programme. He systematically fired politicians, public officials, and police officers suspected of corruption and significantly raised

15340-441: The upcoming elections. Pursuant to the Constitution of Georgia , Saakashvili resigned on 25 November to launch his pre-election campaign for early presidential polls. On 5 January 2008, an early presidential election was held nationwide, with the exception of the highland village of Shatili , where the polling station was not opened due to high levels of snowfall. In a televised address, President Saakashvili had proposed to hold

15470-475: The will to deal with it, warning that "current developments in Georgia will turn the country into a criminal enclave in one or two years." Having resigned from the government and quit the Shevardnadze-run Union of Citizens of Georgia party, Saakashvili founded the United National Movement (UNM) in October 2001, a centre-right political party with a touch of nationalism , to provide a focus for part of

15600-564: Was adopted by the  Parliament of Georgia  in 2011. The Act restricted the state's ability to interfere in the economy, and was aimed at reducing the state expenses and debt by 30% and 60%, respectively. It also explicitly prohibited the Government from changing taxes without a popular referendum on rates and structure. Due to his government's economic reforms, Georgia's economy grew 70% between 2003 and 2013, and per capita income roughly tripled. However, poverty only marginally declined. At

15730-401: Was an outcome of the bloodless Rose Revolution and a consequent resignation of President Eduard Shevardnadze . It is well known for a very high level of electoral turnout and also for the number of votes cast for one particular presidential candidate – Mikheil Saakashvili (96%). All other candidates received less than 2% of the votes. In total, 1,763,000 eligible voters participated in

15860-519: Was held on 13 October 1949, which continued as a practice until 1957, after which the parade ceremony was suspended On Police Day in 1952, a ceremony of police officers in front of Bhumibol Adulyadej took place at Dusit Palace Palace with a Presentation of Colours ceremony took place. In 2016, National Police Day was not celebrated on its normal date due to the passing of Rama IX that same day. Ukraine celebrates National Police Day ( Ukrainian : День Національної поліції ) on 4 July. It commemorates

15990-576: Was named "man of the year" by a panel of journalists and human rights advocates in 1997. In January 2000, Saakashvili was appointed vice-president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . On 12 October 2000, Saakashvili became Minister of Justice for the government of President Shevardnadze. He initiated major reforms in the Georgian criminal justice and prisons system. This earned praise from international observers and human rights activists. But, in mid-2001, he became involved in

16120-514: Was placed in the No. 12 penitentiary facility in Rustavi . President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili stated that she would "never" pardon Saakashvili. He has been transferred to hospital numerous times due to his health condition and since May 2022 is being treated in a civilian clinic in Tbilisi. Saakashvili was born in Tbilisi on 21 December 1967, capital of the then Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in

16250-563: Was published. The Day of the Police of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Ден на българската полиция ) is celebrated in the country on 8 November. It commemorates the National Police Service . It was celebrated for the first time on 21 November 1924 but was interrupted after the 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état . At the suggestion of the National Police Service in 1994, 8 November was declared a national holiday once again. By decision of

16380-403: Was raided by the police and transformed into a pro-government channel. Another wave of protests erupted in 2009 . In May 2011, the government again violently responded to the opposition protests staged by Saakashvili's former ally Nino Burjanadze . Saakashvili was embroiled in a number of scandals, the most important ones relating to the beating of the opposition politician Valery Gelashvili and

16510-467: Was shut down in November 2007 after the authorities accused it of complicity with the plot to overthrow the elected government. The channel resumed broadcasts a few weeks after the incident, but did not cover news or talk shows until after the election. Subsequently, the station was sold to supporters of the Saakashvili government and some Georgian journalists have called for the station to be handed back. On 8 November 2007, President Saakashvili announced

16640-405: Was situated between Proto-Greek ( centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian ( satem subgroup). Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological developments connecting Armenian to Balto-Slavic languages . The Armenian language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Another text translated into Armenian early on, and also in the 5th-century,

16770-474: Was sworn in as president in Tbilisi on 25 January 2004. Immediately after the ceremony he signed a decree establishing a new state flag . On 26 January, in a ceremony held at the Tbilisi Kashueti Church of Saint George, he promulgated a decree granting permission for the return of the body of the first president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia , from Grozny ( Chechen Republic ) to Tbilisi and renaming

16900-666: Was the Armenian Alexander Romance . The vocabulary of the language has historically been influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages , particularly Parthian ; its derivational morphology and syntax were also affected by language contact with Parthian, but to a lesser extent. Contact with Greek, Persian , and Syriac also resulted in a number of loanwords. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in Armenia) and Western Armenian (spoken originally mainly in modern-day Turkey and, since

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