The period of peak production of the Golconda diamonds (in the present-day states Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , India) was under the Qutb Shahi dynasty (16th century – 17th century CE), and the region was also known as the "Golconda Sultanate". The Asaf Jahi dynasty (18th century – 19th century CE) was later dominant, and it was also known as the "Nizam of Hyderabad". During these times, the diamond mines were leased out to merchants under the supervision of regional governors. The periods of the leases were recorded in days. Local merchants Shantidas Jhaveri and Khushalchand were legendary diamond traders of the region. Large diamonds (over 1 carat ) obtained from the mines were reserved for the rulers under terms of the leases.
55-552: The Polar Star diamond is a 41.28 carat brilliant cushion-cut diamond, from the Golconda region in India . Its lower pavilion is arranged as an eight-pointed star, hence its name, from Polaris , the Northern Star. It is claimed that "the symmetry of the cut is so precise that it can be balanced on its culet" It is a rare type IIa diamond, meaning that it contains no nitrogen or boron. It
110-432: A Golconda diamond. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought growth to the world economy, and the introduction of sophisticated cutting and polishing techniques led to a higher worldwide demand for diamonds. The popularity of Golconda diamonds has risen since the 1950s because of successful advertising campaigns by traders. They continue to be a popular gemstone in the 21st century. Golconda diamonds are
165-435: A clay cistern would be prepared on the spot for use in digging. The depth of the mines was usually up to four fathoms (7.3 meters). In some situations, if boulders appeared during digging, the boulders were covered with coal and burned out to make them very hot. Then water was sprayed on the boulders to produce cracks through thermal shock . The remnants of the boulders were then carved out with tools. This removal procedure
220-690: A male. Alauddin Khalji , who obtained it from the Kakatiya dynasty , was murdered by his slave. Nader Shah , who looted the Koh-i-Noor from the Mughals and gave it its current name, was assassinated. Shuja Shah Durrani was overthrown by his predecessor and went into exile. Ranjit Singh died of a heart attack and when the diamond passed to the East India Company , it was passed on to Queen Victoria , after which it
275-536: A sign of supremacy. Golconda diamonds were popularized in the Middle East and the Western world by mediaeval and modern-period travellers and traders such as Niccolò de' Conti, Muhammad al-Idrisi , Marco Polo, and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. Diamonds from India—most of which were Golconda diamonds—were used to decorate the crowns, coronets and sceptres of every nation; it was considered a point of pride by any ruler to own
330-624: A trial after purchasing the Princie Diamond in an auction without its heir's consent. The matter was settled out of court. In the same year, jewels worth US$ 1.2 billion were stolen in a heist from the Green Vault in Dresden Castle , Germany; along with other treasures, the 49-carat rose cut Dresden White Diamond , which was made into an epaulette during the Seven Years' War of 1756 AD,
385-566: Is a form of rough diamond that is used to produce jewellery, was first developed in the Golconda region. Of the 38 diamond mines in India at the time, 23 were located in the Golconda Sultanate, of which Kollur Mine was prominent and employed 60,000 workers at one time. Most of these mines were fully active until 1830 but were gradually abandoned as they became either submerged by the backwaters of
440-471: Is likely D or E color ("colourless"), with a trace of pink, and has blue fluorescence. The first record of the diamond's existence is around 1806 when it was owned by Joseph Bonaparte (eldest brother of Napoleon ), who is reported to have purchased it from Morton for 52,500 francs. It is likely that he disposed of the diamond after abdicating and around the time of his settlement in the United States. It
495-525: The Krishna - Pennar river basin and Deccan Traps , and contains 120 out of the 150 kimberlite pipes in India. Though kimberlite and lamproite are the primary rock source, conglomerate and placers had yielded the majority of the region's diamonds. The Geological Survey of India has categorized kimberlite pipes of southern India into clusters Southern Wajrakarur kimberlite , Northern Narayanpet kimberlite , and Central Raichur kimberlite of these,
550-604: The Napoleon Diamond Necklace , which became a sensation during the Great Depression (1929) when Archduke Leopold of Austria was imprisoned on larceny charges connected with the necklace sale. In 1980, a heist was executed at Sydney Town Hall , New South Wales, Australia, to steal the 95-carat yellow Golconda d'or diamond from an exhibition display. In 2019, the Al Thani Collection of Qatar faced
605-616: The Pulichintala irrigation dam or became depleted. Diamond mining in the region gradually declined and finally officially closed. In 2015, the Centre of Exploration Geophysics of Osmania University and the Geological Survey of India (GSI) conducted research that identified three zones that contain 21 potential new diamond-mining sites near the delta of the Krishna and Bhima rivers, and in
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#1733085145153660-568: The Timmasamudram kimberlite cluster —a part of Southern Wajrakarur kimberlite—is significant. Mediaeval records from Europe and the Middle East show India's importance as a source of high-quality diamonds . According to jewellery historian Jack Ogden , these records include those of Pliny the Elder , Marco Polo , Muhammed al-Idrisi , Ahmad al-Tifashi , and others from before the 12th century. The records state India produced diamonds with "which
715-437: The first water , making them among history's most-celebrated diamonds. The phrase "Golconda diamond" became synonymous with diamonds of incomparable quality. For 2,000 years, Golconda diamonds were the only-known fine diamonds. Due to centuries of excessive mining, their production was exhausted by 1830, and gemologists and traders have classified Golconda diamonds as antique, rare and precious. Famous Golconda diamonds include
770-551: The 1600s AD when mines were leased, an agreement—(called Qaul ) would be signed under the supervision of regional governors—miners were charged four Pagodas per day for 100 workers, while they will pay monthly rent based on the strength of the workers, provisions, and tobacco were provided with 50 percent extra excise duty while large and exclusive carat of diamonds would only be sold to the ruler with concessions, while Bania community—(a merchant and trading community in India) used to have
825-537: The 16th to 18th centuries when 23 mines, of which Kollur Mine was the most active, operated in the region and 30,000 people at a time worked in one mine. The output from all of the mines in Golconda is estimated to be around 10,000,000 carats (2.0 t). In 2015, Osmania University in collaboration with Geological Survey of India discovered potential new sites for diamond mining in the region , though as of 2022 mining had not started. Several literary legends were inspired by Golconda diamonds; these include Sindbad
880-760: The 17th century, mines in this region were the only source of diamonds on Earth. According to the records of 18th-and-19th-century geologists , researchers , and traders, the region south of the Kurnool district near the Krishna River valley in and around NTR district , Palnadu , and Guntur ; the Godavari delta in Rampachodavaram and Bhadrachalam; north-eastern Madhya Pradesh ; eastern Chhattisgarh ; western Jharkhand ; and north-western Odisha are possible historical sources of diamond. The best-known region among these
935-810: The French Crown Jewels were stolen from the Garde Meuble (Royal Treasury); although most of the jewels were traced, the thieves sold the Sancy and Regent Diamonds, and the Royal French Blue Diamond was cut and renamed the Hope Diamond. The thief returned the Mazarin Diamond in exchange for a pardon and the diamond was restored to the French crown. In 1811, Napoleon Bonaparte gifted his wife Marie Louise
990-538: The Godavari-Krishna delta region of Andhra Pradesh , India. Golconda Fort in the western part of modern-day Hyderabad was a seat of the Golconda Sultanate and became an important centre for diamond enhancement , lapidary , and trading. Golconda diamonds are graded as Type IIa , are formed of pure carbon , are devoid of nitrogen , and are large with high clarity . They are often described as diamonds of
1045-454: The Golconda Sultanate, of which the Kollur Mine was prominent where 60,000 workers were employed at once, making Golconda the "Diamond Capital" of the past. Most of these mines were fully active until 1830 CE but were gradually abandoned as they became either submerged by the backwaters or depleted due to excessive mining. Thus, mining gradually declined and finally officially closed. In
1100-402: The Golconda region, and were reserved for emperors and rulers. Sometimes, diamonds were considered to have supernatural powers, and were worn as amulets and talismans. The Shah Jahan Diamond , which is currently part of Al Saba Collection , was once an amulet of Mughal emperors . Diamonds were treasured as gemstones, and were believed to be a gift from God to humanity, and owning them was
1155-433: The Golconda region, the diamond valley was replete with venomous snakes, making obtaining the diamonds dangerous. The diamond traders took a herd of cattle to the hilltop near the valley. After slaughtering the cattle, they catapulted cow flesh towards the diamond valley; the flesh became stuck to the diamonds, which were picked up by eagles and vultures that carried the cow flesh to their nests to eat. The stones remained after
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#17330851451531210-565: The Golconda rulers learned about the demand for Golconda diamonds in Europe, they seized all of the mines and temporarily halted mining to increase the price, which then doubled. In 1627, high prices led Dutch traders to stop purchasing, and the British East India Company brought investments and purchased the diamonds. The company's monopoly continued alongside indigenous traders such as Mir Jumla II, Virji Vora , and Kasi Veranna until
1265-611: The Sailor 's valley of diamonds, the gem lore of Marco Polo , and the theme of Russell Conwell 's inspirational lecture " Acres of Diamonds ". According to folklore, some Golconda diamonds are cursed; these impart good luck to their owners or have mystical powers while others were worn as talismans . In 2013, the Princie Diamond from the Jewels of the Nizams was auctioned for US$ 39.3 million—the highest-recorded auction price for Golconda Diamonds and
1320-633: The Sailor 's voyages, which were written during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809 CE), describe the Valley of the Diamonds that is part of the folk tales collection One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights , Alf Laila Wa Laila , or Alif Laila ). These regional descriptions have the same features of Deccan in general and the Golconda region in particular. These names are difficult to link to modern geographic names. Until
1375-487: The beds of the Krishna, Tungabhadra and Penna rivers. According to the research, the sites contain volcanic pipes that probably bear kimberlite and possibly diamonds. According to Outlook India , in 2022, some companies applied for mining rights in the region of Andhra Pradesh, soon after the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) discovered diamond deposits in the seven districts of
1430-472: The birds consumed the flesh, allowing the stones to be tracked and collected by the local merchants' workers. According to Jean R. Brink, who wrote Renaissance Culture in Context: Theory and Practice (2017), this legend is repeated in many mediaeval Arabic and Chinese literary works. It was also repeated by Marco Polo, who visited the region's capital Warangal but did not visit the mining sites. Being
1485-746: The colourless Koh-i-Noor , the Nassak Diamond , the blue Hope Diamond , the Idol's Eye , the pink Daria-i-Noor , the white Regent Diamond , the Dresden Green Diamond , and the colourless Orlov Diamond , as well as now-untraceable diamonds such as the yellow Florentine Diamond , the Akbar Shah , the Nizam Diamond , and the Great Mogul Diamond . The Golconda diamond industry was at its peak from
1540-410: The diamond mines of the Golconda region are now depleted and inactive. Later discoveries of diamond deposits in regions such as Brazil post-1730, Australia post-1851, and Africa post-1866 provided significant supplies of diamonds, although their clarity generally does not match that of Golconda diamonds. For these reasons, Golconda diamonds remain among the world's most-celebrated diamonds. Some of
1595-475: The diamond so he contacted the captain of a British ship. The slave and the captain agreed to share equally in the proceeds from the diamond's sale in exchange for safe passage. Later, the captain stole the diamond, killed the slave, and sold the diamond to an Indian merchant named Jamchand. Jamchand supposedly sold it to Thomas Pitt , who in turn sold it to Philippe d'Orléans . According to pervasive folklore narrated by Marco Polo about his 13th-century visits to
1650-456: The diamond to Cartier in 1924, who in turn sold the diamond in 1928 to Lady Deterding, the wife of the oil magnate Sir Henri Deterding, founder of Royal Dutch Shell . Following instructions from her will, Christie's auctioned the 'Polar Star' in Geneva on the 20 November 1980. It was bought by a Sri Lankan jeweller, Razeen Salih for 8 million Swiss Francs ($ 4.6 million) for the gem, which at the time
1705-489: The diamond to decorate the French crown; all of the French rulers from Louis XIV to Napoleon III have worn it. After France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the diamond, along with other French Crown Jewels, was sold to settle the losses. Frederic Boucheron , a jewellery-house owner, purchased it. According to a popular legend, the Koh-i-Noor should only be possessed by a female and will bring bad luck to
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1760-634: The early 1600s, some Dutch miners of the Dutch East India Company were granted mining rights. The 17th-century French explorer Jean-Baptiste Tavernier reported he was "permitted to examine" the egg-shaped Great Moghul diamond, which is now lost and said to have been cut into smaller diamonds. He reported having seen a flat diamond called the Great Table diamond in Golconda. Jean de Thévenot , François Bernier or Antoine Destremau were French traders in Golconda diamonds. In 1621 and 1622, when
1815-588: The gems were engraved". Ancient texts of Buddhists , Hindus , and Jains such as the Arthashastra (2nd century BCE – 4th century CE), the Ratna Pariksha , and the Puranas refer to cities and regions of India that produced diamonds. Roman historian Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) in his encyclopedia described the demand and fondness of Roman imperial women for the diamonds of South India. The tales of Sinbad
1870-411: The majority of holdings and during the early 1600 AD some Dutch miners of Dutch East India Company were granted mining rights. In 1621–22 AD when Golconda rulers learned about the demand and selling price for Golconda diamonds in Europe, the rulers seized all the mines and temporarily halt the mining process to increase the demand, due to which the price rises up to double. In 1627, seeing the high prices
1925-402: The mines became depleted in the 1830s. Most of the impoverished governments and princely rulers were removed from power, forcing them sell their jewels—including Golconda diamonds—which were later auctioned. Due to their royal lineage, mystical tales, and advertising campaigns by companies, Golconda diamonds became the global status reference. Historically, diamonds of high quality were mined in
1980-511: The notable Golconda diamonds are: The world's top-four pink diamonds are from Golconda. Cardinal Mazarin was an influential Chief minister of France during the reign of Louis XIII and Louis XIV ; Mazarin, a connoisseur of jewels, sponsored Jean Baptiste Tavernier's journey to India to collect diamonds; among his collection is the 19.07-carat, light-pink Le Grand Mazarin Diamond , which he always kept close to him. In his will, Mazarin bequeathed
2035-406: The raw diamonds. The raw diamonds from the regional mines were typically then transported to the Golconda (now the western part of Hyderabad ) for skilled lapidary, enhancement and further evaluation and sale. The art of macle , which is a form of rough diamond used to produce jewelry, was first developed in the Golconda region. Of the 38 diamond mines in India at the time, 23 were located in
2090-591: The region was controlled by the Golconda Sultanate and the Nizams of Hyderabad . The mines were leased under the supervision of regional governors, of whom prominent 17th-century diamond trader Mir Jumla became the Grand vizier (Prime Minister) of the Golconda Sultanate. He established a network of diamond merchants in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia—up to China and the Malay Archipelago . Shantidas Jhaveri
2145-456: The sea route to India and the 16th-century Golconda Sultanate's new port at Machilipatnam increased the production and trade of Golconda diamonds. The emergence of demand for Golconda diamonds led to the exploration and discoveries of mines in the region that produced brilliant diamonds. In the 17th century, under the Golconda Sultanate, when new mines were discovered and leased to the miners, an agreement called "Qaul" would be signed under
2200-435: The state. The Golconda region was a major trading centre and the source of the world's most-famous diamonds. Until the end of the 19th century, it was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world, making the name "Golconda diamond" synonymous with high-quality diamonds. It has been estimated the Golconda region traded around 10 million carats of diamonds. A unit of measurement for Golconda diamonds
2255-533: The supervision of regional governors, according to which, for employing 100 workers, miners would pay four pagodas per day, and monthly rent was based on the strength of the workers on the mining site. Provisions were supplied only by the governor with 50 percent extra excise duty. Large diamonds from the site were exclusively reserved for the rulers and to be sold with concessions. Bania and Khatri castes—merchant and trading communities in India—held most of mines. In
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2310-533: The world record for US$ 1.1 million per carat . In a heist in 2019 , the Dresden White Diamond was stolen along with jewels worth US$ 1.2 billion. The Golconda diamondiferous region is located in the Southern Indian peninsular shield , which was formed during the process of proterozoic and Insular India . The region is spread over 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi), within the sediments of
2365-565: The world's most magnificent diamonds. They are formed of pure carbon and have no nitrogen, and are rated high on grading standards, giving them the rare Type IIa designation—(Type IIa count less than two percent of the world's natural diamonds. ). They are large and naturally occur in many colours but most of them are known for their colourless clarity and material properties . Some are popular for their colours, for which they are characterized as Diamonds of First water . Although Golconda diamonds are known for their size and clarity,
2420-534: The world's most-famous, large, and valuable stones with interesting histories, Golconda diamonds attract envy and fascination, for which many controversies, robberies, and scandals have occurred. The Affair of the Diamond Necklace (1784–1786) was about a 2,800-carat necklace containing 647 gems. The incident brought ignominy to Queen Marie Antoinette and later instigated the French Revolution . In 1792,
2475-456: The worth of Golconda Diamonds, he expanded trading and become the most prominent merchant of Golconda diamonds , he established a network of traders from Persia , Arab , Dutch , French , Portuguese , Burma , China , Malay Archipelago and Bengal . Jean-Baptiste Tavernier advised Mir Jumla that there is little market of diamonds in europe at that time, thus prompting Mir Jumla to send his diamond miners back for agricultural works. In
2530-636: The year 2015, research was conducted by the Centre of Exploration Geophysics ( Osmania University ) and by the Geological Survey of India . The research identified three zones that contain 21 new potential diamond mining sites near the delta of the Krishna and Bhima rivers, specifically in the riverbeds of the Krishna, Tungabhadra and Penna . According to the research, the sites contain volcanic pipes which probably bear Kimberlite and possibly diamonds. Mir Jumla II also known as Mir Jumla and Mohammad Saad, came to Golconda Sultanete from Persia and initially, he traded into daily wares later when he realize
2585-575: Was a record. The record was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records, as the highest price per carat for a diamond at the time. Mr Salih's and his partner Sheikha Mahdi's company Mujoharat Al Sharq, in Jeddah purchased the 'Polar Star' for a client said to be a senior Saudi Arabian finance industry official. This gemology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Golconda diamonds Golconda diamonds are mined in
2640-520: Was another 17th-century diamond trader. Golconda diamonds were mined from alluvial soils alongside river beds. Mines were usually up to 4 fathoms (7.3 m; 24 ft) deep. When mining reached groundwater , digging was halted. Stony substances were then collected for assortment and examined for diamonds. Raw diamonds from the mines were typically transported to Golconda—now the western part of Hyderabad — ) for skilled lapidary, enhancement, further evaluation, and sale. The art of macle , which
2695-700: Was bought in the 1820s by the Yusupov family (probably by Princess Tatiana Yusupov , wife of Prince Nikolai Borisovich Yusupov ), whereby it passed to Prince Felix Yusupov , participant in the assassination of Rasputin . After the Russian Revolution, Yusupov and his family fled, taking the Polar Star, along with other gems such as La Pelegrina , the Sultan of Morocco and the Ram's head. To help sustain his family in exile, he sold
2750-510: Was historically known as Telingana or Tilling , and was renamed Golconda during the Deccan sultanates period and generally known as the Godavari delta. As European travellers and traders increasingly engaged in trading with producers of this region , the region's diamonds came to be referred to as "Golconda diamonds". The peak period of Golconda diamond mining was the 16th-to-18th centuries, when
2805-518: Was later imprisoned and tortured. An article entitled " Hope Diamond Has Brought Trouble To All Who Have Owned It " appeared in The Washington Post in 1908. According to legend, the Regent Diamond was discovered between 1698 and 1701 at Kollur Mine. A slave worker who found the diamond smuggled it out by hiding it deep inside a self-inflicted cut. The slave wanted to escape from India with
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#17330851451532860-422: Was stolen. The diamond belonged to 18th-century ruler Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . Golconda diamonds mining and trading Actual mining of the Golconda diamonds occurred in alluvial soil settings, alongside river beds, and were found within a few feet of the surface of the land. After the customary survey of geological formations between the river and the mountains, mining sites were selected and
2915-764: Was successively mounted in the crowns of Queen Alexandra , Queen Mary , and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother . The latter crown, along with the other Crown Jewels , is on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London . Accounts of ill fortune and curses are also associated with the Hope Diamond; Tavernier, who took the stone to Paris, was "torn to pieces by wild dogs" in Constantinople . Louis XIV gave it to Madame de Montespan , whom later he abandoned. Sultan Hamid of Turkey gave it to Abu Sabir to "polish" but Sabir
2970-565: Was the Ratti ( 7 ⁄ 8 of a carat ), and the most-common currency was the Golconda Pagoda , which was also called Hun. Golconda had been trading diamonds with European kingdoms since at least the days of Marco Polo (1254–1324). During the 1420s, Niccolò de' Conti , a prominent Italian traveller and merchant who lived in India, had a detailed account of diamond valleys in the Golconda region. The 15th-century Portuguese discovery of
3025-406: Was used since gunpowder was not yet a tool for mining in the region at the time. When mining reached ground water , digging was halted. At that point in the mining process, the miners washed away the earthy particles from the collected soil. Stony substances were then collected for assortment and examination to obtain diamonds. The earthy coverings of limescale ore were then removed, to yield
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