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46-539: Pokomo may refer to: Pokomo people Pokomo language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pokomo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokomo&oldid=1031192148 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

92-437: A cooked mixture of sifted maize and green gram/beans; and nkumbu , ash baked or boiled banana. Sima (stiff cornmeal porridge ) has become the staple Pokomo dish due to the changing or absence of river flooding regimes and weather that is not able to support rice cultivation. The government was led by a council of elders referred to as kijo . The three arms below the kijo are: (a) judicial system referred to as Gasa ; (b)

138-613: A famous song at Ndera - mpanzi mpanzi kuniyawa... nakwenda Kitere... People from Mnazini village south of Nkozi would travel northwards in the direction of Nkozi where the singing was heard from the other side, and those from Nkozi would heading south toward Mnazini village. They would eventually meet on the way, wondering where the singing and dancing was really coming from; They singers were said to be Maseha (evil spirit beings). This made it difficult for anybody to dare to settle and live at Kitere village. However, after 1946 floods Nkozi and its surroundings were covered with water

184-417: A pronounced use of stucco for decoration and the adoption of the trilobal arch. The trilobal arch, a more elaborate design than the broken arch used previously, emerged in the 17th century under the influence of Indian traders. By the late 18th century this form had evolved into a polylobal design. The construction techniques for the mihrab arches involved ashlar blocks of coral bound with mortar, covered with

230-462: A square plan, a small mihrab decorated with Indian-style volutes and blind arcades, and two small pillars flanking the mihrab projection. In conclusion, the 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a dynamic change in the design of mihrabs within the mosques of the Lamu archipelago. The emergence of Pate, changing political landscapes and external influences from India and Oman all contributed to the development of

276-493: A thick layer of stucco, and topped with pointed arches with a central boss. Decoration played an important role in the new style. The tympanums, the recessed areas above the arch, continued the tradition of using inlaid ceramics as seen in Pate. However, there was a change in the material used for the central boss, from coral to stucco. The frame of the mihrab itself was decorated with stucco panels with geometric designs. The interior of

322-557: Is also evident in this architectural development. The flowering of this new style finds parallels in Yemeni mosques, particularly in Surat, where mihrabs with finely carved trilobal arches suggest a growing economic relationship with India. The Ndia Kuu Mosque in Mombasa, excavated in 1985, reinforces this external influence. This 17th century mosque, probably used by Indian and Pakistani mercenaries, had

368-509: Is crying, please come and eat it so that it can stop crying." The song was composed by Mzee Meza Morowa Galana of Makere village, Gwano in Wenje division. The composer (Mzee Meza) died on 12 November 2015 at age 96. Pokomo people use music to blend their culture in celebrating harvest, fishing, hunting, wedding, circumcision and when new babies were born. Pokomo have only two seasons in namely, Sika and Kilimo . They were able to tell by looking into

414-532: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Pokomo people The Pokomo population is split into two groups: the Upper Pokomo, who make up 75% of the population, and the Lower Pokomo . The Upper Pokomo are mainly Muslim, and have been so since the end of the 19th century. The Lower Pokomos, who live along

460-697: Is one possible origin of Swahili people , Swahili culture and the Swahili language (which evolved from Kingozi language) in East Africa as indicated in Nurse and Spears' book The Swahili, Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society 800–1500 . In Bishop Steers' biography (1869) he wrote about Liongo Fumo , whose grave, water well and settlement can all be found in Ozi village. Strong evidence of Pokomo culture influence

506-646: Is regarded as a "two-months language". This demonstrates that Pokomo are not part of the Mijikenda community, which is composed of nine sub-tribes, the Kauma, Chonyi, Jibana, Giriama, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai, Duruma and Digo. The Pokomo are subdivided into eleven (11) sub-tribes: six in the UP (Mila Julu) and five in the LP (Mila Nchini). The word Mila connotes "culture"; julu , nchini and kote mean "up", "lower" and "both" respectively; therefore

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552-599: Is the largest, it is called mpumi ), tilapia ( ntuku ), trout ( ningu ), eel ( mamba ) and crocodile ( ngwena ). Catfish are mainly boiled or sun dried/smoked. Other food sources include plantains, palm tree seeds, bananas, peas and pumpkins. Pokomos depend on the flooding regime of the Tana to grow rice, bananas, green grams, beans and maize. The staple foods are rice and fish. Other traditional foodstuffs include matoli , cooked banana chips mixed with fish; marika , cooked banana mixed with fish and smashed together; konole ,

598-547: The Wagangana ensure it is implemented. Mulungu (UP) or Mungu (LP) is the universal being of the Pokomo, referring to God the creator of everything. He is believed to bring upon the community abundance and scarcity. The Pokomos traditionally had one religion, guided by a group of spiritual elders among the kijo . Kijo members would seek guidance at sacred prayer areas in the riverine forests. Due to increased population growth and

644-423: The "River Tana" as "Tsana" ("river") as to them this was the only river and others were referred to as Muho or Mukondo - "streams". "Chana" also means "river". When the first Europeans came to Tana River for the purpose of spreading Christianity, they found it difficult to pronounce the word "Tsana" and found it easier to say "Tana". Pokomo culture incorporates rules, rituals, humour and glamour. Pokomo culture

690-537: The Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean. The Pokomo culture is rich in folk tales, songs, dances, weddings, arts/artifacts to name but just a few. In closer comparison, Pokomo culture resembles that of West Africans and they share names with them. Stories were used to affect behaviour. For example, a story that when you whistle during the night, you will encounter a spirit being ( seha ). This

736-455: The Pokomo community, one for UP and the other for LP. The two combine to form a unified Gasa . This is composed of a group of elders who are sent by the Kijo to deliver a message or to call somebody who is needed by the Kijo . For example, whenever the Kijo is meeting, they can send the Wagangana to collect food from community members; or whenever a punishment or an order is given by the Kijo ,

782-490: The Tana River County land belongs to the Pokomo. Land was earlier distributed by the Kijo and Gasa Council of elders to each sub-tribe as indicated in the names of the villages they live in. Three types of land tenure systems are practiced among the Pokomo. These are: (a) Mafumbo - in each clan each family was given land from one side of the river flooding zone to the other side of the river flooding zone across. This

828-461: The artistic influences of various trading partners. This is particularly evident in the design of the mihrab, the prayer niche of symbolic importance within a mosque. The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a period of significant change on the Swahili coast, particularly in the Lamu archipelago. The rise of Pate as a major political force, challenging Portuguese control of Mombasa, is thought to have been

874-399: The background of the woman's family. Upon their approval, they visit the bride's family with a perenkera , this is a small vessel for holding tobacco. At the bride's parents house, they give her parents the perenkera as a sign to indicate their son's desire. They introduce the topic to the bride's parents and are told to consult the woman. After she is consulted and has given the green light,

920-605: The bad omen and thus enable the subsequent children to live to adulthood. Children with such names are referred to as Mwana Fwisa. Such names include Mabuke (banana suckers), Nchui (cheetah) etc. Names also are given to children who are born during a certain season. The Pokomo have songs and dances, including; The Kenya national anthem is an African song whose tune was borrowed from the Pokomo community lullaby . This traditional lullaby lyrics are: Bee mdondo bee, mwana kalilani njoo mudye mwana ywehu alache kuliloo . Roughly translated, this means, "you animal, you animal, our child

966-417: The catalyst for a distinct "new Swahili mihrab" style. This essay examines the development of this unique style, exploring its key features, the influences that shaped it, and prominent examples. The period was marked by a surge in mosque construction, with 22 mosques built in Lamu town and 12 in Pate between 1750 and 1820. A new style of mihrab (prayer niche) was developed, characterised by two key elements:

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1012-617: The community fled Nkozi in canoes and moved to Kitere village. Before settling at Kitere village religious cleansing rituals were conducted to drive away the haunting spirits. The judicial arm of the Kijo is still headed by the Gasa . This is another Council of Elders who showed wisdom and reputable behavior. They are revered and trusted to administer justice. The Gasa is the only elder group still in existence and also gives political guidance. The Gasa has been formally recognised to dispense justice on land and family matters. There are two bodies in

1058-416: The eleven sub-tribes. The same clan may have different reference names across sub-tribe. The Zubaki sub-tribe is the largest amongst the Pokomo sub-tribes. It has nine clans: Karhayu, Meta, Jabha, Kinaghasere, Garjedha, Utah, Ilani and Kinakala. The word "Tana" came from early Europeans who brought Christianity. The UP may have known of other rivers, including Chana Maro or River Maro, while the LP referred to

1104-550: The floods were unusually high and residents were marooned for days; these floods were named Seli ya Nkozi , loosely translated to mean the Nkozi jail cell; the floods covered areas that the yearly floods did not. It was said that haunting spirits ( Maseha ) lived at Kitere village. Others said that ancestors of Nkozi people could be heard talking at Kitere village and that these haunting spirits would sing and dance Miri (a Pokomo dance) and could be heard singing, dancing and playing with

1150-402: The groom's parents come back with hasi (a reed basket) as sign that they are ready to move to the next level. If the bride's family accepts the basket, the groom's parents arrange to come later with jifu . Finally the man's family pays the dowry ( mahari ), followed by the wedding ceremony. Mahari was paid to the bride's family as a sign of respect. This tradition has decayed. In most cases,

1196-574: The introduction of Christianity and Islam, these sacred places were converted to farmlands. The former sacred place at mji wa walevu ,, translated to mean village of the elders, is less than 1 km from Hola Mission and Laza Trading Centres. The majority living in Hola Mission are Christians and those in Laza centre are Muslims. The majority of the Upper Kokomo are Muslims. Conversions to Islam began in

1242-508: The island and married local women. This has been proven recently by archaeological work on the island that has resulted in the finding of evidence to suggest this connection. Further DNA testing done on some residents show that they indeed have Chinese ancestors. For centuries, the Swahili coast of East Africa has been a cultural crossroads. The mosques, central to the religious life of the region, bear witness to this rich heritage. Their architecture reflects not only Islamic traditions but also

1288-540: The latter half of the 19th century due to Swahili influence and by the end of the century, most were Muslim. Most of the Lower Pokomos are Christians , beginning to convert to the religion in the late 1870s, and, by 1914, had almost exclusively converted. Lamu Archipelago The Lamu Archipelago is located in the Indian Ocean close to the northern coast of Kenya , to which it belongs. The islands lie between

1334-405: The lower part of the Tana up to the delta, are mainly Christians , converting to the religion by the early 20th century. Ethnologue indicates that the group is mainly Muslim. In "History of Linguistics: Case Study of Tana River", Dereke Nurse confirmed that the Pokomo regard themselves and their language as divisible into Lower (LP) and Upper Pokomo (UP). The people and the language of roughly

1380-422: The man and woman typically elope. After staying together for sometime, the woman is released to her parents for further training by her aunts on how to care for her family. Divorces were rare and were discouraged. Naming in the Pokomo community is based on the husband's family tree. The first born if a boy is given the name of the husband's father and if a girl the name of the husband's mother. Subsequent boys takes

1426-401: The mihrab apse was decorated with triangular plaster mouldings, while the semi-dome vault had a fluted surface. Examples of this style include a Lamu mihrab with an inscription dated 1753, and mihrabs at Simambaya and Utondwe (Tanzania) dated 1796 and 1782 respectively. Interestingly, Omani mosques built during this period showed a strong resemblance to the Swahili models, with bays parallel to

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1472-471: The mother village of Kitere was located in the flood plains of River Tana. It was the centre of the Kijo. Before someone becomes a Mkijo he undergoes an activity known as Kuyumia Ngaji that was only done at Nkozi . Nkozi flooded twice a year, leading locals to move elsewhere. During flood seasons, people erected structures above the water level, which are known in the Pokomo community as Mahandaki . The people would live on top of these structures. In 1946

1518-418: The names of the husband's brothers in birth order, while if they are girls, the names of the husband's sisters in birth order. Some names that are taken by both boys and girls, with the prefix Ha before a girl's name. For example, Babwoya (name for a man), Habwoya (name for a lady). Names are taken from plant and animal names if the first born died during pregnancy or delivery in the belief that this will offset

1564-553: The northern one-third of the River Tana towards Garisa are known as Malakote (also known as Ilwana or El-Wana). Malakote differ considerably from UP and LP. Even the two-way split UP: LP is partly artificial linguistically. The major break does occur around Mwina, but these are also internal isoglosses dividing UP and LP. Some of these link adjoining part of UP and LP. Within Pokomo, considerable linguistic variation occurs at all levels: lexical , phonological and morphological . Despite

1610-519: The qibla wall and a projecting mihrab. The Omani Simambaya Mosque, built between 1725 and 1765, is an example of this similarity. A later example, the Swahili Wa Deule mosque at Shela (Lamu), built in 1848 according to an inscription in the mihrab, demonstrates the continued use of the trilobal arch. This particular mihrab was framed by semicircular mouldings and decorated with panels of floral and geometric motifs. The influence of external factors

1656-619: The riverline on both sides of the river stretching an average of 3 miles or until the farms touches the sandy soils. The LP occupy the entire Tana Delta (which starts at Baomo) to the mouth of the River before it empties into the Indian Ocean; however, currently some UP have settled together with the LP in the villages of Kipini, Ozi, Kilelengwani, Chara, Chamwanamuma, and Kau among other villages up to Lamu Archipelago and its surrounding islands. In these sub-tribes, clans range from three to nine in either sub-tribe, and they are mostly found cutting across

1702-415: The secretaries (executive assistants) referred to as the Wagangana and (c) the Pokomo religious arm of the Kijo . Kijo was a Council of Elders who were very powerful. They had absolute power to excommunicate, imprison and execute those who had been found guilty by the Gasa . Execution was by tying a heavy stone around the neck of the individual and throwing him/her into the River Tana. At times during

1748-405: The sky and the moon whether the coming rains are for Mvula ya Masika - short rains, which meant that the community would plant fast-maturing crops or Mvula ya Kilimo – long rains, which meant that the community would plant long-maturing crops and those that require a lot of water to mature, such as rice. Pokomo land stretches from Mbalambala to Kipini along the River Tana on both sides. Largely,

1794-467: The small size of the Pokomo Community, at least as much internal difference separates UP and LP as do the two poles of the 150 mile-long Malakote Community. Van Otterloo assess the level of lexical similarity between UP and LP as much the same as that between Giriama and Digo. UP and LP refer to each other jocularly as "two-week" languages; that is, they take two weeks to learn, but Malakote, within UP

1840-1079: The towns of Lamu and Kiunga , near the Coast Province . It is a part of Lamu District . The largest of the islands are Pate Island , Manda Island and Lamu Island . Smaller islands include Kiwayu , which lies in the Kiunga Marine National Reserve , and Manda Toto . Today the largest town in the archipelago is Lamu Town , on Lamu Island . The town is on the World Heritage List . The archipelago contains several archaeological/historical sites of great significance, such as Takwa and Manda Town (both on Manda Island ) and Shanga (on Pate Island ). Some have been partially excavated in later years, shedding important new light on Swahili history and culture. There are some other accounts that mention Chinese ships of Zheng He 's fleet sinking near Lamu Island in Kenya in 1415. Survivors settled on

1886-499: The word milajulu refers to the culture of the Upper Pokomo and milanchini to the culture of the Lower Pokomo. Thus, Milakote (evolving into Malakote ) connotes culture from both sides (here referring to blended culture of Pokomo and Orma/Somalis/Borana). All UP clans live along the river and in the hinterland from the river on both sides in villages located on small hills, probably to avoid river flooding. The farmlands are within

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1932-568: The year people would gather near the sacred places ( Ngaji ) in the night singing and dancing and the Kijo leader would emerge from the sacred forest in the middle of the night walking on poles covered with a white dress and his face covered with a mask. He walked around and danced to the sound of beating drums and returned to the forest, leaving behind a hysterical crowd of people believing that their issues had been solved spiritually. The main sacred places were Mji wa Walevu (Elders village), Nkozi and Laini Keya located near Kone village. Nkozi,

1978-558: Was exported to Lamu Archipelago and its surrounding islands, Nkasija and to the Comoro Islands . The story is told that the name Lamu came from the word Muyamu , which means "in-laws", that is, the Pokomo intermarried with Arabs during the 12th to 13th century. This could be traced in the Lamu Museum, where Pokomo artifacts can be viewed. During this time the Swahili culture was developing. In-breeding between Pokomos and Arabs in Lamu

2024-635: Was found in Pate Island , where most of the Islamic teachers ( Sheikhs ) are Pokomos. Probably the name "Comoro" was derived from the Pokomo name "Komora". In fact, the Comoroans and the Pokomo communicate and understand one another as confirmed by Nurse. The Pokomos are the only tribe in the world with Kingozi language in use today. Kingozi language is the precursor of Swahili as quoted on page 98 in The Periplus of

2070-478: Was meant to avoid conflicts when the river changes its course; (b) Mihema ya Walume - these are virgin lands that do not belong to anybody, but are used by those who develop it. A family is shown an area to farm, but must clear the forests within a certain time or lose it to another. (c) Bada - (loosely translated as "forest"), were preserved for medicinal plants, firewood and to provide building materials. The Pokomo eat Tana river catfish ( mtonzi , or, if it

2116-446: Was meant to teach the children not to whistle during the night to avoid disclosing their location to an enemy. Age groups are formed by adolescent men who are circumcised together. Some of these age groups are: The passage to adulthood for men is by an initiation which involves circumcision – kuhinywa . The marriage process within the Pokomo community includes specific conditions ( Maadha ). The man informs his parents, who examine

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