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71-423: The festival features alternative music, rock, pop, dance music, world music, house, techno, drum and bass, hip hop, but also theatre, discussions, chamber music, dance and literature workshops. The actual record-high attendance is 33,000 people/day from 2009. Since 2010 the festival capacity is limited to 30,000 visitors. The first festival organized on 29 June 1997 was called " Kráľovská Pohoda ". It took place at

142-516: A pagan practice in AD ;787. These markings can potentially provide a wealth of information about an individual. Simple visual examinations, as well as more advanced digital recognition technologies, are employed to assist in identifying or providing clues about suspects or victims of crimes. Tattoos are sometimes used by forensic pathologists to help them identify burned, putrefied, or mutilated bodies. As tattoo pigment lies encapsulated deep in

213-559: A barbaric practice associated with the Yue peoples of southeastern and southern China. Tattoos were often referred to in literature depicting bandits and folk heroes. As late as the Qing dynasty , it was common practice to tattoo characters such as 囚 ("Prisoner") on convicted criminals' faces. Although relatively rare during most periods of Chinese history, slaves were also sometimes marked to display ownership. However, tattoos seem to have remained

284-536: A keen interest in tattoos with Banks writing about them extensively and Parkinson is believed to have gotten a tattoo himself in Tahiti . Banks was a highly regarded member of the English aristocracy who had acquired his position with Cook by co-financing the expedition with ten thousand pounds, a very large sum at the time. In turn, Cook brought back with him a tattooed Raiatean man, Omai , whom he presented to King George and

355-553: A largely non-commercial enterprise during the convict period in Australia. For example, James Ross in the Hobart Almanac of 1833 describes how the convicts on board ship commonly spent time tattooing themselves with gunpowder. Out of a study of 10,180 convict records that were transported to then Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) between 1823 and 1853 about 37% of all men and about 15% of all women arrived with tattoos, making Australia at

426-453: A look akin to traditional makeup. A growing trend in the US and UK is to place artistic tattoos over the surgical scars of a mastectomy . "More women are choosing not to reconstruct after a mastectomy and tissue instead... The mastectomy tattoo or areola tattoo will become just another option for post cancer patients and a truly personal way of regaining control over post cancer bodies..." However,

497-438: A part of southern culture. Marco Polo wrote of Quanzhou , "Many come hither from Upper India to have their bodies painted with the needle in the way we have elsewhere described, there being many adepts at this craft in the city". At least three of the main characters – Lu Zhishen , Shi Jin (史進), and Yan Ching (燕青) – in the classic novel Water Margin are described as having tattoos covering nearly all of their bodies. Wu Song

568-400: A record number of visitors - 25,000/day. On July 14 and 15, the headliners and notable musicians included Coldcut , Pixies , The Frames , Danko Jones , Dizzee Rascal , Gogol Bordello , Natacha Atlas , and Stereo MCs. Attendance: 22,000/day The festival took place on 20 and 21 July, and headliners included The Hives , Wu Tang Clan , Basement Jaxx , and Mando Diao . The event had

639-403: A record-high attendance with about 27,000 visitors each day. The festival took place on July 18 and 19. Headliners for this year were Fatboy Slim , The Streets , Editors , Matthew Herbert Big Band , Unkle , Solomon Burke , Mnozil Brass , Richard Müller , Lou Rhodes , Blood Red Shoes and Audio Bullys . Other notable musicians were Joan Baez , The Royal Choral Society and Percujove ,

710-851: A shared cultural heritage such as the tradition of tattooing. While the Gebelein man was buried in Egypt, most discoveries of tattooed individuals from this region are from Ancient Nubia. In Nubia, the earliest identified human remains with tattoos are dated to the C-Group period, which lasted from 2345-1500 BCE and contemporaneous with the First Intermediate period through the Second Intermediate period in Ancient Egypt. During this C-Group period, only women have been found with tattoos, suggesting that tattooing

781-596: A skin pigmentation disorder. SS blood group tattoos ( German : Blutgruppentätowierung ) were worn by members of the Waffen-SS in Nazi Germany during World War II to identify the individual's blood type . After the war, the tattoo was taken to be prima facie , if not perfect, evidence of being part of the Waffen-SS, leading to potential arrest and prosecution. This led a number of ex-Waffen-SS to shoot themselves through

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852-481: A specific meaning to the wearer), pictorial (a depiction of a specific person or item), or textual (words or pictographs from written languages). Many tattoos serve as rites of passage , marks of status and rank, symbols of religious and spiritual devotion, decorations for bravery, marks of fertility , pledges of love, amulets and talismans, protection, and as punishment, like the marks of outcasts, slaves and convicts. Extensive decorative tattooing has also been part of

923-489: A substance such as asphalt or gunpowder is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. When this involves carbon , dermatologists may call the mark a carbon stain instead of a tattoo. Coal miners could develop characteristic marks owing to coal dust getting into wounds. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several layers of skin, and scarring or permanent discoloration can be almost unavoidable depending on

994-499: A tattoo. In September 2006, the Pew Research Center conducted a telephone survey that found that 36% of Americans ages 18–25, 40% of those 26–40 and 10% of those 41–64 had a tattoo. They concluded that Generation X and Millennials express themselves through their appearance, and tattoos are a popular form of self-expression. In January 2008, a survey conducted online by Harris Interactive estimated that 14% of all adults in

1065-659: A total of 61 tattoos, which may have been a form of acupuncture used to relieve pain. Radiological examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many tattooed areas, including osteochondrosis and slight spondylosis in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints. If so, this is at least 2,000 years before acupuncture's previously known earliest use in China ( c.  100 BCE ). Preserved tattoos on ancient mummified human remains reveal that tattooing has been practiced throughout

1136-643: A wide variety of images, such as abstract chains of “sss” or depictions of gods and goddesses. In Nubia, a female mummy from Aksha dated to the 4th century BCE contains a tattoo of the Egyptian deity Bes on her thigh. Bes , a dwarfed god, is often associated with fertility and childbirth, and was a popular image tattooed onto women both in Egypt and Nubia, as seen in both iconographic examples, such as tomb paintings, and on human remains. No ancient tattoo instruments or tools have been confidently identified at archaeological excavations in either Egypt or Sudan, due to

1207-470: Is a legal requirement for all 8.5 million pet dogs in the UK. In Australia, desexed cats and dogs are marked with a tattoo on the inside of the ear . Permanent makeup is the use of tattoos to create long-lasting eyebrows, lips (liner and/or lip blushing), eyes (permanent eyeliner), and even moles definition. Natural colors are used to mimic eyebrows and freckles, while diverse pigments for lips and eyeliner for

1278-422: Is often performed without anesthesia, but is different from tattooing as no ink or dye is inserted during the process, the mark instead being caused by permanent scarring of the skin. Pet dogs and cats are sometimes tattooed with a serial number (usually in the ear, or on the inner thigh) via which their owners can be identified. However, the use of a microchip has become an increasingly popular choice and since 2016

1349-809: Is perhaps the only youth percussion orchestra in Europe. They have offered performances all around Europe, with concerts in Montpellier , Lyon , Copenhagen , Brussels , at the European Parliament in Strasbourg , at the European Space Agency in Noorwijk (Netherlands), and other concerts in Germany, France, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Slovenia , Slovakia , Belgium, Poland and Spain. Percujove has also participated at

1420-562: Is that branding was used by European authorities for marking criminals throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The practice was also used by British authorities to mark army deserters and military personnel court-martialed in Australia. In nineteenth century Australia tattoos were generally the result of personal rather than official decisions but British authorities started to record tattoos along with scars and other bodily markings to describe and manage convicts assigned for transportation. The practice of tattooing appears to have been

1491-453: The Deir el-Bahari site. He speculated that the tattoos and other scarifications observed on the bodies may have served a medicinal or therapeutic purpose: "The examination of these scars, some white, others blue, leaves in no doubt that they are not, in essence, ornament, but an established treatment for a condition of the pelvis, very probably chronic pelvic peritonitis ." Ötzi the iceman had

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1562-475: The Malagasy people . Austronesians used the characteristic hafted skin-puncturing technique, using a small mallet and a piercing implement made from Citrus thorns, fish bone, bone, and oyster shells. Ancient tattooing traditions have also been documented among Papuans and Melanesians , with their use of distinctive obsidian skin piercers. Some archeological sites with these implements are associated with

1633-582: The Roman Empire , gladiators and slaves were tattooed: exported slaves were tattooed with the words "tax paid", and it was a common practice to tattoo "fugitive" (denoted by the letters "FUG") on the foreheads of runaway slaves. Owing to the Biblical strictures against the practice, Emperor Constantine I banned tattooing the face around AD 330, and the Second Council of Nicaea banned all body markings as

1704-719: The Yoruba , Fulani and Hausa people of Nigeria ; Native Americans of the Pre-Columbian Americas ; people of Rapa Nui ; Picts of Iron Age Britain ; and Paleo-Balkan peoples ( Illyrians and Thracians , as well as Daunians in Apulia ), a tradition that has been preserved in the western Balkans by Albanians ( Albanian traditional tattooing ), Catholics in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Sicanje ), and women of some Vlach communities. The earliest figural tattoos were identified on

1775-468: The dermis layer of the skin to form a design. Tattoo artists create these designs using several tattooing processes and techniques , including hand-tapped traditional tattoos and modern tattoo machines . The history of tattooing goes back to Neolithic times, practiced across the globe by many cultures, and the symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures. Tattoos may be decorative (with no specific meaning), symbolic (with

1846-657: The naturally mummified human remains of a male buried within a shallow grave from Gebelein in upper Egypt , and radiocarbon dated to around 3351-3017 BCE. The male mummy, named the “Gebelein man”, had two overlapping tattoos on his right forearm, one depicting a bovine , and the other depicting another horned animal, perhaps a barbary sheep or another bovine. The Gebelein man was approximately 18-21 years of age when he died, suggesting that he received his tattoos at an early age. The cultures of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Nubia , located in modern day Sudan , while diverse and multifaceted within their own rights, often have roots in

1917-454: The 18th century, is a loanword from the Samoan word tatau , meaning "to strike", from Proto-Oceanic * sau ₃ referring to a wingbone from a flying fox used as an instrument for the tattooing process. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as "In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. From Polynesian (Samoan, Tahitian , Tongan , etc.) tatau. In Marquesan , tatu." Before

1988-512: The 20th time at the airport in Trenčín. Date: from 6 to 8 July. Artists of the 26th edition of the festival: Central Cee , Jamie XX , Caroline Polachek , Ben Howard , Wet Leg , Arca , Suzanne Vega , Amelie Lens , Sofi Tukker , Shygirl , Perfume Genius , Sampa The Great , Dry Cleaning . Tattooing A tattoo is a form of body modification made by inserting tattoo ink , dyes, and/or pigments , either indelible or temporary, into

2059-584: The 21st century, people choose to be tattooed for artistic, cosmetic, sentimental/ memorial , religious , and spiritual reasons, or to symbolize their belonging to or identification with particular groups, including criminal gangs (see criminal tattoos ) or a particular ethnic group or law-abiding subculture. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative (commonly a parent or child) or about an unrelated person. Tattoos can also be used for functional purposes, such as identification, permanent makeup , and medical purposes . The word tattoo , or tattow in

2130-525: The Austronesian migration into Papua New Guinea and Melanesia . But other sites are older than the Austronesian expansion, being dated to around 1650 to 2000 BCE, suggesting that there was a preexisting tattooing tradition in the region. Among other ethnolinguistic groups, tattooing was also practiced among the Ainu people of Japan; some Austroasians of Indochina ; Berber women of Tamazgha (North Africa);

2201-1797: The Bad Seeds , Smashing Pumpkins , Amon Tobin , Kate Nash , Justice and Django Django . The Pohoda Festival 2014 took place from Thursday 10 until Saturday 12 July 2014. Most notable acts for 2014: Kraftwerk , Suede , Kelis , Tame Impala , Travis , Tricky , Azealia Banks , Goldfrapp , Mogwai , Disclosure , Moderat . The Pohoda Festival 2015 took place from Thursday 9 until Saturday 11 July 2015. Most notable acts for 2015: Björk , Manu Chao , Die Antwoord , FFS , Einstürzende Neubauten , CocoRosie , Eagles of Death Metal , Of Montreal , Kae Tempest . Pohoda Festival 2016 took place from Thursday 7 until Saturday 9 July 2016. Most notable acts for 2016: The Prodigy , Sigur Rós , PJ Harvey , James Blake . Parov Stelar , Flying Lotus , The Vaccines , Savages , DJ Shadow . Róisín Murphy , Nina Kraviz , Gogol Bordello . Pohoda Festival 2017 took place from Thursday 6 July 2017 to Saturday 8 July 2017. Most notable acts for 2017: Solange , Alt-J , M.I.A. , Ylvis , Birdy , The Jesus and Mary Chain , Jake Bugg , Boys Noize , Rodrigo y Gabriela , Slowdive , Future Islands . Pohoda Festival 2018 took place from Thursday 5 July 2018 to Saturday 7 July 2018. Most notable acts for 2018: The Chemical Brothers , St. Vincent , Jamie Cullum , Blossoms , Everything Everything , Ride , Jessie Ware , Ziggy Marley , Aurora , Rodriguez , LP , Danny Brown . Pohoda Festival 2019 took place from Thursday 11 July 2019 to Saturday 13 July 2019. Most notable acts for 2019: Liam Gallagher , The 1975 , The Roots , Skepta , Charlotte Gainsbourg , Michael Kiwanuka , Mac DeMarco , Mura Masa , Little Big , Lola Marsh . The twenty-fourth edition of Pohoda

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2272-606: The English Court. On subsequent voyages other crew members, from officers, such as American John Ledyard, to ordinary seamen, were tattooed. The first documented professional tattooist in Britain was Sutherland Macdonald , who operated out of a salon in London beginning in 1894. In Britain, tattooing was still largely associated with sailors and the lower or even criminal class, but by the 1870s had become fashionable among some members of

2343-839: The Holocaust as part of the Nazis' identification system , beginning in fall 1941. The SS introduced the practice at Auschwitz concentration camp in order to identify the bodies of registered prisoners in the concentration camps. During registration, guards would tattoo each prisoner with a number, usually on the left forearm, but sometimes on the chest or stomach. Of the Nazi concentration camps, only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates. Prisoners found with tattoos in Mauthausen concentration camp and Buchenwald concentration camp upon liberation were presumably transported from Auschwitz by death march . The tattoo

2414-481: The Indigenous peoples of Australia, now only really found in parts of Arnhem Land . Each "deliberately placed scar tells a story of pain, endurance, identity, status, beauty, courage, sorrow or grief." Barramoyokjarlukkugarr walang bolhminy now bolitj. They put it on the wound and then it comes up as an adornment scar. ( Bob Burruwal , Rembarrnga , Arnhem Land) The European history of the use of tattoo in Australia

2485-519: The Spanish percussion orchestra. For the first time in the history of Pohoda Festival it reached an attendance of over 30 000 visitors. The 2009 festival took place on 16, 17 and 18 July. Percujove , the Spanish percussion orchestra opened the Festival this year. Acts included Basement Jaxx , Patti Smith , Pendulum , The Ting Tings , and High Contrast . Saturday afternoon concerts of classical music at

2556-542: The Trenčín town stadium. About 2,000 people attended the event but only 140 tickets were sold. Four Slovak, three Czech and one Russian bands played there. The festival called " Dobre zvolená Pohoda " was organized on 5 September. The new location was Pod Sokolicami again in Trenčín, which hosted the event until 2003. The festival had two stages - main and dance. Musicians from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Finland attracted about 3,000 people. The event

2627-545: The U.S. was established in the early 1870s by a German immigrant, Martin Hildebrandt . He had served as a Union soldier in the Civil War and tattooed many other soldiers. Soon after the Civil War, tattoos became fashionable among upper-class young adults. This trend lasted until the beginning of World War I. The invention of the electric tattoo machine caused popularity of tattoos among the wealthy to drop off. The machine made

2698-526: The U.S.; in 1980, there were more than 5,000 self-proclaimed tattoo artists, appearing in response to sudden demand. Many studies have been done of the tattooed population and society's view of tattoos. In June 2006, the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology published the results of a telephone survey of 2004: it found that 36% of Americans ages 18–29, 24% of those 30–40, and 15% of those 41–51 had

2769-500: The United States have a tattoo, slightly down from 2003, when 16% had a tattoo. Among age groups, 9% of those ages 18–24, 32% of those 25–29, 25% of those 30–39 and 12% of those 40–49 have tattoos, as do 8% of those 50–64. Men are slightly more likely to have a tattoo than women. Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common both for men and women, and among all economic classes and to age groups from

2840-475: The arm with a gun, removing the tattoo and leaving scars like the ones resulting from pox inoculation, making the removal less obvious. Tattoos were probably also used in ancient medicine as part of the treatment of the patient. In 1898, Daniel Fouquet, a medical doctor, wrote an article on "medical tattooing" practices in Ancient Egypt , in which he describes the tattooed markings on the female mummies found at

2911-571: The city of Antwerp in modern-day Belgium . The mother was tattooed while the child was unmarked. In Antwerp, the two were put on display at a local tavern at least until 1567, with handbills promoting the event being distributed in the city. In 1577, English privateer Martin Frobisher captured two Inuit and brought them back to England for display. One of the Inuit was a tattooed woman from Baffin Island , who

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2982-516: The festival hosted 5 stages - main, rock/hip-hop, rock open-air, and three dance stages. Notable musicians included Fun Lovin' Criminals , and the event attracted 18,000 people each day. Seven stages offered a vast array of music genres on 19 and 20 July. Stereo MCs , Sneaker Pimps and Task Force were presented as headliners. Attendance was 20,000/day. The festival was organized on 18 and 19 July. Headliners included The Cardigans , Kosheen and Skatalites . Attendance: 20,000/day The festival

3053-825: The festival was cancelled on Saturday, 18 July after the O2 Aréna tent collapsed due to heavy winds during a thunderstorm. The tent fell on hundreds of people, who took refuge from the rain, killing two and severely injuring dozens. The organizers of Pohoda Festival decided that despite the 2009 tragedy, the festival would still return in 2010. The 2010 festival took place on 8, 9 and 10 July, on Trenčín Airport . The most notable artists included The xx , Klaxons , Crystal Castles , José González , Scissor Sisters , Friendly Fires , Digitalism (DJ set), The Stranglers , The Futureheads , New Young Pony Club , Does It Offend You, Yeah? , múm , Autechre , Jape , These New Puritans , Leftfield , Ian Brown and Collegium Musicum . Attendance

3124-677: The importation of the Polynesian word, the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting, scarring, or staining. The etymology of the body modification term is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or performance. In this case, the English word tattoo is derived from the Dutch word taptoe . Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as " flash ". Flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for

3195-515: The intention to make money, he continued to exploit his "friend" by exhibiting him in a human zoo, where Jeoly died three months later. Jeoly's dead body was afterwards skinned, and his skinless body was disposed, while the tattooed skin was sold and displayed at Oxford. It is commonly held that the modern popularity of tattooing stems from Captain James Cook 's three voyages to the South Pacific in

3266-406: The late 18th century. Certainly, Cook's voyages and the dissemination of the texts and images from them brought more awareness about tattooing (and, as noted above, imported the word "tattow" into Western languages). On Cook's first voyage in 1768, his science officer and expedition botanist, Sir Joseph Banks , as well as artist Sydney Parkinson and many others of the crew, returned to England with

3337-425: The later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than for previous generations. The tattoo has undergone "dramatic redefinition" and has shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression. As of 1 November 2006, Oklahoma became the last state to legalize tattooing, having banned it since 1963. Scarring was practised widely amongst

3408-514: The location. An amalgam tattoo is when amalgam particles are implanted in to the soft tissues of the mouth, usually the gums, during dental filling placement or removal. Another example of such accidental tattoos is the result of a deliberate or accidental stabbing with a pencil or pen, leaving graphite or ink beneath the skin. A well-known example is the Nazi practice of forcibly tattooing concentration camp inmates with identification numbers during

3479-515: The main stage have become a tradition. After arias and choruses the Festival have prepared the symbolic fusion of two ensembles this year. A selection of Slavonic Dances ( Dvořák ), Hungarian Dances (J. Brahms ) or Strauss 's waltzes was performed by orchestras of the Opera of Slovak National Theatre and Hungarian State Opera. Travis , the Klaxons and Lamb were scheduled to play, but did not, after

3550-600: The ongoing pandemic and attendance limits on mass events, the event was replaced with a series of five one-day festivals titled Pohoda on the Ground, with the same headliners performing each day. The most notable acts included Dry Cleaning and Altın Gün . From Thursday 7 July 2022 to Saturday 9 July 2022. Headliners: Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds , The Libertines , Richie Hawtin , Flume , Metronomy , Wolf Alice , Black Pumas , Sigrid , Floating Points , Slowthai , Confidence Man , Paula Temple . In 2023, Pohoda took place for

3621-631: The perishable nature of the tools and their possibility for misidentification. However, tattoos during this period were created with metal needles or awls, tools typically associated with the work of domestic women. Cemeteries throughout the Tarim Basin ( Xinjiang of western China) including the sites of Qäwrighul , Yanghai , Shengjindian , Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa have revealed several tattooed mummies with Western Asian/Indo-European physical traits and cultural materials. These date from between 2100 and 550 BC. In ancient China, tattoos were considered

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3692-401: The purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers. The Japanese word irezumi means "insertion of ink" and can mean tattoos using tebori , the traditional Japanese hand method, a Western-style machine or any method of tattooing using insertion of ink. The most common word used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is horimono . Japanese may use

3763-739: The skin as found in places including New Zealand. The third is scarification using a knife or chisel as found in places including West Africa. The fourth and the last is scarification by irritating and re-opening a preexisting wound, and re-scarification to form a raised scar as found in places including Tasmania, Australia, Melanesia and Central Africa. The American Academy of Dermatology distinguishes five types of tattoos: traumatic tattoos that result from injuries, such as asphalt from road injuries or pencil lead; amateur tattoos; professional tattoos, both via traditional methods and modern tattoo machines; cosmetic tattoos, also known as " permanent makeup "; and medical tattoos . A traumatic tattoo occurs when

3834-423: The skin, tattoos are not easily destroyed even when the skin is burned. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses, and livestock are sometimes tattooed with animal identification marks. Ear tattoos are a method of identification for beef cattle . Tattooing with a 'slap mark' on the shoulder or on the ear is the standard identification method in commercial pig farming. Branding is used for similar reasons and

3905-541: The tattooing of nipples on reconstructed breasts remains in high demand. Medical tattoos are used to ensure instruments are properly located for repeated application of radiotherapy and for the areola in some forms of breast reconstruction. Tattooing has also been used to convey medical information about the wearer (e.g., blood group, medical condition, etc.). Alzheimer patients may be tattooed with their names, so they may be easily identified if they go missing. Additionally, tattoos are used in skin tones to cover vitiligo ,

3976-448: The tattooing procedure both much easier and cheaper, thus, eliminating the status symbol tattoos previously held, as they were now affordable for all socioeconomic classes. The status symbol of a tattoo shifted from a representation of wealth to a mark typically seen on rebels and criminals. Despite this change, tattoos remained popular among military servicemen, a tradition that continues today. In 1975, there were only 40 tattoo artists in

4047-536: The time of the American Revolution , tattoos were already common among American sailors (see sailor tattoos ). Tattoos were listed in protection papers , an identity certificate issued to prevent impressment into the British Royal Navy . Because protection papers were proof of American citizenship, Black sailors used them to show that they were freemen. The first recorded professional tattoo shop in

4118-576: The time the most heavily tattooed English-speaking country. Percujove Percujove ( Valencian pronunciation: [ˌpeɾkuˈdʒove] ) is a youth percussion orchestra . Created in June 2003, today it is composed of 25 young musicians, students of the José Iturbi Conservatorium of Valencia, Spain . The ensemble's conductor is Salvador Pelejero, of the Conservatorium. Percujove

4189-557: The upper classes, including royalty, and in its upmarket form it could be an expensive and sometimes painful process. A marked class division on the acceptability of the practice continued for some time in Britain. Many Indigenous peoples of North America practice tattooing. European explorers and traders who met Native Americans noticed these tattoos and wrote about them, and a few Europeans chose to be tattooed by Native Americans. See history of tattooing in North America . By

4260-502: The word Western tattoo as a loan word meaning any non-Japanese styles of tattooing. British anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names "tatu", " moko ", " cicatrix " and " keloid ". The first is by pricking that leaves the skin smooth as found in places including the Pacific Islands. The second is a tattoo combined with chiseling to leave furrows in

4331-423: The work of performance artists such as tattooed ladies . Although tattoo art has existed at least since the first known tattooed person, Ötzi , lived around the year 3330 BCE, the way society perceives tattoos has varied immensely throughout history. In the 20th century, tattoo art throughout most of the world was associated with a limited selection of specific "rugged" lifestyles, notably sailors and prisoners. In

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4402-484: The world for thousands of years. In 2015, scientific re-assessment of the age of the two oldest known tattooed mummies identified Ötzi as the oldest example then known. This body, with 61 tattoos, was found embedded in glacial ice in the Alps , and was dated to 3250 BCE. In 2018, the oldest figurative tattoos in the world were discovered on two mummies from Egypt which are dated between 3351 and 3017 BCE. Ancient tattooing

4473-493: Was gendered at this time. Tattoos of this period usually consist of dotted patterns and lines, and typically were located on the abdomen, chest, arms, and/or legs. By 500 BCE, there is evidence of tattooing on men in Ancient Nubia, typically on the hands or arms, and rarely on the face. There is also more evidence of figural tattooing around this period, typically found on female human remains. These figural tattoos encompassed

4544-538: Was illustrated by the English cartographer John White . In 1691, William Dampier brought to London a Filipino man named Jeoly or Giolo from the island of Mindanao (Philippines) who had a tattooed body. Dampier exhibited Jeoly in a human zoo to make a fortune and falsely branded him as a "prince" to draw large crowds. At the time of exhibition, Jeoly was still grieving his mother, who Dampier also enslaved and had died at sea during their exploitation to Europe. Dampier claimed that he became friends with Jeoly, but with

4615-795: Was limited to 30,000 visitors. The Pohoda Festival 2011 took place from Thursday 7 until Saturday 9 July 2011. Most notable acts for 2011: Moby , Portishead , Madness , Pulp , Lamb , Peter Bjorn and John , Santigold , M.I.A. , Public Image Ltd , Imogen Heap , Rusko , Magnetic Man , Beirut and Dirtyphonics . The Pohoda Festival 2012 took place from Thursday 5 until Saturday 7 July 2012. Most notable acts for 2012: Kasabian , Lou Reed , Kooks , Elbow , Two Door Cinema Club , Orbital , Anna Calvi , Emilíana Torrini , Aloe Blacc , Public Enemy , Yann Tiersen and Bat for Lashes . The Pohoda Festival 2013 took place from Thursday 11 until Saturday 13 July 2013. Most notable acts for 2013: Atoms for Peace , Kaiser Chiefs , Bloc Party , Nick Cave and

4686-755: Was most widely practiced among the Austronesian people . It was one of the early technologies developed by the Proto-Austronesians in Taiwan and coastal South China prior to at least 1500 BCE, before the Austronesian expansion into the islands of the Indo-Pacific . It may have originally been associated with headhunting . Tattooing traditions, including facial tattooing, can be found among all Austronesian subgroups, including Taiwanese indigenous peoples , Islander Southeast Asians , Micronesians , Polynesians , and

4757-446: Was moved to a new venue, Trenčín Airport and took place on 16 and 17 July. Notable musicians included Chumbawamba , Moloko , The Wailers , Asian Dub Foundation , and IAMX . Attendance: 20,000/day Organized on 15 and 16 July, the event contained sitwo stages and 2 arena theatres. Headliners included The Prodigy , Garbage , Asian Dub Foundation, Little Louie Vega , Klezmatics , Roots Manuva , and Macka B . The festival attracted

4828-564: Was postponed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pohoda 2020 was replaced with Pohoda in the Air, a series of concerts and discussions streamed live from Trenčín Airport on 9–11 July 2020. Pohoda 2021 was originally supposed to take place from Thursday 8 July 2021 to Saturday 10 July 2021. Most notable acts confirmed for 2020 included FKA Twigs , The Libertines , Wolf Alice , Metronomy , Archive , Black Midi , Shame and Kokoroko . However, due to

4899-497: Was sentenced to a facial tattoo describing his crime after killing Xi Menqing (西門慶) to avenge his brother. In addition, Chinese legend claimed the mother of Yue Fei (a famous Song general) tattooed the words "Repay the Country with Pure Loyalty" ( 精忠報國 , jing zhong bao guo ) down her son's back before he left to join the army. In 1566, French sailors abducted an Inuit woman and her child in modern-day Labrador and brought her to

4970-643: Was significantly larger than the previous ones. It was held on 16 and 17 July, contained two stages and accompanying activities, such as tattooing and balloon rides. The first American band, Skulpey, performed at Pohoda. 8,000 people attended the festival each day. The festival organized on 21 and 22 July was significantly larger again. The venue was enlarged by the adjacent expo area. It contained four stages - main, dance 1 and 2 and rock and many accompanying activities and events. Notable performers included Bomfunk MC's and Propellerheads' Will White . 20,000 visitors were present each day. Organized on 20 and 21 July,

5041-466: Was the prisoner's camp number, sometimes with a special symbol added: some Jews had a triangle, and Romani had the letter "Z" (from German Zigeuner for 'Gypsy'). In May 1944, Jewish men received the letters "A" or "B" to indicate a particular series of numbers. As early as the Zhou , Chinese authorities would employ facial tattoos as a punishment for certain crimes or to mark prisoners or slaves. During

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