152-526: Podujevë or Besianë ( Albanian definite form : Podujeva or Besiana ; Serbian Cyrillic : Подујево ) is a city and municipality in the Pristina District in Kosovo . Podujevë is the largest municipality of Kosovo since it covers 632.59 km (244 sq mi) and is located along a regional motorway and also has railroad passing through it, which links the area to surrounding regions. Pristina ,
304-473: A 35 km distance and between Batllavë and Llapashticë e Epërme with 12–15 km. Llapi's jaw is located between Repë and Murgull (14 km) and from Bellasica to Uglar's Cape (14 km). Gallapi is placed between Batllavë and Metergoc in latitude and from Turuçicë to Koliq in longitude. Highest point of Podujevë is 1,779 m (5,837 ft) located in the Kopaonik Mountains , while
456-669: A Latinis, Grecis et Sclauis ita quod in nullo se intelligunt cum aliis nationibus. (Namely, the above-mentioned Albanians have a language that is different from the languages of Latins, Greeks and Slavs, so that they do not understand each other at all.) The oldest attested document written in Albanian dates to 1462, while the first audio recording in the language was made by Norbert Jokl on 4 April 1914 in Vienna . However, as Fortson notes, Albanian written works existed before this point; they have simply been lost. The existence of written Albanian
608-456: A Serb. Violence reached its pinnacle in 2004 when Kosovo Albanian extremists were moving from apartment block to apartment block attacking and ransacking the residences of remaining Serbs. A majority of the city's 45,000 Serb inhabitants fled from Kosovo and today only several dozen remain in the city. Pristina International Airport 's new terminal opened for operations in October 2013, which
760-506: A battleground during the conflict, in which the Battle of Podujevë was fought. The battle ended in a ceasefire called on by foreign forces. The road coming into Podujevë from the city of Niš was the site of the 2001 Podujevë bus bombing , in which a bus carrying Serb pilgrims traveling to the Gračanica monastery site was bombed. Twelve Serb pilgrims were killed and dozens more were injured by
912-647: A bigger rebellion in other regions. The rebellion was extinguished in 1847. When Serbia acquired the Sanjak of Nis in 1877, many Albanians were expelled from their homes in Nis and the surrounding regions, and Llapi was one of their first destinations as they sought refuge in Kosovo. There is not a single village in Podujevë where Muhaxhirs or migrants cannot be found. Furthermore, they established new villages. The Albanians of Llapi, since
1064-879: A common branch in the current phylogenetic classification of the Indo-European language family. The first written mention of Albanian was in 1284 in a witness testimony from the Republic of Ragusa , while a letter written by Dominican Friar Gulielmus Adea in 1332 mentions the Albanians using the Latin alphabet in their writings. The oldest surviving attestation of modern Albanian is from 1462. The two main Albanian dialect groups (or varieties ), Gheg and Tosk , are primarily distinguished by phonological differences and are mutually intelligible in their standard varieties, with Gheg spoken to
1216-561: A common period of prehistoric coexistence of several Indo-European dialects in the Balkans prior to 2000 BC. To this group would belong Albanian, Ancient Greek , Armenian , Phrygian , fragmentary attested languages such as Macedonian , Thracian , or Illyrian , and the relatively well-attested Messapic in Southern Italy. The common features of this group appear at the phonological, morphological, and lexical levels, presumably resulting from
1368-642: A decree in which the colonisation of its newly acquired territories was planned. This, and the process of disarmament of the local population, were key factors to the rise of the Kaçak guerilla movement. During the First World War , most of the Serbian army, led by the Serbian king Peter I , retreated through the Llapi region. During the retreat, war crimes (including robbing, killing and destruction of property) took place. Llapi
1520-474: A first language. Other spoken languages in Pristina municipality were Turkish (1.04%), Serbian (0.25%) and Romani (0.03%). In 2011, by religion , there were 193,474 (97.27%) Muslims , 1,170 (0.59%) Roman Catholics , 480 (0.24%) Orthodox , 344 (0.17%) of other religions and 660 (0.33%) irreligious . Kosovo is a secular state with no state religion . The freedom of belief , conscience and religion
1672-459: A fort with a church. Albanians are cited in the middle of the 14th century as miners and farmers while Albanian toponyms have been recorded in the area since the 15th century. Podujevë remained under Ottoman Rule from 1455 to 1912. Podujevë was initially organized as a Nahije, and it was the largest one of Vushtrria. During the 15th to 18th centuries, Ottomans attempted to develop agriculture, farming, vineyards, beekeeping and handicrafts within
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#17330847055291824-472: A large amount (or the majority) of their sea environment lexicon. A similar phenomenon could be observed with agricultural terms. While the words for 'arable land', 'wheat', 'cereals', 'vineyard', 'yoke', 'harvesting', 'cattle breeding', etc. are native, the words for 'ploughing', 'farm' and 'farmer', agricultural practices, and some harvesting tools are foreign. This, again, points to intense contact with other languages and people, rather than providing evidence of
1976-417: A long battle. The residents were required to come back to the town, and afterwards, some 500 men were killed without trial. 10 places are recorded to be mass graveyards. Starting from December 1994, Albanians were conscripted and sent to fight in other part of Yugoslavia. After World War II , the Llapi region was under Serbian Rule. Serbian administration collected 11,297,067 dinars under the guise of it being
2128-485: A medium continental climate . The climate is influenced by microclimatic factors that give some small specifics to this space. Among the microclimatic factors, the most important are the Llapi field and the mountains that surround it from all sides. The effect of mountains is that they have more precipitation, lower temperatures, snow stays longer, are covered with forests, etc. So, Podujevë is somewhat colder than in other cities of Kosovo . The average temperature in Podujevë
2280-475: A number of isoglosses with Albanian. Other linguists linked the Albanian language with Latin , Greek and Armenian , while placing Germanic and Balto-Slavic in another branch of Indo-European. In current scholarship there is evidence that Albanian is closely related to Greek and Armenian, while the fact that it is a satem language is less significant. Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Gheg Tosk Messapic
2432-513: A number of natural monuments which were recognized as valuable resources. The list includes: Podujevë has 77 settlements comprising 88,499 inhabitants. According to the 2011 census, the urban population is estimated to consist of 23,453 citizens. The rural population lives in 77 villages with a total number of 65,046 residents. From the overall population, Albanians are 87,523, Ashkali 680, Roma 75, Bosniaks 33, Serbs 12, Turks 5, Egyptians 2 and 43 are not specified. Albanians constitute 98.9% of
2584-535: A possible linguistic homeland (also known as a Urheimat ). The centre of Albanian settlement remained the Mat River. In 1079, the Albanians were recorded farther south in the valley of the Shkumbin River. The Shkumbin, a 181 km long river that lies near the old Via Egnatia , is approximately the boundary of the primary dialect division for Albanian, Tosk and Gheg . The characteristics of Tosk and Gheg in
2736-460: A punishment for the illegal enrichment of some locals. During 1950–1955, the Yugoslav authorities founded many directorates. When the constitution of 1963 was approved, the municipalities were in a better situation. In 1966, Podujevë had 58,604 citizens. These improvements were ruined by Serbian authorities in 1990. Prior to this, Yugoslavia's five-year plan of 1981-1985 did not offer a viable solution to
2888-539: A rare and relatively late word formation process. According to Loma, the name of the city could be derived from the Proto-Slavic dialectal word * pryščina , meaning " spring (of water) ". The inhabitants of this city, which most of them are Albanians, call themselves Prishtinali in the local Gheg Albanian . The area of Pristina has been inhabited since the Neolithic era by Early European Farmers after 7,000 BCE in
3040-399: A reference to the seething waters of the nearby river Gračanka . Marko Snoj proposes the derivation from a Slavic form * Prišьčь , a possessive adjective from the personal name * Prišьkъ , and the derivational suffix -ina 'belonging to X and his kin'. The name is most likely a patronymic of the personal name * Prišь . According to Aleksandar Loma , Snoj's etymology would presuppose
3192-910: A strong sense of identity and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of Tosk Albanian called Arbëresh . In the United States and Canada, there are approximately 250,000 Albanian speakers. It is primarily spoken on the East Coast of the United States, in cities like New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, as well as in parts of the states of New Jersey, Ohio, and Connecticut. In Argentina, there are nearly 40,000 Albanian speakers , mostly in Buenos Aires. Approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in Turkey , with more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and culture . There are other estimates, however, that place
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#17330847055293344-599: A town was given a few years later by the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos , on his visit to Stefan Dušan at his royal court, describing Pristina as a 'unfortified village'. During the time of the Kingdom of Serbia in the early 14th century, the main route between the Western Balkans and Constantinople ran through Pristina. Following the Battle of Kosovo , Pristina fell within the realms of
3496-409: Is 9.6 ̊C. The amplitude is 64.2 ̊C. The annual rate of precipitation is lower than that of Kosovo (784 mm (30.87 in)) with 697 mm (27.44 in) of raining per year. The most humid month is May with 77.5 mm (3.05 in) and the driest month is March with 42.3 mm (1.67 in). The average snow fall days are 26 while days with snow mantle are 48.4. The maximum layer of snow
3648-426: Is Llapi's most important right branch and it is 32.5 km (20 mi) long, filling 193.6 km2. The Batllava River fills 315 km and it also flows into Llapi . In 1965 a dam 40.5 m (133 ft) high was built in order to form an artificial lake — Batllava Lake , which can handle up to 40 million m of water and was primary built for KEK needs, to be used later for consuming purposes. Podujevë has
3800-605: Is also known for its cooperation with Isa Boletini , who, during 1911, operated around this zone. Many soldiers from the villages of Llapi and Gallapi promised their loyalty to Isa Boletini in 1912, in the Bradash pledge. Their goal was to initiate the general Albanian rebellion against Ottoman Rule and they were part of the rebellion until it ended. When the neighbouring countries formed the Balkan League , Albanians felt at risk of being subjugated to these nations. Serbian forces engaged
3952-659: Is also spoken by 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Greece, making it one of the commonly spoken languages in the country after Greek. Albanian is the third most common mother tongue among foreign residents in Italy . This is due to a substantial Albanian immigration to Italy. Italy has a historical Albanian minority of about 500,000, scattered across southern Italy, known as Arbëreshë . Approximately 1 million Albanians from Kosovo are dispersed throughout Germany , Switzerland and Austria . These are mainly immigrants from Kosovo who migrated during
4104-693: Is also spoken in Greece and by the Albanian diaspora , which is generally concentrated in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . Albanian is estimated to have as many as 7.5 million native speakers. Albanian and other Paleo-Balkan languages had their formative core in the Balkans after the Indo-European migrations in the region. Albanian in antiquity is often thought to have been an Illyrian language for obvious geographic and historical reasons, or otherwise an unmentioned Balkan Indo-European language that
4256-583: Is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch , which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group . It is the native language of the Albanian people . Standard Albanian is the official language of Albania and Kosovo , and a co-official language in North Macedonia and Montenegro , as well as a recognized minority language of Italy , Croatia , Romania and Serbia . It
4408-592: Is considered the closest language to Albanian, grouped in a common branch titled Illyric in Hyllested & Joseph (2022). Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. The hypothesis of the " Balkan Indo-European " continuum posits
4560-521: Is explicitly guaranteed in the Constitution of Kosovo . Islam is the most widely practiced religion among the people of Pristina, but the city has centers of worship for a multitude of faiths for its population. Pristina is the capital city of Kosovo and plays an instrumental role in shaping the political and economic life of the country. It is the location of the Parliament of Kosovo headquartered at
4712-662: Is explicitly mentioned in a letter attested from 1332, and the first preserved books, including both those in Gheg and in Tosk, share orthographic features that indicate that some form of common literary language had developed. By the Late Middle Ages , during the period of Humanism and the European Renaissance , the term lingua epirotica ' Epirotan language ' was preferred in the intellectual, literary, and clerical circles of
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4864-466: Is one of the urban areas with the most severe water shortages in Kosovo. Its population have to cope with daily water curbs due to the lack of rain and snowfall, which has left Pristina's water supplies in a dreadful condition. The water supply comes from the two main reservoirs of Batllava Lake and Lake Badovc . However, there are many problems with the water supply that comes from these two reservoirs which supply 92% of Pristina's population. As such,
5016-426: Is recorded to be 96 cm (38 in), while the month with a maximum of snow mantle days is February with 11.7 days. The length of the day in Podujevë varies significantly over the course of the year. In 2022, the shortest day is December 21, with 9 hours, 1 minute of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 15 hours, 21 minutes of daylight. Podujevë counts 29,050 acres of forests most of which are located in
5168-515: Is situated on an alluvial plain in the regions of Llap and Kosovo across the Gollak Hills in central and eastern Kosovo. Bodies of water in Pristina municipality include Badovc and Batllava lakes as well as the Llapi , Prishtevka, and Vellusha rivers. The park of Germia lies in the east of Pristina and extends in the north of the villages of Llukar and Kolovica to the south at Badovc . Pristina
5320-579: Is spoken in North-western Greece, while Arvanitika is spoken by the Arvanites in southern Greece. In addition, Arbëresh is spoken by the Arbëreshë people, descendants of 15th and 16th century migrants who settled in southeastern Italy, in small communities in the regions of Sicily and Calabria . These settlements originated from the (Arvanites) communities probably of Peloponnese known as Morea in
5472-482: Is spoken in the south, and Gheg spoken in the north. Standard Albanian is based on the Tosk dialect. The Shkumbin River is the rough dividing line between the two dialects. Gheg is divided into four sub-dialects: Northwest Gheg, Northeast Gheg, Central Gheg and Southern Gheg. It is primarily spoken in northern Albania, Kosovo , and throughout Montenegro and northwestern North Macedonia . One fairly divergent dialect
5624-649: Is the National Library of Kosovo . Pristina is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National Theatre of Kosovo , National Archaeology, Ethnography and Natural science Museum , National Art Gallery and the Ethnological Museum . The National Library of Kosovo has more than 1.8 million books, periodicals, maps, atlases, microfilms and other library materials. There are many foreign cultural institutions in Pristina, including
5776-560: Is the Upper Reka dialect , which is however classified as Central Gheg. There is also a diaspora dialect in Croatia , the Arbanasi dialect . Tosk is divided into five sub-dialects, including Northern Tosk (the most numerous in speakers), Labërisht , Cham , Arvanitika , and Arbëresh . Tosk is spoken in southern Albania, southwestern North Macedonia and northern and southern Greece. Cham Albanian
5928-578: Is the capital and largest city of Kosovo . It is the administrative center of the eponymous municipality and district . In antiquity, the area of Pristina was part of the Dardanian Kingdom . The heritage of the classical era is represented by the settlement of Ulpiana . After the Roman Empire was divided into a western and an eastern half, the area remained within the Byzantine Empire between
6080-399: Is the most probable. Although Albanian shares lexical isoglosses with Greek , Germanic , and to a lesser extent Balto-Slavic , the vocabulary of Albanian is quite distinct. In 1995, Taylor, Ringe , and Warnow used quantitative linguistic techniques that appeared to obtain an Albanian subgrouping with Germanic, a result which the authors had already reasonably downplayed. Indeed,
6232-554: Is the official language of Albania and Kosovo and a co-official language in North Macedonia and Montenegro . Albanian is a recognised minority language in Croatia , Italy , Romania and in Serbia . Albanian is also spoken by a minority in Greece , specifically in the Thesprotia and Preveza regional units and in a few villages in Ioannina and Florina regional units in Greece. It
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6384-426: Is the third most densely populated municipality of Kosovo. The population of Pristina grew by 14.2% between 2011 and 2024, which shows the rapid rate of urbanization in both the city and Kosovo as a whole. In terms of ethnicity, Pristina's inhabitants were 97.77% Albanian , 1.08% Turkish , 0.28% Ashkali , 0.22% Serbian , 0.2% Bosniak , 0.1% Gorani and 0.03% Romani . By language, 98.09% spoke Albanian as
6536-403: Is wide from 9 to 12 meters and deep up to 1.2 meters. The river brings an average of 4.9 m (173 cu ft) per second, however, there are considerable variations with the maximum going up to 25 m (883 cu ft) per second. There are other rivers also. Dumnica river is 25.5 km (16 mi) long and fills 87 km and it is used for irrigating. Kaqanolli river
6688-458: The Congress of Dibra decided that Albanian schools would finally be allowed. Albanian is an isolate within the Indo-European language family; no other language has been conclusively linked to its branch . The only other languages that are the sole surviving members of a branch of Indo-European are Armenian and Greek. The Albanian language is part of the Indo-European language family and
6840-502: The Dardanians as an Illyrian tribe . The first settlements were built near the rivers. Economic branches were: hunting, animal husbandry, etc. During the Roman occupation, this area suffered a lot of damage, especially the fortified parts. An important center of this time was Vendenisi (now Gllamniku ). In the year 395, this territory falls under the rule of the Byzantine Empire . Towards
6992-619: The Janissary of Muhammad Ali Pasha , an Albanian who became Wāli , and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan . In addition to the dynasty that he established, a large part of the former Egyptian and Sudanese aristocracy was of Albanian origin. In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. Albanian is also spoken by Albanian diaspora communities residing in Australia and New Zealand . The Albanian language has two distinct dialects, Tosk which
7144-403: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia . On 17 April 1941, Yugoslavia surrendered unconditionally to axis forces. On 29 June, Benito Mussolini proclaimed a greater Albania, with most of Kosovo under Italian occupation united with Albania. There ensued mass killings of Serbs, in particular colonists, and an exodus of tens of thousands of Serbs. After the capitulation of Italy, Nazi Germany took control of
7296-773: The Korçë District , Kamnik in Kolonja , Kolsh in the Kukës District , Rashtan in Librazhd , and Nezir in the Mat District . As in other parts of Europe, these PreIE people joined the migratory Indo-European tribes that entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of the historical Paleo-Balkan tribes. In terms of linguistics, the pre-Indo-European substrate language spoken in the southern Balkans probably influenced pre-Proto-Albanian ,
7448-473: The Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS), Pristina is home to 227,154 residents, making it the most populous city and municipality in Kosovo. In the 2011 census, there were 198,897 people residing in Pristina municipality. The urban population of Pristina municipality was approximately 160,000, while the rural population was around 37,000. With a population density of 380,3 people per square kilometre, Pristina
7600-583: The Kosovo War (February 1998 – June 1999), the town was the site of the Podujevë massacre , on March 28, in which 14 Kosovo Albanian women and children were executed by Serbian paramilitary forces. Serbian forces reportedly were continuing to burn villages east and southeast of this town as of April 5. Serbian forces allegedly executed 200 Kosovar Albanian men of military age. In addition, Serbian forces reportedly removed ethnic Albanians from their cars and shot them on
7752-853: The League of Prizren and culminated with the Congress of Manastir held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (present day Bitola ), which decided on which alphabet to use, and what the standardised spelling would be for standard Albanian. This is how the literary language remains. The alphabet is the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters ⟨ ë ⟩ , ⟨ ç ⟩ , and ten digraphs : dh , th , xh , gj , nj , ng , ll , rr , zh and sh . According to Robert Elsie : The hundred years between 1750 and 1850 were an age of astounding orthographic diversity in Albania. In this period,
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#17330847055297904-612: The League of Prizren , refused to pay taxes to the Ottomans. The Ottomans built a military cantonment during 1892 and 1899 as they detected Serbian Army movements near the border. The Albanian rebellion against Ottomans during 1906 was primarily organized in the Llapi region . Another Albanian rebellion was that of 1910 which also started in the Llapi region. The relationships between the residents and The Sublime Porte were becoming very strained and when Sulltan Mehmed Reshid V came to visit Kosovo and very few Llapi residents were present. Llapi
8056-605: The Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars , Pristina suffered many atrocities; the Serbian army entered Pristina on 22 October. Albanian and Turkish households were looted and destroyed, and women and children were killed. A Danish journalist based in Skopje reported that the Serbian campaign in Pristina "had taken on the character of a horrific massacring of the Albanian population". An estimated 5,000 people in Pristina were murdered in
8208-443: The Parliament of Kosovo . Pristina is also the most important transportation junction of Kosovo for air , rail , and roads . Pristina International Airport is the largest airport of the country and among the largest in the region. A range of expressways and motorways, such as the R 6 and R 7 , radiate out the city and connect it to Albania and North Macedonia . Pristina will host the 2030 Mediterranean Games . The origin of
8360-450: The Ravanica monastery . Ruins of old Serbian monasteries and churches exist at Orlane, Murgula (destroyed in the 15th century), Palatna, Slatina, Svetlje, Rakinica, Metohija (2), Donje Ljupce (destroyed in the 15th century), Gornja Pakastica (destroyed in the 15th century), Brevnik, Braina (3) and graveyards exist in most of these villages. The village of Brevnik had a notable medieval mine, and
8512-522: The Serbian Despotate under Prince Stefan Lazarević . A bitter feud between Lazarević and Đurađ Branković developed and led to open conflict, with Pristina being the scene of heavy fighting in 1409 and 1410. At the turn of the 15th century during the time of the Serbian Despotate, Pristina was a major trading post for silver , with many traders hailing from the Republic of Ragusa . Between
8664-626: The common kestrel . And some of the migratory birds are swallows , storks etc. The grass snake ( natrix natrix ), horned viper ( vipera ammodytes ), boletus ( tropidonatus natrix ), vineyard snail ( helix pomatia ), common turtle ( testudo hermanni ) live in the rivers. There are several types of fish, in the Llapi River also, in the upper part it was once quite rich with brook trout ( barbus barbus ) that lives in fast and cold waters, stream catfish, bream, mullet, bream, carp ( cyprinus carpio ), northern pike ( esox lucius ) etc. In Podujevë, there are
8816-457: The 11th French colonial division took over Pristina and returned Pristina back to what then became the 'First Yugoslavia ' on 1 December 1918. In September 1920, the decree of the colonization of the new southern lands' facilitated the takeover by Serb colonists of large Ottoman estates in Pristina and land seized from Albanians. From 1929 to 1941, Pristina was part of the Vardar Banovina of
8968-679: The 14th century, but they failed to cite specific words. The oldest surviving documents written in Albanian are the " formula e pagëzimit " (Baptismal formula), Un'te paghesont' pr'emenit t'Atit e t'Birit e t'Spertit Senit . ("I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit ") recorded by Pal Engjelli, Bishop of Durrës in 1462 in the Gheg dialect, and some New Testament verses from that period. The linguists Stefan Schumacher and Joachim Matzinger (University of Vienna) assert that
9120-401: The 17th century mention the town as "situated in Albania". Austrian military archives from the years of 1689-90 mention "5,000 Muslim Albanians in Prishtina who had risen against the Turks". Gjergj Bogdani, a nephew of Pjeter Bogdani , wrote later: 'My uncle, being found already dead and buried, was dug up from his grave and put out as food for the dogs in the middle of Prishtina'. During
9272-399: The 18th century, the history of the city is less documented, though recent data show a regular life unfolding in the city after the Great Turkish War . While in the first few decades the city was rebuilding its infrastructure, in the second part of the century it is better known for the governing of the local feudal family, the Gjinollis. In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned
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#17330847055299424-410: The 1990s. In Switzerland , the Albanian language is the sixth most spoken language with 176,293 native speakers. Albanian became an official language in North Macedonia on 15 January 2019. There are large numbers of Albanian speakers in the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Canada . Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë have
9576-399: The 5th and 9th centuries. In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the First Bulgarian Empire , before falling again under Byzantine occupation in the early 11th century and then in the late 11th century to the Second Bulgarian Empire . The growing Kingdom of Serbia annexed the area in the 13th century and it remained under the Serbian Empire in the 14th century up to the start of
9728-405: The 8th century BCE at an elevation of 685 metres near the village Teneshdoll, around 16 kilometres north of the Pristina city center. Pottery finds suggests that the area may have been in use since the Bronze Age. The settlement seems to have maintained long-distance trade contacts as the finding of a skyphos vessel from Aegean Greece suggests. During the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Dardania
9880-432: The Albanian Albanological Institute , the French Alliance Française , the British Council , and the German Goethe-Institut and Friedrich Ebert Foundation . The Information Office of the Council of Europe was also established in Pristina. Of 426 protected historical monuments in Kosovo , 21 are in Pristina. A large number of these monuments date back to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Starting in 1945,
10032-453: The Albanian and Germanic branches share a relatively moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches do not corroborate the lexical isoglosses. Albanian also shares lexical linguistic affinity with Latin and Romance languages. Sharing linguistic features unique to the languages of the Balkans , Albanian also forms a part of the Balkan linguistic area or sprachbund . The place and
10184-450: The Albanian flag. Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in 1989, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Yugoslav government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. The LDK's role meant, that when the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Pristina remained largely calm until
10336-426: The Albanian language was on 14 July 1284 in Ragusa in modern Croatia ( Dubrovnik ) when a crime witness named Matthew testified: "I heard a voice crying on the mountain in the Albanian language" ( Latin : Audivi unam vocem, clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca ). The Albanian language is also mentioned in the Descriptio Europae Orientalis dated in 1308: Habent enim Albani prefati linguam distinctam
10488-435: The Albanian language was put to writing in at least ten different alphabets – most certainly a record for European languages. ... the diverse forms in which this old Balkan language was recorded, from the earliest documents to the beginning of the twentieth century ... consist of adaptations of the Latin, Greek, Arabic, and Cyrillic alphabets and (what is even more interesting) a number of locally invented writing systems. Most of
10640-438: The Albanik mountains. The source of Llapi considered to be the Pollatë village where the rivers of Murgulla and Sllatinë are joined. In the upper part of it, the river runs through steep places but when it enter Llap's hollow, its speed is moderated. Llapi river is 82.7 km (51 mi) long up to Sitnica river while most of the river passes through Podujevë's territory, in a 61 km (38 mi) length. This river
10792-419: The Balkans: Starčevo followed by its successors Vinča , Baden and lastly Bubanj-Hum. The earliest recognized references were discovered in Gračanica , Matiçan and Ulpiana . By the early Iron Age, the distinctly Dardanian local variant of the Illyrian Glasinac-Mati culture appears in Kosovo with a particular spread in hilltop settlements. In the area of Pristina, a hilltop settlement appears since
10944-536: The Emerald Hotel, Sirius Hotel and Hotel Garden. Some of the most visited sights near the city include Batllava Lake and Marble Cave , which are also among the most visited places in country. Pristina has played a very important role during the World War II, being a shelter for Jews, whose cemeteries now can be visited. There is also a bear sanctuary located around 22 km (14 mi) away from Pristina in
11096-510: The Middle Ages. Among them the Arvanites call themselves Arbëror and sometime Arbëresh. The Arbëresh dialect is closely related to the Arvanites dialect with more Italian vocabulary absorbed during different periods of time. The Albanian language has been written using many alphabets since the earliest records from the 15th century. The history of Albanian language orthography is closely related to
11248-580: The Mother Teresa Square and the official residence and workplace of the President and Prime Minister of Kosovo . Pristina is also home to Kosovo's Constitutional Court , Supreme Court and Appeal Court as well as the Basic Court of Pristina . Pristina is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Pristina and the members of the Pristina municipal council responsible for
11400-554: The Ottoman era (1389–1455). The next centuries would be characterized by Ottoman rule. During this period, Pristina developed from a village to a major urban center of the region. Following the end of the First Balkan War in 1914, it became a part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbia . In 1948, it was chosen as the capital of the province SAP Kosovo under the statehood of Yugoslavia . Furthermore, Pristina would continue to serve as
11552-546: The Ottomans arose when Sultan Abdulmejid I proclaimed the Tanzimat reforms in 1839, which increased taxes and brought about many rebellions in Albanian-pupulated lands. The population of Llapi fought against these reforms and, during 1843, the Ottomans temporarily left Llapi to organize its reoccupation. The rebels gathered many soldiers from the surrounding regions and they beat the Ottomans, taking Pristina and encouraging
11704-517: The Paris Peace Conference defended “the rights of life for the Albanian population.”. From 1912 to 1918, around 8,000 Albanians were forced to leave their lands to migrate to Turkey, while during 1920–1924,280 Albanian families were also forced to leave. In contrast, 420 Slavic families were settled in the territory between 1920 and 1928, and by 1932, 3,474ha of land were given to colonists and 756 houses were built. During World War II, Llapi
11856-698: The Shkumbin river since the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period, straddling the Jireček Line . Centuries-old communities speaking Albanian dialects can be found scattered in Greece (the Arvanites and some communities in Epirus , Western Macedonia and Western Thrace ), Croatia (the Arbanasi ), Italy (the Arbëreshë ) as well as in Romania , Turkey and Ukraine . The Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian and two varieties of
12008-412: The Tosk dialect, Arvanitika in Greece and Arbëresh in southern Italy, have preserved archaic elements of the language. Ethnic Albanians constitute a large diaspora , with many having long assimilated in different cultures and communities. Consequently, Albanian-speakers do not correspond to the total ethnic Albanian population, as many ethnic Albanians may identify as Albanian but are unable to speak
12160-486: The administration of Pristina municipality. The municipality is encompassed in Pristina district and consists of 43 adjacent settlements with Pristina as its seat. The mayor of Pristina is elected by the people to act as the chief executive officer of Pristina municipality. The Pristina municipal council is the legislative arm of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councilors since
12312-429: The agriculture was cultivated only for family needs, as it has been considered as a secondary sector, but recently it has begun to be used also for other needs and requests, which could be beneficial and profitable. Other relevant sectors which belong to the agriculture, are: farming, beekeeping, poultry, vegetable, arboriculture, land cultivation, and so forth. Podujevë is especially known for cultivating raspberries, as
12464-653: The airport. Apartments were occupied illegally and the Roma quarters behind the city park was torched. Several strategic targets in Pristina were attacked by NATO during the war, but serious physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighbourhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war the Serbs became victims of violence committed by Kosovo Albanian extremists. On numerous occasions Serbs were killed by mobs of Kosovo Albanian extremists for merely speaking Serbian in public or being identified as
12616-610: The ancestor idiom of Albanian. The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision due to the uncertain position of Albanian among Paleo-Balkan languages and their scarce attestation. Some loanwords, however, have been proposed, such as shegë ' pomegranate ' or lëpjetë ' orach '; compare Pre-Greek λάπαθον , lápathon ' monk's rhubarb '. Pristina Pristina or Prishtina ( UK : / ˈ p r iː ʃ t ɪ n ə , p r ɪ ʃ ˈ t iː n ə / PREE -shtin-ə, prish- TEE -nə , US : / ˈ p r ɪ ʃ t ɪ n ə / PRISHT -in-ə )
12768-482: The authorities have increased their efforts to remedy the situation and to make sure that such crises do not hit the city again. According to the Köppen climate classification , Pristina falls under the periphery of the oceanic climate (Cfb) zone with an average annual temperature of 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). The warmest month in Pristina is August with an average temperature rising to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F), while
12920-471: The beginning, the Llapi region had 12 municipalities with 27.084 residents. Later, the number of municipalities was reduced. From 1929 to 1941, Podujevë was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ; between the two World Wars, Albanians living in the region had no political rights. They were poor and heavily taxed, and corruption was evident in the administration. The main problem, however,
13072-430: The bomb-blast. Kosovo Albanian extremists have been blamed for the attack. After the Kosovo War , the process of establishing a Municipal Assembly began in 2002. Later, on 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared its independence. Podujevë is located in the northeastern part of Kosovo and it is closely connected to the surrounding regions through a network of regional motorways and railways. Just 31 kilometers (19 miles) to
13224-527: The border of the Republic of Macedonia , where they were forced into exile. The majority Albanian population fled Pristina in large numbers to escape Serb policy and paramilitary units. The first NATO troops to enter the city in early June 1999 were Norwegian special forces from FSK Forsvarets Spesialkommando and soldiers from the British Special Air Service 22 S.A.S, although to NATO's diplomatic embarrassment Russian troops arrived first at
13376-517: The border region where 16,000 Albanians were placed. The largest battle was fought in Merdare and lasted three days, where the Serbian army had up to 70.000 soldiers. Soon they took Merdare and the war continued in other fronts. From that time on, the region remained under Serbian control. Llapi remained a region of Pristina . In 1913, Llapi numbered 27,081 residents, while 10 years beforehand, 38,520 residents were present. On 20 August 1914, Serbia announced
13528-459: The capital of Kosovo , is located some 23 km (14 mi) to the south. According to the 2024 census, the municipality has 71,018 inhabitants. The city's population may be higher, as these figures include only the population of the cadastral area of Podujevë, but not some urban neighborhoods of the city that are outside the cadastral area. According to the directorate of urban planning and environmental protection, about 31,417 residents live in
13680-500: The capital of Kosovo after its 2008 independence from Serbia. Pristina seems to have been a small village before the late 15th century. It is first recorded in 1342 as a village during the reign of Stefan Dušan , and about a century later in 1455 at the beginning of the Ottoman era it had a small population of 300 households. In the following century, Pristina became an important mining and trading center due to its strategic position near
13832-588: The cities of Novi Pazar, Sjenica and Pristina, and massacred Serbs in the area of Ibar Kolašin. However, The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the plan for a Greater Albania , preferring a partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among the four Balkan allies . On 22 October 1912, Serb forces took Pristina. However, Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the first Balkan War, occupied Kosovo in 1915 and took Pristina under Bulgarian occupation. During
13984-576: The city. In May 1944, 281 local Jews were arrested by units of the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) , which was made up mostly of Muslim Albanians. The Jews were later deported to Germany, where many were killed. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of Belgrade University and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use
14136-406: The climate is perfect for its growth. About 56% is arable land used for agriculture. Pastures make up 16% of the agricultural land and the rest is used for vegetables, orchards, vineyards, etc. From the most common minerals extracted for industrial usage are silicates (Si), carbonates (Ch), gravel (Gs), clay (Cl), nickel (Nl), lead (Pb) zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al). There is no clear data regarding to
14288-458: The coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to −0.6 °C (30.9 °F). Pristina has a moderate climate with an average of 2909.69 hours of sunshine annually. July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 11.5 hours of sunshine a day and by contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 4.5 hours per day in January. As per the 2024 census conducted by
14440-451: The contact between the various languages. The concept of this linguistic group is explained as a kind of language league of the Bronze Age (a specific areal-linguistics phenomenon), although it also consisted of languages that were related to each other. A common prestage posterior to PIE comprising Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, is considered as a possible scenario. In this light, due to
14592-777: The cultural orientation and knowledge of certain foreign languages among Albanian writers. The earliest written Albanian records come from the Gheg area in makeshift spellings based on Italian or Greek. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written in the Greek alphabet and the Gheg dialect was written in the Latin script . Both dialects had also been written in the Ottoman Turkish version of the Arabic script , Cyrillic , and some local alphabets ( Elbasan , Vithkuqi , Todhri , Veso Bey, Jan Vellara and others, see original Albanian alphabets ). More specifically,
14744-525: The direction of Gjilan that is a tourist destination for local and foreign tourists. Pristina is the center of education in the country and home to many public and private primary and secondary schools, colleges, academies and universities, located in different areas across the city. The University of Pristina is the largest and oldest university of the city and was established in the 20th century. Finance, arts, journalism, medicine, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, veterinary programs, and engineering are among
14896-492: The early days of the Serbian occupation. The events have been interpreted as an early attempt to change the region's demographics . Serbian settlers were brought into the city, and Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić bought 491 hectares (1,214 acres) of land. Pristinans who wore a plis were targeted by the Serbian army; those who wore the Turkish fez were safe, and the price of a fez rose steeply. In late October 1918,
15048-528: The economic problems of the region's residents. During 1981–1991, 51 ethnic Albanian soldiers were wrongfully murdered during their service in the Yugoslavian army. In 1981, demonstrations were organized in Pristina, which was later followed by massive demonstrations all around Kosovo. The town of Podujevë was locked down at this time, except for the Medical Center. The route near the border was blocked, and so
15200-509: The end of World War II, Serbia, Germany and Bulgaria were struggling for control of the town. There were greater numbers of military troops around Podujevë than there were residents. The residents later fled to Pristina in a 5 km convoy during October 1944. Earlier, the Germans gave Jahja Fusha authority of the town. 5,000 Albanian soldiers fought to protect the town against Serbians and Bulgarians alike. The fighting ended on 8 November 1944, after
15352-440: The end of the 14th and the middle of the 15th century, Ottoman rule was gradually imposed in the town. In 1477 Pristina had a small Muslim population. The settlement at the time had about 300 households. About 3/4 were Christian and 1/4 Muslim. In the 15th century the toponym Arnaut was recorded in the town, which indicates an Albanian presence. The 1487 defter recorded 412 Christian and 94 Muslim households in Pristina, which at
15504-461: The end of the 9th century, the region of Llapi falls under Bulgarian rule, whose king was Knyaz Boris I . At the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century Byzantine rule weakened. The region includes many Medieval Serbian monuments. In 1355, Emperor Stefan Dušan gave the village of Braina to Mount Athos . In 1381, Prince Lazar gave Orlane (a village in Podujevë) to his endowment,
15656-498: The first affected school from the student poisoning attack that took place in Kosovo. Around 8,000 students were poisoned from this incident. One of the founders and the first commanders of the Kosovo Liberation Army , Zahir Pajaziti , was born in Podujevë. He and his associates began the first actions against Serbian police, before he was caught in an ambush near the village of Pestovë , resulting in his death. During
15808-455: The first literary records of Albanian date from the 16th century. The oldest known Albanian printed book, Meshari , or "missal", was written in 1555 by Gjon Buzuku , a Roman Catholic cleric. In 1635, Frang Bardhi wrote the first Latin–Albanian dictionary. The first Albanian school is believed to have been opened by Franciscans in 1638 in Pdhanë . One of the earliest Albanian dictionaries
15960-453: The forests live: gray wolf , wild boar , fox , European hare , European hedgehog , etc. Recently, not only in this area, the roe deer has started to appear, which was once quite widespread. There are many species of birds such as the great tit , the rock dove , the great spotted woodpecker , the Eurasian magpie , the common cuckoo , etc. Birds of prey that live are the golden eagle and
16112-454: The households is between 6 and 7%. The biggest expansion on the economy of Podujevë occurred during the 1980s. At that time, there were 16 social organizations that have developed their economic activities, with altogether 2,500 employees. The beginning of the 1990s is characterized with a growing of private businesses, in particular in trade and services. During the war of 1999 all of these businesses were destroyed by Serbian military forces, so
16264-534: The language. Standard Albanian is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on Tosk . The language is spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania, Kosovo , North Macedonia , Serbia , Montenegro and Greece . However, due to old communities in Italy and the large Albanian diaspora , the worldwide total of speakers is much higher than in Southern Europe and numbers approximately 7.5 million. The Albanian language
16416-593: The larger number of possible shared innovations between Greek and Armenian, it appears reasonable to assume, at least tentatively, that Albanian was the first Balkan IE language to branch off. This split and the following ones were perhaps very close in time, allowing only a narrow time frame for shared innovations. Albanian represents one of the core languages of the Balkan Sprachbund . Glottolog and Ethnologue recognize four Albanian languages. They are classified as follows: The first attested written mention of
16568-450: The latest municipal election. Pristina constitutes the heart of the economy of Kosovo and of vital importance to the country's stability. The tertiary sector is the most important for the economy of the city and employs more than 75% of work force of Pristina. 20% of the working population makes up the secondary sector followed by the primary sector with only 5%. Pristina is the primary tourist destination in Kosovo as well as
16720-465: The latter alphabets have now been forgotten and are unknown, even to the Albanians themselves. Albanian constitutes one of the eleven major branches of the Indo-European language family , within which it occupies an independent position. In 1854, Albanian was demonstrated to be an Indo-European language by the philologist Franz Bopp . Albanian was formerly compared by a few Indo-European linguists with Germanic and Balto-Slavic , all of which share
16872-522: The leadership of the Catholic Albanian priest Pjetër Bogdani pledged loyalty to the Austrian army and supplied troops. He contributed a force of 6,000 Albanian soldiers to the Austrian army which had arrived in Pristina. According to Noel Malcolm , the city in the 17th century was inhabited by a majority population of 15,000 Muslims, probably Albanian but very possibly including some Slavs. Sources from
17024-408: The lowest is 550 m (1,804 ft), and is located where the Llapi River leaves Podujevë's border to continue in Pristina's municipality. Since its territory is compact, it represents a microgeographical entirety. Podujevë counts several ravines , water springs and rivers. The most notable river is Llapi , the main branch of Sitnica , which runs through the middle of Podujevë, springing from
17176-486: The lowest population density are: Rakinicë (3/km²), Murgull , Bllatë and Tërnavicë (4/km²), Metergoc (5/km²), etc., while Muhazob , Përpellac and Reçicë are not populated. The town has a low ratio of internal migration but a high rate of commuting. The illiteracy rate is lower than 5%. The average years of schooling is 9.0 to 9.2. The labor force is smaller than 40.1%, with an employment rate of 20.1% and unemployment rate of between 45 and 51%. The average size of
17328-401: The main air gateway to the country. It is known as a university center of students from neighbouring countries as Albania , North Macedonia , Montenegro and Serbia. In 2012, tourism in Pristina attracted around 100,000 foreign visitors. which represents 74.2%. Most foreign tourists come from Albania , Turkey , Germany , United States , Slovenia , Montenegro , North Macedonia , with
17480-478: The most important enterprises include: Construction Armory Factory “FAN”, Brick Factory “Euro Block”, Recycling Enterprise “Plastika”, Factory for processing mushrooms “Agro-Product”, Factory for production of juices “Dona”, Factory for production of juices and vegetable oil “Pajtimi Company”, etc. Trade take an important place in all businesses from the percentage of participation of enterprises and employees with 53%. Considering some strategic elements, as nearness of
17632-755: The most popular fields for foreigners to undertake in the city. This brings a many of young students from other cities and countries to Pristina. It is known for its many educational institutions such as University of Pristina, University of Pristina Faculty of Arts and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo . Among the first schools known in the city were those opened during the Ottoman period. Albanians were allowed to attend these schools, most of which were religious, with only few of them being secular. The city has numerous libraries , many of which contain vast collections of historic and cultural documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections
17784-569: The name of the city is unknown. Eric P. Hamp connected the word with an Indo-European derivative *pṛ-tu- (ford) + *stein (cognate to English stone ) which in Proto-Albanian , spoken in the region before the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan (1st–2nd century CE) produced Pristina . Thus the name in the pre-Slavic migrations era would mean in the local Albanian variety "ford-stone" (compare Stanford ). Prišt in Serbian means "boil" and this may be
17936-429: The names for fish and for agricultural activities (such as ploughing ) are borrowed from other languages. A deeper analysis of the vocabulary, however, shows that could be a consequence of a prolonged Latin domination of the coastal and plain areas of the country, rather than evidence of the original environment in which the Albanian language was formed. For example, the word for 'fish' is borrowed from Latin, but not
18088-451: The north and Tosk spoken to the south of the Shkumbin river . Their characteristics in the treatment of both native words and loanwords provide evidence that the split into the northern and the southern dialects occurred after Christianisation of the region (4th century AD), and most likely not later than the 6th century AD, hence possibly occupying roughly their present area divided by
18240-509: The number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million. However, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer possesses fluency in the Albanian language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also lays claim to about 18,000 Albanians, mostly Tosk speakers. Many are descendants of
18392-542: The number of visitors from elsewhere growing every year. The city has a large number of luxury hotels, modern restaurants, bars, pubs and very large nightclubs. Coffee bars are a representative icon of Pristina and they can be found almost everywhere. The largest hotels of the city are the Swiss Diamond and the Grand Hotel Prishtina situated in the heart of the city. Other major hotels present in Pristina include
18544-412: The only surviving representative of its own branch , which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group . Although it is still uncertain which ancient mentioned language of the Balkans it continues, or where in the region its speakers lived. In general, there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of those languages, whether Illyrian , Thracian , or Dacian . Among these possibilities, Illyrian
18696-459: The outbreak of the Kosovo War in March 1999. Pristina was spared large scale destruction compared to towns like Gjakova or Peja that suffered heavily at the hands of Serbian forces. For their strategic importance, however, a number of military targets were hit in Pristina during NATO's aerial campaign, including the post office, police headquarters and army barracks, today's Adem Jashari garrison on
18848-489: The period of renewal was long and difficult. After the Kosovo war , the private sector was the main bearer of economical development with a continual growth. According to the Businesses Office, there are around 3,972 registered businesses, mostly in trade section. Podujevë is mostly a rural area. Podujevë has extraordinary resources regarding the agriculture field, since there are sufficient lands and water. Historically,
19000-466: The place. During the Austro-Ottoman war , the Austrian army destroyed and robbed the town twice. Later, the region fought against the Ottomans. During the first Serbian Revolt, the Serbian army got into the village of Reçica and killed 30 people, including Demë Ahmeti, an Albanian national hero who is later mentioned in songs. This happened on 28 June 1811, during the feast of Eid . A rebellion against
19152-402: The population and the remaining 1.1% are other minorities. 98% of residents are Muslim . The highest population density is in the city of Podujevë, where an average of 2,635 inhabitants live in one km². There are also several other settlements with high density such as: Letanc (660/km²), Obrançë (529/km²), Surkish (500/km²), Llugë (444/km²), Gllamnik (405/km²) etc. The settlements with
19304-605: The quantity of these reserves.* There are two companies who use surface mineral resources, one in Murgulla and the other one in Turuqica. After the 1999, the development of the secondary sector or industry is accompanied with the development of small and medium enterprises in the production field. Currently, the industry plays an important role in the economical development of Podujevë. There are 116 industrial buildings with 290 employees. Former public enterprises have been privatized. Some of
19456-512: The region. Mining activities were also present, especially in Bellasica, which was recognized as one of the most important mining areas in the Balkans. In the defter of jizya in 1485, Llapi had 5,952 Christian families, while in 1488-1489 Llapi had 7,399 households. In the 18th century the Nahije of Llapi was part of Pristina's Sanjak. At this time, Llapi lost many residents due to two plagues that struck
19608-479: The rich mining town of Novo Brdo . The city was known for its trade fairs and items, such as goatskin and goat hair as well as gunpowder. Pristina is the capital and the economic , financial , political and trade center of Kosovo, due to its location in the center of the country. It is the seat of power of the Government of Kosovo , the residences for work of the President and Prime Minister of Kosovo , and
19760-435: The road to Kosovo Polje . Widespread violence broke out in Pristina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting and destruction of Albanian properties. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Pristina's main station for the express purpose of deporting them to
19912-464: The south lies Pristina , the capital of Kosovo. To the west, Podujevë shares its borders with Obiliq , Vushtrri , Mitrovica and Leposaviq , while its northern and eastern borders share a border with Serbia. Podujevë consists of Llapi's Hollow and the Albanik mountains in the west, and eastern Kosovo's mountains in the east. Llapi's valley is placed between the village of Repa and that of Barileva with
20064-410: The spot. Ninety percent of the buildings in the town reportedly have been burned. On April 19, Serbian forces allegedly used ethnic Albanians as human shields along the road between Podujevë and Pristina. The city was part of the subdivision of Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), called ZOLL ( Albanian : Zona Operative e Llapit , lit. 'Operational area of Llapi'). This city became
20216-478: The time that the Albanian language was formed are uncertain. The American linguist Eric Hamp has said that during an unknown chronological period a pre-Albanian population (termed as "Albanoid" by Hamp) inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the southwestern Balkans. Further analysis has suggested that it was in a mountainous region rather than on a plain or seacoast. The words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, but
20368-559: The time was administratively part of the Sanjak of Viçitrina . According to Ottoman defters from the 16th century, Prishtina had been significantly Islamised, with more than half of the population having Muslim names. Islamised Albanian names appear among the inhabitants while the Christian neighborhoods had Orthodox Slavic, Christian and Albanian names. During the Austro-Turkish War in the late 17th century, citizens of Pristina under
20520-501: The time, and used as a synonym for the Albanian language. Published in Rome in 1635, by the Albanian bishop and writer Frang Bardhi, the first dictionary of the Albanian language was titled Latin : Dictionarium latino-epiroticum ' Latin-Epirotan dictionary ' . During the five-century period of the Ottoman presence in Albania , the language was not officially recognised until 1909, when
20672-458: The treatment of the native words and loanwords from other languages are evidence that the dialectal split preceded the Slavic migrations to the Balkans , which means that in that period (the 5th to 6th centuries AD), Albanians were occupying nearly the same area around the Shkumbin river, which straddled the Jireček Line . References to the existence of Albanian as a distinct language survive from
20824-421: The urban area, while about 57,082 residents in rural areas. Llap Region , which Podujevë is part of, was inhabited early due to favorable natural conditions. Even though many monuments documenting antiquity have disappeared, some still remain. Such documents are archeological sources such as: foundations of forts, cemeteries, tiles, weapons as well as various denominations. The oldest inhabitants of Llapi were
20976-412: The urban center Pristina , streets with national character, and the others advantages have made the trade sector dominant in the last 10 years. In Podujevë, there are 3,972 businesses registered, and in total 6,726 employees. Albanian language Albanian ( endonym : shqip [ʃcip] , gjuha shqipe [ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ] , or arbërisht [aɾbəˈɾiʃt] )
21128-734: The western and northern part of its territory. 17,600 ha are under state control and the rest (11,450) are under private control. Since the woods remain the main warming option of Kosovars, degradation and wood cuts remain a challenge. The trees which are found in this zone include: beech ( fagus sylvatica ), hornbeam ( carpinus orientalis ) and ash-tree. In alluvial lands osier and poplar may be found but other trees are found also. There may be found bushes such as cornel bush ( Cornus Mas ), haw ( crataegus monogyna ), canker-rose ( rosa canina ), elder ( sambocus nigra ), gooseberry ( prunus spicosa ), hazelnut ( corylus avellana ) etc. Fauna has many species that are not only characteristic of these areas. In
21280-421: The word for 'gills' which is native. Indigenous are also the words for 'ship', 'raft', 'navigation', 'sea shelves' and a few names of fish kinds, but not the words for 'sail', 'row' and 'harbor'; objects pertaining to navigation itself and a large part of sea fauna. This rather shows that Proto-Albanians were pushed away from coastal areas in early times (probably after the Latin conquest of the region) and thus lost
21432-530: The writers from northern Albania and under the influence of the Catholic Church used Latin letters, those in southern Albania and under the influence of the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others throughout Albania and under the influence of Islam used Arabic letters. There were initial attempts to create an original Albanian alphabet during the 1750–1850 period. These attempts intensified after
21584-644: Was built in response to a growing demand for air travel in Kosovo. In November of the same year, the R7 motorway as part of the Albania-Kosovo motorway, linking Pristina and the Albanian city of Durrës on the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast , was completed. Another extensive development for the city has been the completion of the R6 motorway in 2019, connecting Pristina to North Macedonia's capital, Skopje . Pristina
21736-524: Was ceded several times to the Second Bulgarian Empire . In 1315, the nearby Gračanica monastery was founded by King Stefan Milutin . Stefan Dušan used a location in the area of Pristina as his court before moving eventually to the vicinity of Skopje as he moved his rule southwards. The first historical record mentioning Pristina by its name dates back to 1315–1318, in a chrysobull of Banjska near Mitrovica. A first brief description of it as
21888-409: Was closely related to Illyrian and Messapic . The Indo-European subfamily that gave rise to Albanian is called Albanoid in reference to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group. Whether descendants or sisters of what was called ' Illyrian ' by classical sources, Albanian and Messapic , on the basis of shared features and innovations, are grouped together in
22040-414: Was colonization, which Yugoslavia claimed to be agricultural reforms. The Albanian language was not used at all in public administration and schools, Many residents were forced to migrate to Turkey, while their land was given to Serbian and Montenegrin colonists who would eventually take 62% of infields. Even mosques were controlled by the state. Armed resistance was mostly pushed by Kaçak movements since it
22192-540: Was established in the region. Ulpiana was an important Roman city on the Balkan Peninsula and in the 2nd century BC it was declared a municipium . In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the First Bulgarian Empire . In the early 11th century, Pristina fell under Byzantine rule and the area was included into a province called Bulgaria . Between the late 11th and middle of the 13th century it
22344-408: Was halted. This continued for a while, but Albanians had organized private funds themselves so that the education process would not stop. During 1989–1997, 22 people were killed in the region. These actions motivated the Albanian populations to resolve their societal disputes. During 1990–1992, 114 bloodfeud issues and 60 other disputes were resolved. In the 20th of March 1990, Podujevë was the site of
22496-1231: Was impossible to organize large groups of people. They managed to expel the Serbian colonists, but the consequences were far greater, as in the beginning of 1921 many massacres against the Albanian population would occur. In Sharban, 35 people were killed and 28 houses were burned. In Bellopoja, 40 people were killed and 57 houses were damaged. In Keqekolla, 490 people were killed and 40 houses were burned. In Prapashtica, 1011 people were killed and 80 houses were burned, in Nishevc, 150 heads of cattle were robbed. In Orllan, 14 people were killed, in Kushevica over 12 people were killed, in Repë over 12 people were killed, and in Popovë 573 people were killed and 55 houses were burned. In Velikoreka, 2 houses were burned, while in Gerdoc 27 people were killed and 2 houses were burned. In Lupç, 11 people were killed, and in Lepaja, 5 houses were burned. Justin Godard, at
22648-516: Was later taken by Bulgaria, which, from time to time, organized grain and cattle requisition. Starting from 1916, any people were deported and sent to work in different countries, most of them never returning. After the Bulgarian surrender, Bulgarian soldiers killed a lot of people and robbed many places during their retreat. Albanians would later form their own military formations for a short period of two months. The region fell to Yugoslavian Kingdom. In
22800-490: Was taken by the German army. The residents of Llapi did not submit to Serbian conscription and fled to the mountains. Germany captured Podujevë with an army including two tanks. Under the German administration, this region was called Llapi's nenprefektura. Albanians requested that the authorities unify Albanian-inhabited regions under one administration, but this did not occur. During that time, all of Llapi had 42,942 residents. At
22952-572: Was the route to Pristina. Some local police were shot while driving tanks. Thousands of people were imprisoned. Under Serbian control, Albanians were organized into several political parties such as “NDSh”, or Albanian National Democratic Party, the Albanian Youth National Democratic Committee, The Albanian League and others. Demonstrations were organized in March 1989 and 1990. During this period, many workers were fired from their jobs and funding for educational institutions
23104-708: Was written in 1693; it was the Italian manuscript Pratichae Schrivaneschae authored by the Montenegrin sea captain Julije Balović and includes a multilingual dictionary of hundreds of the most frequently used words in everyday life in Italian, Slavic, Greek, Albanian, and Turkish . Pre-Indo-European (PreIE) sites are found throughout the territory of Albania. Such PreIE sites existed in Maliq , Vashtëmi , Burimas , Barç , Dërsnik in
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