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22-536: The journal is abstracted and indexed in Academic OneFile , AGRICOLA , ASFA , Biological Abstracts , BIOSIS , CAB Abstracts , CAB International , ProQuest , Current Contents /Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Geobase , Global Health , Science Citation Index , Scopus , and Summon by Serial Solutions . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal's 2011 impact factor

44-437: A Patent on a new process. This new reader consisted of "cementing a thick glass plate to each end of a small block of optical glass. The entire assembly was then placed in a grinding jig which transformed the flat end-plates into convex lenses, each focused on the image borne by the opposite plate. The end result was a cylinder of glass whose rounded ends acted as lenses." In 1868, French photographer Anguier created and patented

66-551: A Web interface in the late 1990s (while simultaneously improving its full-text coverage). Around 2000, Gale began making scanned articles in PDF format directly available through the Web interface, thus relieving users of having to go to microfilm or hard copy to obtain as-published copies of articles. The InfoTrac brand was relaunched in 2005 on a new technology platform named Thomson Gale PowerSearch. Microfilm reader A microfilm reader

88-455: A list of all the cartridge-and-frame codes for all articles they were interested in, then they would pull the corresponding cartridges from the carousels and use printers built into the readers to make photocopies of the articles as originally printed. IAC was acquired by The Thomson Corporation in 1995 and merged into sister company Gale in 1998. Like most database companies, Gale started offering real-time access to InfoTrac databases through

110-444: A new process. This new process attached microphotos to a pair of Brewster magnifiers that were mounted on rubber. This process gave the illusion of related movement by applying pressure on the rubber mount. In 1890, an inventor by the name of Madsen was issued a patent on a Microfilm Camera (U.S. Patent 448, 447). By the end of the 19th century, a few libraries began to implement microfilm as a means of preserving records. A 1904 fire in

132-404: Is 1.829. This article about a botany journal is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . InfoTrac InfoTrac is a family of full-text databases of content from academic journals and general magazines, of which the majority are targeted to

154-407: Is a device used in projecting and magnifying images stored in microform to readable proportions. Microform includes flat film, microfilm , aperture cards, microfiche, and ultra fiche. Using open reels or cassettes, microfilm is often used as a way to store many documents in a small space. It has become increasingly prevalent in the development of films, as well as storage of archived newspapers. With

176-575: Is projected into a film producing an enlarged image of the film on a translucent screen, and in opaque readers the same process occurs except the image in on an opaque screen. In using a translucent screen, the image can be seen in daylight, provided no direct sunlight in on the screen. The opaque screen, however, is cheaper to produce, but requires a darker room. The advent of microfilm has had advantages to not only archiving documents but also spreading knowledge across nations. A United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report discussed

198-569: The American Library Association 's annual conference in Washington, D.C. IAC began to roll out the system to subscribing libraries in the spring of 1985. As of June 1987, the first-generation InfoTrac system cost about $ 20,000 and its database came on a 12-inch LaserDisc which was supposed to be updated every month. The original InfoTrac system was an immediate success at most of the libraries that tried it. One notable exception

220-510: The 1980s and 1990s have a location code at the end of the article which points to the exact frame on a microfilm cartridge where the story begins, which a library user could use to obtain a copy of the article as originally published. With each microfilm product subscription, IAC included a large rotating carousel with slots in which the cartridges could be stored for easy access, and also sold proprietary microfilm readers for its cartridges. The readers were able to automatically take up

242-534: The English-speaking North American market. As is typical of online proprietary databases, various forms of authentication are used to verify affiliation with subscribing academic , public , and school libraries. InfoTrac databases are published by Gale , a part of Cengage Learning . InfoTrac was first publicly presented in January 1985 by Information Access Company (IAC) to library professionals at

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264-672: The InfoTrac family of products at their inception were primarily bibliographic databases as opposed to full-text databases. Furthermore, the personal computers typically used as InfoTrac terminals operated only in text mode , meaning that "full text" meant only text and not the article as originally published with photos and illustrations. However, InfoTrac databases were published in coordination with various microfilm products from IAC which came on sequentially numbered auto-loading cartridges, on which individual frames were also individually numbered. Most InfoTrac abstracts and full-text articles from

286-542: The National Library of Turin that destroyed more than half the manuscripts stored there raised concerns of preservation of unique and rare materials. In 1905, these issues were addressed at the Congres International pour la reproduction des Manuscripts, des Monnaies et des Sceaux. It was decided that a photographic library would be established in all libraries. In 1956, UNESCO set up a special microfilm unit with

308-551: The creation of such a format. By January 1988, the second-generation InfoTrac II system cost only $ 4,000 (for optical disc equipment, computer, monitor, and printer) and its database came on a CD-ROM . As of 1994, InfoTrac databases continued to be published on CD-ROMs which were mailed to subscribing libraries at regular intervals. In that era, when personal computers were still relatively new, many publishers were not yet licensing full text of their articles, so most publications were represented only by article abstracts. This meant

330-483: The intention of visiting various countries to micro film books, documents, and other cultural material in danger of being destroyed and those which are irreplaceable. This special unit also trained technicians to handle microfilm. Microfilm readers are stored in special rooms known as "reading rooms", with two prevalent types of readers. The first is for use of transparent microphotographs and the other used for micro opaque cards. In modern translucent microfilm readers, light

352-433: The invention of microfilm, microfilm readers soon developed. With the increasing popularity of computers, microform has decreased in use. However, many library archives still remain in microform. A modern microfilm reader consists of: A reader printer was developed in the mid 20th century. This reader printer allowed for the viewer to see the microfilm, but also print what was shown in the reader. The first of these devices

374-410: The loose end of the microfilm upon cartridge insertion after a second or two, while standard microfilm reels must be manually wound into a reader, which is much slower. Thus, well-funded U.S. public libraries in the 1980s and 1990s typically had several InfoTrac database terminals, several carousels of IAC cartridges, and several microfilm readers. Researchers would use the database terminals to compile

396-436: The same invention, and on August 13 he received a US Patent (No. 33,031). Though Dargon owned the first patent, this is not to say that other inventors did not alter the first patent to create their own versions of the reader. However, Dargon sought to corner the market, and in 1861 he brought suit against a French inventor Martinache, charging invasion of patent. The trial that ensued was a short but bitter fight. The end result

418-455: Was a "simple plano-convex lens of such thickness that the focus of its spherical curvature coincides with the flat surface of the lens. On June 21, 1859, the first patent for a microfilm was issued to Rene Dargon in France. (Patent No. 23, 115) This early reader was small and compact, so much so that it could be fit into a gentleman's wristwatch. On March 28, 1860, Dargon received a British Patent for

440-469: Was a loss to Dargon, who went on to quickly issue an appeal. The court held up on the lower court decision revoking Dargon's original patent and thus taking away the monopoly Dargon sought. Dargon sought to corner the market yet again, this time in a different manner, buying the Martinache for the price of $ 6,000, a substantial amount for the time. On July 18, 1861, M. Berthier, an employee of Dargon, received

462-534: Was produced in World War II for use with V-Mail . At the beginning stages in the development of microfilm, microscopes were used to view the microform documents. Early microfilms were visible under a 100x microscope, and only very expensive ones at the time were used to view the microfilms. One of the earliest readers of microfilm was the Coddington Magnifier . Developed by Sir David Brewster, this magnifier

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484-481: Was the University of Wyoming , which tried the system for a few months and then returned it. Apart from frequent hardware and software crashes, the original InfoTrac software could only search Library of Congress subject headings (that is, it could not run a global search for keywords across all text on the disc), and the lack of a standard LaserDisc digital data format meant that the system would be rendered obsolete by

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