129-495: Mongo is a fictional planet where the comic strip (and later movie serials ) of Flash Gordon takes place. Mongo was created by the comics artist Alex Raymond in 1934, with the assistance of Raymond's ghostwriter Don Moore. Mongo is depicted as being ruled by a usurper named Ming the Merciless , who is shown as a harsh and oppressive dictator. The planet is depicted as being inhabited by different cultures, and having
258-483: A lanista (owner of a gladiator training school). From the principate onwards, private citizens could hold munera and own gladiators only with imperial permission, and the role of editor was increasingly tied to state officialdom. Legislation by Claudius required that quaestors , the lowest rank of Roman magistrate, personally subsidise two-thirds of the costs of games for their small-town communities—in effect, both an advertisement of their personal generosity and
387-451: A "frenzied crescendo" during combats, perhaps to heighten the suspense during a gladiator's appeal; blows may have been accompanied by trumpet-blasts. The Zliten mosaic in Libya (circa 80–100 AD) shows musicians playing an accompaniment to provincial games (with gladiators, bestiarii , or venatores and prisoners attacked by beasts). Their instruments are a long straight trumpet ( tubicen ),
516-450: A 2024 article in the Journal of Science Communication analysed a sample of 142 fictional exoplanets, of which nearly a third fulfilled this criterion, and found "an absence of influence of whether or not the planet setting is in a real star system on other worldbuilding characteristics". Various exotic planetary shapes appear in fiction. In Hal Clement 's 1953 novel Mission of Gravity ,
645-403: A Pompeian match between chariot-fighters, Publius Ostorius, with previous 51 wins to his credit, was granted missio after losing to Scylax, with 26 victories. By common custom, the spectators decided whether or not a losing gladiator should be spared, and chose the winner in the rare event of a standing tie. Even more rarely, perhaps uniquely, one stalemate ended in the killing of one gladiator by
774-565: A centipede-like body structure, while the low gravity yet dense atmosphere in Anderson's 1958 novel War of the Wing-Men ( a.k.a. The Man Who Counts ) makes it possible for humanoid creatures to fly using their own wings. Desert planets are common; astrophysicist Elizabeth Stanway [ Wikidata ] posits that this is because the setting strikes the right balance between novelty and familiarity to most audiences, in addition to
903-432: A considerable degree of stagecraft. Among the cognoscenti, bravado and skill in combat were esteemed over mere hacking and bloodshed; some gladiators made their careers and reputation from bloodless victories. Suetonius describes an exceptional munus by Nero, in which no-one was killed, "not even noxii (enemies of the state)." Trained gladiators were expected to observe professional rules of combat. Most matches employed
1032-448: A draw. In the same century, an epigraph praises one of Ostia 's local elite as the first to "arm women" in the history of its games. Female gladiators probably submitted to the same regulations and training as their male counterparts. Roman morality required that all gladiators be of the lowest social classes, and emperors who failed to respect this distinction earned the scorn of posterity. Cassius Dio takes pains to point out that when
1161-499: A gigantic stipend from the public purse. Gladiator games were advertised well beforehand, on billboards that gave the reason for the game, its editor, venue, date and the number of paired gladiators ( ordinarii ) to be used. Other highlighted features could include details of venationes , executions, music and any luxuries to be provided for the spectators, such as an awning against the sun, water sprinklers, food, drink, sweets and occasionally "door prizes". For enthusiasts and gamblers,
1290-488: A gladiator. His gravestone in Sicily includes his record: "Flamma, secutor , lived 30 years, fought 34 times, won 21 times, fought to a draw 9 times, defeated 4 times, a Syrian by nationality. Delicatus made this for his deserving comrade-in-arms." A gladiator could acknowledge defeat by raising a finger ( ad digitum ), in appeal to the referee to stop the combat and refer to the editor , whose decision would usually rest on
1419-448: A glowing red ore called zerilium that was mined on the moon. Mongo's inhabitants even built two small artificial moons named Arkaylia and Surd to process zerilium and shelter the miners. An accident on Mongo released poisonous zerilium gas into the air, which caused acid rain , killed wildlife, and contaminated Mongo's water. The planet became uninhabitable. A small portion of Mongo's people emigrated to Arkaylia. After three generations on
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#17328763063211548-507: A large curved horn ( Cornu ) and a water organ ( hydraulis ). Similar representations (musicians, gladiators and bestiari ) are found on a tomb relief in Pompeii . A match was won by the gladiator who overcame his opponent, or killed him outright. Victors received the palm branch and an award from the editor . An outstanding fighter might receive a laurel crown and money from an appreciative crowd but for anyone originally condemned ad ludum
1677-404: A more detailed program ( libellus ) was distributed on the day of the munus , showing the names, types and match records of gladiator pairs, and their order of appearance. Left-handed gladiators were advertised as a rarity; they were trained to fight right-handers, which gave them an advantage over most opponents and produced an interestingly unorthodox combination. The night before the munus ,
1806-553: A much larger toroidal megastructure in space in the 1970 novel Ringworld and a much smaller one in the 1973 novel Protector . Arthur C. Clarke 's 1949 short story " The Wall of Darkness " is set on a planet bounded by a wall in the shape of an Alice handle , a kind of three-dimensional equivalent of a Möbius strip . Planets in multiple star systems have attracted attention from science fiction writers, especially in terms of what kind of life would exist on planets with more than one sun and how history might be cyclical as
1935-459: A part-purchase of their office. Bigger games were put on by senior magistrates, who could better afford them. The largest and most lavish of all were paid for by the emperor himself. The earliest types of gladiator were named after Rome's enemies of that time: the Samnite , Thracian and Gaul . The Samnite, heavily armed, elegantly helmed and probably the most popular type, was renamed secutor and
2064-500: A particularly hot or cold climate. Both desert planets and ocean planets appear, as do planets with unusual chemical conditions. Various peculiar planetary shapes have been depicted, including flattened , cubic, and toroidal . Some fictional planets exist in multiple-star systems where the orbital mechanics can lead to exotic day–night or seasonal cycles, while others do not orbit any star at all . More fancifully, planets are occasionally portrayed as having sentience , though this
2193-528: A planet Mongo similar to Raymond's original comic strips, featuring the kingdoms and peoples, and rulers who feature prominently in the 1930s stories. However, some minor changes were made (the Lion Men had the heads of lions in addition to tails, and Brazor was renamed "Braznor"). It also featured a storyline involving the caverns of the Witch Kingdom of Sykland. Queen Azura, the ruler, becomes convinced that Gordan
2322-410: A planet where the majority of the surface becomes uninhabitable approximately once a millennium when it makes a close approach to one of its stars and mass migration of the native lifeforms ensues, and Brian Aldiss 's 1982–1985 Helliconia trilogy is set on a planet where the orbital mechanics lead to century-long seasons and there are two distinct ecosystems —one adapted to the short period around
2451-568: A precedent in the Iberian munus of Scipio Africanus ; but none of those had been paid. For the poor, and for non-citizens, enrollment in a gladiator school offered a trade, regular food, housing of sorts and a fighting chance of fame and fortune. Mark Antony chose a troupe of gladiators to be his personal bodyguard. Gladiators customarily kept their prize money and any gifts they received, and these could be substantial. Tiberius offered several retired gladiators 100,000 sesterces each to return to
2580-518: A propitiatory funeral blood-rite that anticipates early Roman gladiator games. Compared to these images, supporting evidence from Etruscan tomb-paintings is tentative and late. The Paestum frescoes may represent the continuation of a much older tradition, acquired or inherited from Greek colonists of the 8th century BC. Livy places the first Roman gladiator games (264 BC) in the early stage of Rome's First Punic War , against Carthage , when Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva had three gladiator pairs fight to
2709-401: A public proclamation as a most cruel murder. A gladiator who was refused missio was despatched by his opponent. To die well, a gladiator should never ask for mercy, nor cry out. A "good death" redeemed the gladiator from the dishonourable weakness and passivity of defeat, and provided a noble example to those who watched: For death, when it stands near us, gives even to inexperienced men
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#17328763063212838-414: A result of the "long year" that occurs if the orbital period around one of the stars is very lengthy. A particularly early example of this is C. I. Defontenay 's 1854 novel Star ou Psi de Cassiopée (English title: Star: Psi Cassiopeia ), described by science fiction editor David Pringle as "the first detailed evocation of an alien solar system", which depicts various alien species inhabiting
2967-474: A senior referee ( summa rudis ) and an assistant, shown in mosaics with long staffs ( rudes ) to caution or separate opponents at some crucial point in the match. Referees were usually retired gladiators whose decisions, judgement and discretion were, for the most part, respected; they could stop bouts entirely, or pause them to allow the combatants rest, refreshment and a rub-down. Ludi and munera were accompanied by music, played as interludes, or building to
3096-467: A similarly dignified display of female athletics was met by the crowd with ribald chants and cat-calls. Probably as a result, he banned the use of female gladiators in 200 AD. Caligula , Titus , Hadrian , Lucius Verus , Caracalla , Geta and Didius Julianus were all said to have performed in the arena, either in public or private, but risks to themselves were minimal. Claudius , characterised by his historians as morbidly cruel and boorish, fought
3225-409: A temporary tourist destination as it passes by a star before leaving the star's vicinity and becoming uninhabitable again. Hal Clement's 1974 short story " The Logical Life " explores what kind of life could exist on a planet without a star, while the 2002 Star Trek: Enterprise episode " Rogue Planet " depicts how the lifeforms on a world of perpetual night might be exploited by outsiders. Earth
3354-699: A training program for the military. It proved immensely popular. Thereafter, the gladiator contests formerly restricted to private munera were often included in the state games ( ludi ) that accompanied the major religious festivals. Where traditional ludi had been dedicated to a deity, such as Jupiter , the munera could be dedicated to an aristocratic sponsor's divine or heroic ancestor. Gladiatorial games offered their sponsors extravagantly expensive but effective opportunities for self-promotion, and gave their clients and potential voters exciting entertainment at little or no cost to themselves. Gladiators became big business for trainers and owners, for politicians on
3483-520: A varied ecosystem . The technology of these cultures varies from groups at a Stone Age level, to highly technologically advanced peoples. At the beginning of the comic strip, almost all of these cultures are shown as being under the domination of the tyrant Ming. In all the versions of the Flash Gordon story, Flash Gordon is shown as unifying the peoples of Mongo against Ming, and eventually removing him from power. Later stories often depict Mongo under
3612-604: A whale trapped in the harbor in front of a group of spectators. Commentators invariably disapproved of such performances. Commodus was a fanatical participant at the ludi , and compelled Rome's elite to attend his performances as gladiator, bestiarius or venator . Most of his performances as a gladiator were bloodless affairs, fought with wooden swords; he invariably won. He was said to have restyled Nero's colossal statue in his own image as " Hercules Reborn", dedicated to himself as "Champion of secutores ; only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men." He
3741-466: A woman named "Mevia", hunting boars in the arena "with spear in hand and breasts exposed", and Petronius mocks the pretensions of a rich, low-class citizen, whose munus includes a woman fighting from a cart or chariot. A munus of 89 AD, during Domitian 's reign, featured a battle between female gladiators, described as "Amazons". In Halicarnassus, a 2nd-century AD relief depicts two female combatants named "Amazon" and "Achillia"; their match ended in
3870-667: Is " world building ," meticulously crafting bizarre planets that nonetheless accord with all scientific laws. Gary Westfahl , Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia (2021), "Alien Worlds" entry Most extrasolar planets in fiction are similar to Earth —referred to in the Star Trek franchise as Class M planets —and serve only as settings for the narrative. One reason for this, writes Stephen L. Gillett [ Wikidata ] in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy ,
3999-574: Is a jungle, home of the Monkey Men. Further west is the Great Desert of Mongo, the largest such region on the planet. The Great Desert is the base for Ming's Desert Legion, as well as the home of pastoral nomads who oppose Ming's rule. At the planet's south pole is the Ice Kingdom of Naquk. Naquk is the ruler of a group of giants aligned with Ming's forces. These giants are more technologically advanced than
Mongo (Flash Gordon) - Misplaced Pages Continue
4128-560: Is about half the diameter of Earth but is considerably denser, so its gravity is only slightly weaker than the Earth's, although it still allows Flash Gordon to put his gymnastics skills to good use. Mongo has a variety of climates, and is inhabited by enormous, dinosaur -like monsters. In Alex Raymond's comic strip and the Flash Gordon movie serials, Mongo was shown as a rogue planet that had drifted into Earth's solar system. Later versions of
4257-483: Is absolute and openly acknowledged instead of a secret and shadowy conspiracy. Though they are the invaders, Flash Gordon and his friends are depicted as liberators of planet Mongo. Cheng states that their use of excorporation in order to weaken and ultimately unseat Ming reinforces his nature as "familiarly Asian". Fictional planet Planets outside of the Solar System have appeared in fiction since at least
4386-566: Is also inhabited by two primitive tribes hostile to the Treemen: the blue-skinned, fanged Tusk Men, a group of cannibals, and the warlike Horned Ape Men. To the far north, an area of mountains and caverns makes up the frozen kingdom of Frigia, ruled by Queen Fria. Frigia has enormous, ostrich-like "snowbirds" that the inhabitants ride. Frigia's inhabitants are shown as being technologically advanced, using rocket ships, electric heaters, and transparent "snowsuits" capable of protecting their inhabitants from
4515-583: Is an "Unexplored Continent". After Raymond left the Flash Gordon strip in 1944, his successors would add new characters and locations to Mongo. Austin Briggs created Kang the Cruel, the son of Ming. Kang would depose Barin and take over Mongo, resulting in Flash leading another rebellion. Mac Raboy created several new elements for the fictional planet's mythology, including giving Mongo two moons, Lunita and Exila, as well as
4644-533: Is covered by an atmosphere but the poles rise up above it. Another disk-shaped planet is the Discworld of Terry Pratchett 's 1983–2015 fantasy book series of that name , a flat world which is carried on the backs of elephants that are in turn carried on the back of a turtle , with the arrangement orbited by the world's sun . Bizarro World in the Superman franchise is a cubic planet, rendered that shape by
4773-504: Is different: the extent of religious ritual and meaning in them, which constitutes idolatry. Although Tertullian states that these events are forbidden to believers, the fact that he writes a whole treatise to convince Christians that they should not attend ( De Spectaculis ) shows that apparently not everyone agreed to stay away from them. In the next century, Augustine of Hippo deplored the youthful fascination of his friend (and later fellow-convert and bishop ) Alypius of Thagaste , with
4902-421: Is less common than stars receiving the same treatment or a planet's lifeforms having a collective consciousness. [S]ince information about extrasolar planets remains limited and incomplete, science fiction writers can freely imagine various sorts of alien worlds where their heroes might experience different sorts of adventures and encounter exotic aliens . Indeed, one activity associated with hard science fiction
5031-419: Is portrayed as exclusively monarchical. Each realm Flash Gordon visits has its own king or queen. At the start of the strip, most of the kingdoms of Mongo are under Ming's suzerainty , and their rulers always follow Ming's commands. The exceptions are Prince Barin and Thun, ruler of the Lion Men. When Flash Gordon arrives on Mongo, he finds Prince Barin is leading a guerrilla war against Ming from Arboria. Thun,
5160-497: Is rendered by Raymond as a region of rocky hills dotted by bushes. The Lion Men are shown as living in large tents and flying "Space Gyro" aircraft. Bordering the Sea of Mystery is the city of the Shark Men, led by Ming supporter King Kala. Underneath the fog-shrouded Sea of Mystery, is the underwater kingdom of Coralia, ruled by Queen Undina. Northeast of Mingo City is the airborne Sky City of
5289-533: Is the inhabited one. Portraying planets with conditions that differ significantly from Earth's in terms of physical environment has been a recurring practice since the middle of the 1900s. Many of these stories imagine how indigenous lifeforms might be adapted to those conditions, with Hal Clement and Poul Anderson being particularly prolific exponents of this craft. The high gravity of Mesklin in Clement's Mission of Gravity thus results in its inhabitants having
Mongo (Flash Gordon) - Misplaced Pages Continue
5418-442: Is the reincarnation of Ghor-Dhan, the legendary founder of Syk. The 1986 cartoon showed a frozen planet Mongo where all the natural resources had been exhausted, thus motivating Ming to move to Earth and attack the planet. In this animated version , Flash, Dale and Zarkov arrive on Mongo through a dimensional portal. They are trapped on the planet after sealing the portal to stop Ming using it to invade earth. This version renamed
5547-564: Is threatened by impact with a rogue planet in the 1933 novel When Worlds Collide by Edwin Balmer and Philip Wylie and its 1951 film adaptation , and becomes a rogue planet itself in Fritz Leiber 's 1951 short story " A Pail of Air ". A rogue planet on a collision course with a star-orbiting planet also appears in Neil R. Jones 's 1934 short story " The Sunless World ", though here the rogue planet
5676-580: Is to enable satire . Nevertheless, there are also many fictional planets that differ significantly from Earth. Earth-like planets have become less common in fiction following the first detection of an exoplanet around a Sun-like star in 1995, reflecting the scarcity of such worlds among the thousands discovered since. The majority of extrasolar planets in fiction are inhabited by native species, and humans are variously depicted as being integrated into or remaining apart from such alien ecosystems. Some fictional planets are described as orbiting real stars;
5805-404: Is why there are so many similarities between both worlds, including language and Homo Sapiens evolving on both planets. It is theorized that at some point in time and space, the two planets were much closer. Mongo's government is called the "United Peoples of Mongo", ruled by Emperor Ming. In the episode Sorrow , it is revealed that Mongo was once a prosperous blue and green planet; it relied on
5934-606: The Campanians in celebration of their victory over the Samnites . Long after the games had ceased, the 7th century AD writer Isidore of Seville derived Latin lanista (manager of gladiators) from the Etruscan word for "executioner", and the title of " Charon " (an official who accompanied the dead from the Roman gladiatorial arena) from Charun , psychopomp of the Etruscan underworld. This
6063-668: The Forum Romanum , using twenty-two pairs of gladiators. Ten years later, Scipio Africanus gave a commemorative munus in Iberia for his father and uncle, casualties in the Punic Wars. High status non-Romans, and possibly Romans too, volunteered as his gladiators. The context of the Punic Wars and Rome's near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) link these early games to munificence,
6192-562: The Western Roman Empire . According to Theodoret , the ban was in consequence of Saint Telemachus ' martyrdom by spectators at a gladiator munus. Valentinian III (r. 425–455) repeated the ban in 438, perhaps effectively, though venationes continued beyond 536. By this time, interest in gladiator contests had waned throughout the Roman world. In the Byzantine Empire, theatrical shows and chariot races continued to attract
6321-436: The editor himself. In any event, the final decision of death or life belonged to the editor , who signalled his choice with a gesture described by Roman sources as pollice verso meaning "with a turned thumb"; a description too imprecise for reconstruction of the gesture or its symbolism. Whether victorious or defeated, a gladiator was bound by oath to accept or implement his editor's decision, "the victor being nothing but
6450-639: The munera spectacle as inimical to a Christian life and salvation . Amphitheatres continued to host the spectacular administration of Imperial justice: in 315 Constantine the Great condemned child-snatchers ad bestias in the arena. Ten years later, he forbade criminals being forced to fight to the death as gladiators: Bloody spectacles do not please us in civil ease and domestic quiet. For that reason we forbid those people to be gladiators who by reason of some criminal act were accustomed to deserve this condition and sentence. You shall rather sentence them to serve in
6579-571: The munus . Two other sources of gladiators, found increasingly during the Principate and the relatively low military activity of the Pax Romana , were slaves condemned to the arena ( damnati ), to gladiator schools or games ( ad ludum gladiatorium ) as punishment for crimes, and the paid volunteers ( auctorati ) who by the late Republic may have comprised approximately half—and possibly the most capable half—of all gladiators. The use of volunteers had
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#17328763063216708-422: The retiarius , would tire less rapidly than their heavily armed opponents; most bouts would have lasted 10 to 15 minutes, or 20 minutes at most. In late Republican munera , between 10 and 13 matches could have been fought on one day; this assumes one match at a time in the course of an afternoon. Spectators preferred to watch highly skilled, well matched ordinarii with complementary fighting styles; these were
6837-494: The 1850s, long before the first real ones were discovered in the 1990s. Most of these fictional planets do not differ significantly from the Earth , and serve only as settings for the narrative. The majority host native lifeforms , sometimes with humans integrated into the ecosystems. Fictional planets that are not Earth-like vary in many different ways. They may have significantly stronger or weaker gravity on their surfaces , or have
6966-622: The 1976 Space: 1999 episode " The AB Chrysalis ", while C. J. Cherryh 's 1988 novel Cyteen depicts a planet dominated by silicon-based life whose biochemistry creates byproducts extremely hazardous to human health. Planets themselves being portrayed as alive, while relatively rare (especially compared to stars receiving the same treatment), is a recurring theme. Sentient planets appear in Ray Bradbury 's 1951 short story " Here There Be Tygers ", Stanisław Lem 's 1961 novel Solaris , and Terry Pratchett 's 1976 novel The Dark Side of
7095-481: The 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. Christians disapproved of the games because they involved idolatrous pagan rituals, and the popularity of gladiatorial contests declined in the fifth century, leading to their disappearance. Early literary sources seldom agree on the origins of gladiators and the gladiator games. In the late 1st century BC, Nicolaus of Damascus believed they were Etruscan . A generation later, Livy wrote that they were first held in 310 BC by
7224-560: The 2009 film Avatar . The following are fictional extrasolar planets with stand-alone Misplaced Pages articles. Gladiator A gladiator ( Latin : gladiator , "swordsman", from gladius , "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in
7353-523: The Blue Magic Men. Kira is also inhabited by Lizard Men who capture and eat the other inhabitants of Mongo. South of Kira is "Volcano World", a realm of mountains and lava flows. In this region dwell the Fire People, who wear suits of asbestos armour and use flamethrowers in combat. The Fire People are led by Ming's ally, King Orax, and are known for their ability to build devastating weapons. Westwards
7482-652: The Dragonfly ), Bob Shaw 's 1986 novel The Ragged Astronauts —which depicts an interplanetary hot air balloon expedition—and Charles Sheffield 's 1990 novel Summertide . A planet in the shape of a torus is the setting of Flint's 1921 short story " The Emancipatrix ", being the result of the protoplanetary disk condensing so quickly that it did not coalesce into a spherical shape first; an artificial planet-sized torus also appears in John P. Boyd [ Wikidata ] 's 1981 short story " Moonbow ", while Niven wrote of
7611-575: The Fiery Desert of Mongo, a torrid region prone to volcanism. The Fiery Desert is home of Gundar the Desert Hawk and his Bedouin -like tribe. In Tropica, the villain Brazor usurps the rightful ruler Queen Desira and becomes' the area's tyrannical despot. Flash leads a rebellion against Brazor (who briefly replaced Ming as the comic strip's main antagonist) and eventually defeats him. To the north-west of Tropica
7740-478: The Flash Gordon story, such as the 1980 film, the 1996 cartoon series, and the Dynamite Entertainment comics, show Mongo as being in another star system or galaxy, and coming into contact with Earth's system through a wormhole -like portal. The demonym of the planet's people vary according to different writers. Mongo's inhabitants have been referred to as "Mongonians", "Mongoans", and "Mongori". Mongo
7869-469: The Gaul renamed murmillo , once these former enemies had been conquered then absorbed into Rome's Empire. In the mid-republican munus , each type seems to have fought against a similar or identical type. In the later Republic and early Empire, various "fantasy" types were introduced, and were set against dissimilar but complementary types. For example, the bareheaded, nimble retiarius ("net-man"), armoured only at
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#17328763063217998-508: The Hawkmen "Birdmen" and the Lion Men "Leonids". In the Scifi Channel series Flash Gordon , Mongo is a planet, "in another dimension" (i.e. parallel universe ). It is explained that "the dimensional shift" is "quite small" and that there is an inherent connection between Earth and Mongo, where the quantum mechanics of Bell's theorem and EPR paradox are working on a planetary scale. That
8127-565: The Hawkmen, governed by Vultan . Sky City hovers above a region of grassland dotted with crags. Between Mingo City and Sky City is the land of the Brown Dwarves. East of Sky City is Flame World, a dusty region of scarps and ravines of basaltic rock. Flame World owes its name to the lava eruptions that regularly occur in the area. East of the Lion Men's kingdom are the Magnetic Mountains, which emanate magnetic forces that often interfere with
8256-646: The Lion Man, is also Ming's active enemy. Under Mingo City is a power station where the Power Men of Mongo, a group of electrical engineers led by Ergon, work. Also beneath Mingo City is an abandoned sewer system where a band of rebels against Ming's rule,"the Freeman" make their base. The Freeman are led by the eyepatch-wearing Count Bulok. To the west of Mingo City is the Land of the Lion Men, ruled by King Thun . The Lion Men's country
8385-436: The Roman elite from the bankruptcies they would otherwise suffer, and restricting gladiator munera to the festivals of Saturnalia and Quinquatria . Henceforth, an imperial praetor 's official munus was allowed a maximum of 120 gladiators at a ceiling cost of 25,000 denarii; an imperial ludi might cost no less than 180,000 denarii. Throughout the empire, the greatest and most celebrated games would now be identified with
8514-417: The Roman world. The origin of gladiatorial combat is open to debate. There is evidence of it in funeral rites during the Punic Wars of the 3rd century BC, and thereafter it rapidly became an essential feature of politics and social life in the Roman world. Its popularity led to its use in ever more lavish and costly games . The gladiator games lasted for nearly a thousand years, reaching their peak between
8643-611: The Sun . Ego the Living Planet is a recurring character in Marvel Comics . The related concept known as the Gaia hypothesis —an entire planetary ecosphere functioning as a single organism, often but not always imbued with a planet-wide consciousness —is more common; examples include Murray Leinster 's 1949 short story " The Lonely Planet ", Isaac Asimov's 1982 novel Foundation's Edge , and
8772-584: The actions of Superman. Earth itself gets turned into a cube in Henry H. Gross 's 1987 short story " Cubeworld ", and an altogether artificial planet-sized cube is the setting of G. David Nordley 's 2009 novel To Climb a Flat Mountain . Double planets close enough together to share an atmosphere through their Roche lobes appear in Homer Eon Flint 's 1921 short story " The Devolutionist ", Robert L. Forward 's 1982 novel Rocheworld ( a.k.a. The Flight of
8901-478: The arena and in 384 attempted, like most of his predecessors, to limit the expenses of gladiatora munera . In 393, Theodosius I (r. 379–395) adopted Nicene Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire and banned pagan festivals. The ludi continued, very gradually shorn of their stubbornly pagan elements. Honorius (r. 395–423) legally ended gladiator games in 399, and again in 404, at least in
9030-549: The arena. Nero gave the gladiator Spiculus property and residence "equal to those of men who had celebrated triumphs." From the 60s AD female gladiators appear as rare and "exotic markers of exceptionally lavish spectacle". In 66 AD, Nero had Ethiopian women, men and children fight at a munus to impress the King Tiridates I of Armenia . Romans seem to have found the idea of a female gladiator novel and entertaining, or downright absurd; Juvenal titillates his readers with
9159-445: The arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death. Irrespective of their origin, gladiators offered spectators an example of Rome's martial ethics and, in fighting or dying well, they could inspire admiration and popular acclaim. They were celebrated in high and low art, and their value as entertainers was commemorated in precious and commonplace objects throughout
9288-455: The artificial moon, Mongo's environment partially repaired itself. As a result, the people returned to the planet. Clean water, known as "source water", still remained scarce and came from underground. Centuries later, Ming seized power and began his rule. The 1977 Fantasy Games Unlimited role-playing game Flash Gordon & the Warriors of Mongo used the planet Mongo as its setting. The game
9417-456: The base of Ming's empire. Mongo harbours a "Valley of Portals" which contains portals which lead to the other worlds Ming rules, including Arboria and Coralia. Arlene Williamson (the first wife of Al Williamson ) and Jim Keefe both drew maps of the planet Mongo, based closely on Raymond's stories. The game Flash Gordon & the Warriors of Mongo (see below), also featured Lin Carter 's map of
9546-428: The cast list as Roman territories expanded. Most gladiators were armed and armoured in the manner of the enemies of Rome. The gladiator munus became a morally instructive form of historic enactment in which the only honourable option for the gladiator was to fight well, or else die well. In 216 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , late consul and augur , was honoured by his sons with three days of munera gladiatoria in
9675-424: The celebration of military victory and the religious expiation of military disaster; these munera appear to serve a morale-raising agenda in an era of military threat and expansion. The next recorded munus , held for the funeral of Publius Licinius in 183 BC, was more extravagant. It involved three days of funeral games, 120 gladiators, and public distribution of meat ( visceratio data ) —a practice that reflected
9804-573: The closer star and another adapted to the long year around the more distant one. A similar effect appears in Aldiss's 1977 short story " Creatures of Apogee ", albeit here as a result of a highly eccentric orbit around a single star where the distance to the star thus varies greatly between the nearest and farthest points in the orbit . The 1985 anthology Medea: Harlan's World is a collaborative effort between Harlan Ellison and several other science fiction writers consisting of several stories set on
9933-467: The cold. The Frigians are often attacked by giants three times the size of a normal human. These giants are led by their chieftain, Brukka. A railroad, with rocket-powered passenger trains running on it, links Mingo City and Frigia's southern borderland. Mongo also has extensive underground domains. One of these domains is Kira the Cave World. Kira's capital is Syk, ruled by the evil Queen Azura, ruler of
10062-569: The cost of three gladiators, rather than four; such contests were prolonged, and in some cases, more bloody. Most were probably of poor quality, but the emperor Caracalla chose to test a notably skilled and successful fighter named Bato against first one supposicitius , whom he beat, and then another, who killed him. At the opposite level of the profession, a gladiator reluctant to confront his opponent might be whipped, or goaded with hot irons, until he engaged through sheer desperation. Combats between experienced, well trained gladiators demonstrated
10191-616: The crowd's response. In the earliest munera , death was considered a righteous penalty for defeat; later, those who fought well might be granted remission at the whim of the crowd or the editor . During the Imperial era, matches advertised as sine missione (usually understood to mean "without reprieve" for the defeated) suggest that missio (the sparing of a defeated gladiator's life) had become common practice. The contract between editor and his lanista could include compensation for unexpected deaths; this could be "some fifty times higher than
10320-639: The crowd, and the gladiators themselves, preferred the "dignity" of an even contest. There were also comedy fights; some may have been lethal. A crude Pompeian graffito suggests a burlesque of musicians, dressed as animals named Ursus tibicen (flute-playing bear) and Pullus cornicen (horn-blowing chicken), perhaps as accompaniment to clowning by paegniarii during a "mock" contest of the ludi meridiani . The gladiators may have held informal warm-up matches, using blunted or dummy weapons—some munera , however, may have used blunted weapons throughout. The editor, his representative or an honoured guest would check
10449-452: The crowds, and drew a generous imperial subsidy. The earliest munera took place at or near the tomb of the deceased and these were organised by their munerator (who made the offering). Later games were held by an editor , either identical with the munerator or an official employed by him. As time passed, these titles and meanings may have merged. In the republican era, private citizens could own and train gladiators, or lease them from
10578-459: The death in Rome's "cattle market" forum ( Forum Boarium ) to honor his dead father, Brutus Pera. Livy describes this as a " munus " (plural: munera ), a gift, in this case a commemorative duty owed the manes (spirit, or shade) of a dead ancestor by his descendants. The development of the gladiator munus and its gladiator types was most strongly influenced by Samnium's support for Hannibal and
10707-455: The futuristic and the primitive. Though their technology is advanced, their Hollywood costumes resemble those of the Roman Empire . Mongonian soldiers, despite their superior arsenal, would prefer to draw swords for battle". Academic John Cheng identifies themes of yellow peril in depictions of Mongo's politics. Cheng calls these themes "different and more radical", as Ming's control of Mongo
10836-465: The games as a matter of undiminished public interest. In the early 3rd century AD, the Christian writer Tertullian condemned the attendance of Christians: the combats, he said, were murder, their witnessing spiritually and morally harmful and the gladiator an instrument of pagan human sacrifice. Carolyn Osiek comments: The reason, we would suppose, would be primarily the bloodthirsty violence, but his
10965-580: The gladiatorial fights at Campanian banquets described by Livy and later deplored by Silius Italicus. The enthusiastic adoption of munera gladiatoria by Rome's Iberian allies shows how easily, and how early, the culture of the gladiator munus permeated places far from Rome itself. By 174 BC, "small" Roman munera (private or public), provided by an editor of relatively low importance, may have been so commonplace and unremarkable they were not considered worth recording: Many gladiatorial games were given in that year, some unimportant, one noteworthy beyond
11094-440: The gladiators were given a banquet and opportunity to order their personal and private affairs; Futrell notes its similarity to a ritualistic or sacramental "last meal". These were probably both family and public events which included even the noxii , sentenced to die in the arena the following day; and the damnati , who would have at least a slender chance of survival. The event may also have been used to drum up more publicity for
11223-408: The greatest reward was manumission (emancipation), symbolised by the gift of a wooden training sword or staff ( rudis ) from the editor . Martial describes a match between Priscus and Verus , who fought so evenly and bravely for so long that when both acknowledged defeat at the same instant, Titus awarded victory and a rudis to each. Flamma was awarded the rudis four times, but chose to remain
11352-549: The ice kingdom of Polaria, ruled by the tyrant Polon, (who has the power to shrink or enlarge living things). Jim Keefe made the Unexplored Continent the location where the villain Garakahn had his fortress. In some versions of the comic strip, Mingo City is renamed "Alania" after Ming's overthrow. In the 2011 Dynamite Comics Flash Gordon:Zeitgeist , Ming opens a portal between dimensions to enable Mongo to attack Earth in
11481-405: The imminent game. Official munera of the early Imperial era seem to have followed a standard form ( munus legitimum ). A procession ( pompa ) entered the arena, led by lictors who bore the fasces that signified the magistrate- editor' s power over life and death. They were followed by a small band of trumpeters ( tubicines ) playing a fanfare. Images of the gods were carried in to "witness"
11610-471: The inhabitants do not have a fixed sex. One of the planets in the 2014 film Interstellar is covered by a shallow ocean and orbits so closely around a black hole that there are both tidal waves the height of mountains and extreme time dilation . Other fictional planets differ in their chemical rather than physical environment. Chlorine planets appear in Isaac Asimov's 1951 short story " C-Chute " and
11739-413: The instrument of his [editor's] will." Not all editors chose to go with the crowd, and not all those condemned to death for putting on a poor show chose to submit: Once a band of five retiarii in tunics, matched against the same number of secutores , yielded without a struggle; but when their death was ordered, one of them caught up his trident and slew all the victors. Caligula bewailed this in
11868-523: The later theatrical ethos of the Roman gladiator show: splendidly, exotically armed and armoured barbarians , treacherous and degenerate, are dominated by Roman iron and native courage. His plain Romans virtuously dedicate the magnificent spoils of war to the gods. Their Campanian allies stage a dinner entertainment using gladiators who may not be Samnites, but play the Samnite role. Other groups and tribes would join
11997-432: The lease price" of the gladiator. Under Augustus' rule, the demand for gladiators began to exceed supply, and matches sine missione were officially banned; an economical, pragmatic development that happened to match popular notions of "natural justice". When Caligula and Claudius refused to spare defeated but popular fighters, their own popularity suffered. In general, gladiators who fought well were likely to survive. At
12126-552: The left arm and shoulder, pitted his net, trident and dagger against the more heavily armoured, helmeted Secutor. Most depictions of gladiators show the most common and popular types. Passing literary references to others has allowed their tentative reconstruction. Other novelties introduced around this time included gladiators who fought from chariots or carts , or from horseback. At an unknown date, cestus fighters were introduced to Roman arenas, probably from Greece, armed with potentially lethal boxing gloves. The trade in gladiators
12255-519: The make and those who had reached the top and wished to stay there. A politically ambitious privatus (private citizen) might postpone his deceased father's munus to the election season, when a generous show might drum up votes; those in power and those seeking it needed the support of the plebeians and their tribunes , whose votes might be won with the mere promise of an exceptionally good show. Sulla , during his term as praetor , showed his usual acumen in breaking his own sumptuary laws to give
12384-406: The mines so that they may acknowledge the penalties of their crimes with blood. This has been interpreted as a ban on gladiatorial combat. Yet, in the last year of his life, Constantine wrote a letter to the citizens of Hispellum, granting its people the right to celebrate his rule with gladiatorial games. In 365, Valentinian I (r. 364–375) threatened to fine a judge who sentenced Christians to
12513-452: The most costly to train and to hire. A general melee of several, lower-skilled gladiators was far less costly, but also less popular. Even among the ordinarii , match winners might have to fight a new, well-rested opponent, either a tertiarius ("third choice gladiator") by prearrangement; or a "substitute" gladiator ( suppositicius ) who fought at the whim of the editor as an unadvertised, unexpected "extra". This yielded two combats for
12642-557: The most lavish munus yet seen in Rome, for the funeral of his wife, Metella. In the closing years of the politically and socially unstable Late Republic, any aristocratic owner of gladiators had political muscle at his disposal. In 65 BC, newly elected curule aedile Julius Caesar held games that he justified as munus to his father, who had been dead for 20 years. Despite an already enormous personal debt, he used 320 gladiator pairs in silvered armour. He had more available in Capua but
12771-504: The much admired emperor Titus used female gladiators, they were of acceptably low class. Some regarded female gladiators of any type or class as a symptom of corrupted Roman appetites, morals and womanhood. Before he became emperor, Septimius Severus may have attended the Antiochene Olympic Games, which had been revived by the emperor Commodus and included traditional Greek female athletics. Septimius' attempt to give Rome
12900-468: The navigation of aircraft flying over them. Southwards from these Mountains is a "Tournament Arena" where the peoples of Mongo meet once a year for the "Tournament of Death", a combat to the death between Mongo's gladiators . Part of the planet is covered by the forest kingdom of Arboria, ruled by Prince Barin , leader of the Treemen who live there. Arboria has enormous trees resembling giant redwoods . Arboria
13029-443: The original comic strip artist, Alex Raymond. Comics historian Ron Goulart suggests that the plot of Mongo threatening to collide with Earth was inspired by the novel When Worlds Collide by Philip Wylie and Edwin Balmer , while the societies on the planet were informed by the works of popular science fiction writers Edgar Rice Burroughs and Abraham Merritt . Film historian Michael Benson describes Mongo as "a combination of
13158-541: The other end of the spectrum are planets covered entirely by water , an early example of which appears in Neil R. Jones's 1933 short story " Into the Hydrosphere ". Joan Slonczewski 's 1986 novel A Door into Ocean is a piece of feminist science fiction set on an ocean world with an all-female population, while Ursula K. Le Guin 's 1969 novel The Left Hand of Darkness is set on a frigid world of perpetual winter where
13287-462: The planet Mesklin 's rapid rotation causes it to be shaped roughly like a flat disk and gravity is consequently about 200 times weaker at the equator than it is at the poles, while the moon Jinx in Larry Niven 's 1975 short story " The Borderland of Sol " is instead stretched by tidal forces from the planet it orbits rather than flattened, resulting in a prolate spheroid shape where the equator
13416-493: The planet, similar to the Arlene Williamson version. Starting April 22, 1935, the radio serial The Amazing Interplanetary Adventures of Flash Gordon , began airing. The series featured stories set on Mongo, closely following the plot of the comic strip. The 1936 serial depicts Mongo as a rogue planet drifting towards Earth. The serial's Mongo is a wild, rocky planet filled with monsters. The second Flash Gordon serial
13545-406: The planets orbiting the stars. Isaac Asimov 's 1941 short story " Nightfall " portrays a planet which is in constant daylight from at least one of its six suns for millennia at a time before a single night of true darkness, which is a much-anticipated event, the 1963 The Twilight Zone episode " On Thursday We Leave for Home " depicts a planet that is challenging for humans to inhabit due to
13674-633: The proceedings, followed by a scribe to record the outcome, and a man carrying the palm branch used to honour victors. The magistrate editor entered among a retinue who carried the arms and armour to be used; the gladiators presumably came in last. The entertainments often began with venationes (beast hunts) and bestiarii (beast fighters). Next came the ludi meridiani , which were of variable content but usually involved executions of noxii , some of whom were condemned to be subjects of fatal re-enactments, based on Greek or Roman myths. Gladiators may have been involved in these as executioners, though most of
13803-516: The relative inhospitality providing a survival aspect to the narrative. One of the most prominent examples thereof is Arrakis in Frank Herbert 's 1965 novel Dune , where the extreme scarcity of water influences all aspects of the planet's ecology and society. Less extreme desert conditions are found on the Star Wars planet Tatooine , with more plentiful and varied lifeforms as a result. At
13932-501: The republic and beyond. Anti-corruption laws of 65 and 63 BC attempted but failed to curb the political usefulness of the games to their sponsors. Following Caesar's assassination and the Roman Civil War , Augustus assumed imperial authority over the games, including munera , and formalised their provision as a civic and religious duty. His revision of sumptuary law capped private and public expenditure on munera , claiming to save
14061-461: The rest—that of Titus Flamininus which he gave to commemorate the death of his father, which lasted four days, and was accompanied by a public distribution of meats, a banquet, and scenic performances. The climax of the show which was big for the time was that in three days seventy four gladiators fought. In 105 BC, the ruling consuls offered Rome its first taste of state-sponsored " barbarian combat" demonstrated by gladiators from Capua, as part of
14190-489: The rule of its rightful leader, Prince Barin . In the Flash Gordon comic strips and comic books, Mongo is usually depicted as Earth-like. Its atmosphere is compatible with Terran life , and the dominant species on Mongo are human-like, such as Ming's people and the Arborians. Other peoples of Mongo have evolved into different forms, such as the winged Hawkmen, the tailed Lion Men, and the underwater dwelling Coralians. Mongo
14319-463: The same planet in a multiple star system. The 2002 television series Firefly is set in a system of five stars each orbited by its own planetary system , all close enough to each other to permit easy travel between the worlds. Planets that do not orbit any star, known as rogue planets , appear in several works. In the 1977 novel Dying of the Light by George R. R. Martin , such a planet becomes
14448-497: The senate, mindful of the recent Spartacus revolt and fearful of Caesar's burgeoning private armies and rising popularity, imposed a limit of 320 pairs as the maximum number of gladiators any citizen could keep in Rome. Caesar's showmanship was unprecedented in scale and expense; he had staged a munus as memorial rather than funeral rite, eroding any practical or meaningful distinction between munus and ludi . Gladiatorial games, usually linked with beast shows, spread throughout
14577-400: The shields of the one were inlaid with gold, of the other with silver ... The Romans had already heard of these splendid accoutrements, but their generals had taught them that a soldier should be rough to look on, not adorned with gold and silver but putting his trust in iron and in courage ... The Dictator, as decreed by the senate, celebrated a triumph, in which by far the finest show
14706-436: The state-sponsored imperial cult , which furthered public recognition, respect and approval for the emperor's divine numen , his laws, and his agents. Between 108 and 109 AD, Trajan celebrated his Dacian victories using a reported 10,000 gladiators and 11,000 animals over 123 days. The cost of gladiators and munera continued to spiral out of control. Legislation of 177 AD by Marcus Aurelius did little to stop it, and
14835-480: The still centre of "an ancient cosmic whirlpool", outside the normal flow of time and space. Mongo was settled in "the dim forgotten past" by Ming's people. Ming uses a portal called the "Imperial Vortex" to attack planets from Mongo; Dr. Zarkov's space capsule travels to Mongo after being sucked into this vortex. The whirlpool often sucks in meteors and makes them crash on the planet; Mongo's people often mine these meteors for their minerals. This 1979 version depicted
14964-552: The subsequent punitive expeditions against the Samnites by Rome and its Campanian allies; the earliest, most frequently mentioned and probably most popular type was the Samnite . To quote Livy: The war in Samnium, immediately afterwards, was attended with equal danger and an equally glorious conclusion. The enemy, besides their other warlike preparation, had made their battle-line to glitter with new and splendid arms. There were two corps:
15093-448: The unending heat and light from a pair of suns, and Mark Hodder 's 2012 novel A Red Sun Also Rises is set on a planet where a dim red sun rises at the same time as the planet's twin white suns set. Hal Clement's 1957 novel Cycle of Fire depicts a planet in a binary star system where the seasons last for decades and different species dominate the hot and cold parts of the year, Poul Anderson 's 1974 novel Fire Time portrays
15222-483: The variety in Frigia, and travel in mechanical "tractor sleds" fitted with artillery guns. Across the eastern ocean there are two island continents. One is the jungle continent of Tropica, ruled by Queen Desira. Tropica's north and western coasts have a warm, Mediterranean-like climate, rich in verdure. A dense jungle covers the middle of the continent, which contains deadly monsters called Tree Dragons. Beyond this region lies
15351-438: The weapons ( probatio armorum ) for the scheduled matches. These were the highlight of the day, and were as inventive, varied and novel as the editor could afford. Armatures could be very costly—some were flamboyantly decorated with exotic feathers, jewels and precious metals. Increasingly the munus was the editor' s gift to spectators who had come to expect the best as their due. Lightly armed and armoured fighters, such as
15480-433: The weight of various miles-wide chunks of rock that are called "moons", including Arboria and Frigia. The people of Mongo resemble humans but with slight differences, such as having blue or green blood, or having their bodies undergo rapid disintegration when killed. The novelization of the film by Arthur Byron Cover adds further information about this version of the planet. This Mongo is an enormous rocky plateau that sits at
15609-459: The year 1934. This story also describes Mongo as the "Crossroads of the Known Universes". The prequel, Merciless:The Rise of Ming depicts Ming's ascent to power over Mongo. In this version Emperor Krang, wishes to unite Mongo's five warring realms (Arboria, Ardentia, Aerie, Aquaria, and Frigia). Krang's son, Ming, eventually does so by force. In the later Dynamite Flash Gordon series, Mongo is
15738-477: Was accepted and repeated in most early modern, standard histories of the games. For some modern scholars, reappraisal of pictorial evidence supports a Campanian origin, or at least a borrowing, for the games and gladiators. Campania hosted the earliest known gladiator schools ( ludi ). Tomb frescoes from the Campanian city of Paestum (4th century BC) show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in
15867-502: Was afforded by the captured armour. So the Romans made use of the splendid armour of their enemies to do honour to their gods; while the Campanians, in consequence of their pride and in hatred of the Samnites, equipped after this fashion the gladiators who furnished them entertainment at their feasts, and bestowed on them the name Samnites. Livy's account skirts the funereal, sacrificial function of early Roman gladiator combats and reflects
15996-457: Was completely ignored by his son, Commodus . The decline of the gladiatorial munus was a far from straightforward process. The crisis of the 3rd century imposed increasing military demands on the imperial purse, from which the Roman Empire never quite recovered, and lesser magistrates found their provision of various obligatory munera an increasingly unrewarding tax on the doubtful privileges of office. Still, emperors continued to subsidize
16125-446: Was designed by science fiction writer Lin Carter and game designer Scott Bizar . Players took the role of rebels attempting to recruit the various peoples of Mongo to rebel against Ming. The game had information describing the various realms of the planet. In 2018, Pinnacle Entertainment Group (Pinnacle Games) published The Savage World of Flash Gordon RPG . The 192 page genre setting was written by Scott Woodard with artwork drawn by
16254-806: Was empire-wide, and subjected to official supervision. Rome's military success produced a supply of soldier-prisoners who were redistributed for use in State mines or amphitheatres and for sale on the open market. For example, in the aftermath of the Jewish Revolt , the gladiator schools received an influx of Jews—those rejected for training would have been sent straight to the arenas as noxii (lit. "hurtful ones" ). The best—the most robust—were sent to Rome. In Rome's military ethos, enemy soldiers who had surrendered or allowed their own capture and enslavement had been granted an unmerited gift of life. Their training as gladiators would give them opportunity to redeem their honour in
16383-402: Was first introduced in the comic strip as a "rogue planet", threatening to collide with Earth. After Hans Zarkov abducted Flash Gordon and Dale Arden , they crash-landed Zarkov's rocket ship on Mongo near Mingo City, Ming's capital. Mingo City is near the equator of the planet. Mingo City is an enormous metropolis from where Ming's government rules most of the planet. Mongo's political structure
16512-469: Was said to have killed 100 lions in one day, almost certainly from an elevated platform surrounding the arena perimeter, which allowed him to safely demonstrate his marksmanship. On another occasion, he decapitated a running ostrich with a specially designed dart, carried the bloodied head and his sword over to the Senatorial seats and gesticulated as though they were next. As reward for these services, he drew
16641-588: Was set on Mars, but the third returned to Mongo. In Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe Flash and his friends travel to Mongo's land of Frigia to find a cure for the Purple Death, which is ravishing Earth. In the Flash Gordon film from 1980, Mongo is depicted as a barren world covered with tall, very slender hills that look like spikes, but with a very colorful extended atmosphere that is capable of supporting
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