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77-502: Pizzaland was a chain of pizza restaurants owned by Associated Newspapers and then by United Biscuits . In the early 1990s, Pizza Hut and Pizzaland were regarded as the largest pizza eateries in Britain; UK business ceased in 1996. International branches continue to operate. Pizzaland (Associated Restaurants) was founded in 1970 by David Dutton, financed by Associated Newspapers. The chain rapidly expanded throughout London, and then into

154-476: A few green olives", not to be confused with Neapolitan pizza ; calabresa , with slices of longaniza ; jamon y morrones , with sliced ham and roasted bell peppers ; as well as versions with provolone , with anchovies , with hearts of palm , or with chopped hard boiled egg . A typical custom that is unique to Buenos Aires is to accompany pizza with fainá , a pancake made from chickpea flour . The terms dessert pizza and sweet pizza are used for

231-525: A large clearing within the villa. Lucius Sempronius Atratinus probably lived here as indicated by his mausoleum . Atratinus was suffect Consul in 40 and 34 BC, propraetor in Greece in 39 BC, and first admiral of Mark Antony 's fleet from 38-34 BC. In the Roman imperial age , it continued as a popular seaside resort for many important and rich characters of Rome . Emperor Domitian (r. 81-96 AD) also had

308-523: A major catalyst in the demise of Pizzaland in the UK. In November, 1996, Whitbread bought the Pizzaland group Brightreasons and converted many Pizzaland locations into Pizza Hut , and some of the branches became Bella Pasta. With many unrelated eateries subsequently assuming the "Pizzaland" name, and the chain being retrospectively confused with Pizza Hut, its legacy in the UK is now obscured. Pizza Pizza

385-477: A meal that includes round cakes (such as pita bread) topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the "tables" prophesied by Celaeno. In 2023, archeologists discovered a fresco in Pompeii appearing to depict a pizza-like dish among other foodstuffs and staples on a silver platter. Italy's culture minister said it "may be a distant ancestor of the modern dish". The first mention of

462-407: A monument to John Cabot , who discovered Canada in 1500. Other people associated with the town include the painters Giovanni da Gaeta and Giovanni Filippo Criscuolo . For a full list, see People from Gaeta . Gaetans speak a dialect of Italian that, while similar to the nearby Neapolitan , is one of the few Italian dialects to preserve Latin's neuter gender . Distinctive local cuisine includes

539-573: A passenger seaport has nearly vanished: ferries to Ponza and elsewhere now leave from the nearby town of Formia . All attempts to build a permanent industry as a source of employment and economic well-being for the town have failed. Notable losses include the Littorina rail line (now used as a parking lot and a marketplace), the AGIP refinery (nowadays a simple depot), and the once-thriving glass factory, which has become an unused industrial relic. Gaeta does have

616-436: A pizza can be baked on a pizza stone in a regular oven to reproduce some of the heating effect of a brick oven. Cooking directly on a metal surface results in too rapid heat transfer to the crust, burning it. Some home chefs use a wood-fired pizza oven, usually installed outdoors. As in restaurants, these are often dome-shaped, as pizza ovens have been for centuries, in order to achieve even heat distribution. Another variation

693-595: A practically independent port and to have carried on a thriving trade with the Levant . As Byzantine influence declined in Southern Italy, the town began to grow. For fear of the Saracens , in 840, the inhabitants of the neighbouring Formiæ fled to Gaeta. Though under the suzerainty of Byzantium, Gaeta had then, like nearby ports Naples and Amalfi , a republican form of government with a dux ("duke" or commanding lord under

770-416: A restaurant is presented unsliced, and is eaten with the use of a knife and fork. In casual settings, however, it is typically cut into slices to be eaten while held in the hand . Pizza is also sold in grocery stores in a variety of forms, including frozen or as kits for self-assembly. Store-bought pizzas are then cooked using a home oven . In 2017, the world pizza market was US$ 128 billion, and in

847-614: A small-sized, thick-crust, deep-dish pizza typically served in Turin , Piedmont. The first pizzeria in the US was opened in New York City's Little Italy in 1905. Common toppings for pizza in the United States include anchovies , ground beef, chicken, ham, mushrooms, olives, onions, peppers, pepperoni , pineapple, salami, sausage, spinach, steak, and tomatoes. Distinct regional types developed in

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924-497: A total change in senior management and a change in siting policy, that often resulted in Pizzaland opening in towns that were too small to support them, started the decline of a once successful business. In the late 1980s the chain aggressively tried to boost revenues with discount cut-out coupons in British tabloid newspapers; vouchers offering the same deals were often given directly to patrons for future visits. The most popular of these

1001-499: A variety of dishes resembling a pizza, including chocolate pizza and fruit pizza . Some are based on a traditional yeast dough pizza base, while others have a cookie -like base and resemble a traditional pizza solely in having a flat round shape with a distinct base and topping. Some pizza restaurants offer dessert pizzas. Some pizzas mass-produced by American pizza chains have been criticized as having an unhealthy balance of ingredients. Pizza can be high in salt and fat, and

1078-405: A viable tourism industry, as it is a popular seaside resort. Its warm, rain-free summers attract people to its numerous beaches along the coastline, such as Serapo and Sant'Agostino's beaches. Nearly equidistant to Naples and Rome , Gaeta is a popular summer tourist destination for people from both cities' metropolitan areas. The main attractions of the city include: Gaeta is also the centre of

1155-682: A villa in the area. Emperor Antoninus Pius restored the port, given its strategic relevance. Remains of an aqueduct that supplied the town from the Conca hill can be seen a few metres from the villa of Hortensius . At the beginning of the Middle Ages , after the Lombard invasion, Gaeta remained under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire . In the following years, like Amalfi , Sorrento and Naples did, it would seem to have established itself as

1232-647: Is Sicilian pizza (locally called sfincione or sfinciuni ), a thick-crust or deep-dish pizza originating during the 17th century in Sicily : it is essentially a focaccia that is typically topped with tomato sauce and other ingredients. Until the 1860s, sfincione was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily, especially in the Western portion of the island. Other variations of pizzas are also found in other regions of Italy, for example pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino ,

1309-623: Is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in Naples that aims to promote traditional Neapolitan pizza. In 2009, upon Italy's request, Neapolitan pizza was registered with the European Union as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) dish, and in 2017 the art of its making was included on UNESCO 's list of intangible cultural heritage . Pizza is sold fresh or frozen , and whole or in portion-size slices . Methods have been developed to overcome challenges such as preventing

1386-411: Is a mainstay of the country's cuisine , especially of its capital Buenos Aires , where it is regarded as a cultural heritage and icon of the city. Argentina is the country with the most pizzerias per inhabitant in the world and, although they are consumed throughout the country, the highest concentration of pizzerias and customers is Buenos Aires, the city with the highest consumption of pizzas in

1463-449: Is an Italian dish typically consisting of a flat base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomato , cheese , and other ingredients, baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven . The term pizza was first recorded in the year 997 AD, in a Latin manuscript from the southern Italian town of Gaeta , in Lazio, on the border with Campania . Raffaele Esposito

1540-422: Is grilled pizza, in which the pizza is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Some types, such as Sicilian pizza , deep-dish Chicago-style pizza and Greek pizza , are baked in a pan rather than directly on the bricks of the pizza oven. Most restaurants use standard and purpose-built pizza preparation tables to assemble their pizzas. Mass production of pizza by chains can be completely automated. The bottom of

1617-411: Is high in calories . The USDA reports an average sodium content of 5,100 mg per 14 in (36 cm) pizza in fast food chains. [REDACTED] Media related to Pizzas at Wikimedia Commons Gaeta The city has played a conspicuous part in military history; its walls date to Roman times and were extended and strengthened in the 15th century, especially throughout the history of

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1694-609: Is often credited for creating the modern pizza in Naples . In 2009, Neapolitan pizza was registered with the European Union as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) dish. In 2017, the art of making Neapolitan pizza was included on UNESCO 's list of intangible cultural heritage . Pizza and its variants are among the most popular foods in the world. Pizza is sold at a variety of restaurants, including pizzerias (pizza specialty restaurants), Mediterranean restaurants , via delivery , and as street food . In Italy, pizza served in

1771-471: Is sometimes called pizzetta . A person who makes pizza is known as a pizzaiolo . The word pizza was borrowed from Italian into English in the 1930s; before it became well known, pizza was called "tomato pie" by English speakers. Some regional pizza variations still use the name tomato pie. Records of pizza-like foods can be found throughout ancient history. In the 6th century BC, the Persian soldiers of

1848-483: Is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims, although it certainly could not have been before the 16th century and the Columbian Exchange . Pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries until about 1830, when pizzerias in Naples started to have stanze with tables where clients could sit and eat their pizzas on the spot. A popular contemporary legend holds that

1925-737: The Achaemenid Empire during the rule of Darius the Great baked flatbreads with cheese and dates on top of their battle shields and the ancient Greeks supplemented their bread with oils , herbs , and cheese . An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid , when Celaeno, queen of the Harpies , foretells that the Trojans would not find peace until they are forced by hunger to eat their tables (Book III). In Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served

2002-582: The Albanian lord, Skanderbeg : the treaty ensured protection of the Albanian lands in exchange for political suzerainty of Skanderbeg to Alfonso. In 1495, King Charles VIII of France conquered the city and sacked it. The following year, however, Frederick of Naples regained it with a tremendous siege which lasted from 8 September to 18 November. In 1501, Gaeta was retaken by the French; however, after their defeat at

2079-675: The Appian Way and its extension the Via Flacca . The remains of the monumental villa of Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC) , stepfather of Augustus , are in Hotel Irlanda in the Arcella area. Lucius Munatius Plancus (consul in 42 BC) had a vast villa located on Monte Orlando overlooking the Gulf of Gaeta. His mausoleum, built at the end of the 1st century BC, is still an impressive monument inside

2156-790: The Kingdom of Naples (later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ). Present-day Gaeta is a fishing and oil port and a renowned seaside resort. NATO has a naval base in Gaeta. Ancient Caieta was situated on the slopes of the Torre di Orlando, a promontory overlooking the Mediterranean Sea . It was inhabited by the Oscan-speaking Italic tribe of the Aurunci by the 10th-9th century BC. Only in 345 BC did

2233-575: The Norman counts of Aversa , who were afterwards princes of Capua , as puppet dukes. The native dynasty made a last attempt to wrest the duchy from Guaimar in 1042 under Leo I of Gaeta . In 1045 , the Gaetans elected their Lombard duke, Atenulf I . His son, Atenulf II , was made to submit to the Norman Prince Richard I of Capua in 1062 when Gaeta was captured by Jordan I of Capua . In 1064 ,

2310-518: The Risorgimento and until World War II , Gaeta grew in importance and wealth as a harbour. The nearby town of Elena, separated after the Risorgimento and named after the queen of Italy, was reunited with Gaeta following World War I . Benito Mussolini transferred Gaeta from the southern region known today as Campania (formerly Terra di Lavoro, to which it is historically and culturally attached) to

2387-532: The principality of Capua claimed Gaeta as a courtesy title for the younger son of its ruling prince. In the mid-10th century, the De Ceremoniis of Constantine VII lists the ceremonial title "prince of Gaeta" among the protocols for letters written to foreigners. Prince Pandulf IV of Capua captured Gaeta in 1032 and deposed Duke John V , assuming the ducal and consular titles. In 1038 , Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno took it from him and, in 1041, established

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2464-464: The tiella , which resembles both a pizza and a salty crostata . Tiella can be made with several stuffings. Typical stuffings include diced squids with parsley, garlic, oil, hot pepper and just enough tomatoes for colouring. Other stuffings include endives and baccalà (dried and salted cods), eggs and courgettes , spinaches , rapini and sausages , ham and cheese. The town is also known for its distinctive brand of olives, marketed throughout

2541-538: The 1930s–1940s. Pizza was taken to the United States by Italian immigrants in the late 19th century and first appeared in areas where they concentrated. The country's first pizzeria, Lombardi's , opened in New York City in 1905. Italian Americans migrating from East to West brought with them their dish. From there, the American version exported to the rest of the world. The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana ( lit.   ' True Neapolitan Pizza Association ' )

2618-610: The 20th century, including Buffalo , California , Chicago , Detroit , Greek , New Haven , New York , and St. Louis styles. These regional variations include deep-dish, stuffed, pockets, turnovers, rolled , and pizza-on-a-stick, each with seemingly limitless combinations of sauce and toppings. Thirteen percent of the United States population consumes pizza on any given day. Pizza chains such as Domino's Pizza , Pizza Hut , and Papa John's , pizzas from take and bake pizzerias , and chilled or frozen pizzas from supermarkets make pizza readily available nationwide. Argentine pizza

2695-621: The Argentine capital. The impoverished Italian immigrants that arrived to the city transformed the originally modest dish into a much more hefty meal, motivated by the abundance of food in Argentina. In the 1930s, pizza was cemented as a cultural icon in Buenos Aires, with the new pizzerias becoming a central space for sociability for the working class people who flocked to the city. The most characteristic style of Argentine pizza—which almost all

2772-746: The French fleet made bombardment from the sea possible, thus sealing the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to the Kingdom of Italy. Enrico Cialdini , the Piedmontese general, received the victory title of Duke of Gaeta . During the functioning of the Government of Montenegro in exile from 1919 to 1924, that supported the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty and opposed the rule of the house of Karađorđević in Yugoslavia ( The Greens ) were located in Gaeta. After

2849-573: The French temporarily occupied it. On 18 July 1806, the French captured it under André Masséna , after a heroic defence. It was created as a duché grand-fief in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples, but under the French name Gaète , for finance minister Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin , in 1809 (family extinguished in 1841). On 8 August 1815, it capitulated to the Austrians after a three-months siege. It had been attacked and partially reduced by ships of

2926-579: The Garigliano (3 January 1504), they abandoned it to Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , Ferdinand II of Aragon 's general. In 1528, Andrea Doria , admiral of Charles V , defeated a French fleet in the waters off Gaeta and gave the city to its emperor. Gaeta was thenceforth protected with a new and more extensive wall encompassing Monte Orlando. In the War of the Spanish Succession , on 30 September 1707, Gaeta

3003-623: The Mediterranean Sea. Gaeta's role has been important since the early 19th century to the US Navy's commitment to forward presence. Pope Pius IX and King Ferdinand II of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies , paid visits to the USS ; Constitution while in Gaeta in 1849. Nine ships have been stationed in Gaeta, with the primary mission of serving as the flagship for the Sixth Fleet commander. The first

3080-785: The Mediterranean from the United Kingdom to the United States. The British Mediterranean Fleet was abolished - its former base in Malta was no longer exclusively under British control due to that nation having achieved independence from the UK. It is currently used as the home port for the flagship of the United States Sixth Fleet . The Sixth Fleet commander, typically a 3-Star US Navy Vice-Admiral, has operational control of Naval task forces, battle groups, amphibious forces, support ships, land-based surveillance aircraft, and submarines in

3157-504: The Northwest. The first restaurant outside London was opened in Deansgate , Manchester; from its northern/southern base Pizzaland grew into a chain of over 140 restaurants before United Biscuits acquired the company in 1980. Jullian Griffiths, Greg Barwick and Michael Stidolph were the senior managers responsible for the successful growth of the company in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1983,

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3234-667: The Regional Park of Riviera di Ulisse , which includes Mount Orlando, Gianola and the Scauri Mounts, and the two promontories of Torre Capovento and Tiberius ' Villa in Sperlonga . In 1967, the homeport of the U.S. Sixth Fleet flagship relocated from Villefranche-sur-Mer to Gaeta. Support facilities were established in Mount Orlando. This was done following the transfer of the responsibilities of Lead Nation for NATO Naval Forces in

3311-583: The Royal Navy on 24 July 1815. After his flight from the Roman Republic , Pope Pius IX took refuge at Gaeta in November 1848. He remained in Gaeta until 4 September 1849. On 1 August 1849, USS Constitution while in port at Gaeta, received onboard King Ferdinand II and Pope Pius IX, giving them a 21-gun salute. This was the first time a Pope set foot on American territory or its equivalent. In 1860, Gaeta

3388-551: The Saracens at Garigliano in 915 and gained the title of patricius from the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII . The principle of co-regency governed the early dynasties: Docibilis I associated John with him, and John, in turn, associated his son Docibilis II with him. In 933, three generations were briefly co-ruling: John I , Docibilis II , and John II . On the death of Docibilis II (954), who first took

3465-554: The US it was $ 44 billion spread over 76,000 pizzerias. Overall, 13% of the US population aged two years and over consumed pizza on any given day. The oldest recorded usage of the word pizza is from a Latin text from the town of Gaeta , then still part of the Byzantine Empire , in 997 AD; the text states that a tenant of certain property is to give the bishop of Gaeta duodecim pizze ( lit.   ' twelve pizzas ' ) every Christmas Day , and another twelve every Easter Sunday . Suggested etymologies include: A small pizza

3542-613: The archetypal pizza, pizza Margherita , was invented in 1889, when the Royal Palace of Capodimonte commissioned the Neapolitan pizzaiolo ( ' pizza maker ' ) Raffaele Esposito to create a pizza in honor of the visiting Queen Margherita . Of the three different pizzas he created, the queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the Italian flag —red (tomato), green (basil), and white (mozzarella). Supposedly, this type of pizza

3619-497: The central region of Lazio . After the king dismissed Mussolini in the summer of 1943, the latter was initially taken via Gaeta to the island prison of Ponza . After Italy surrendered to the Allies, however, the town's fortunes began to decline. Recognising its strategic importance and fearing an Allied landing in the area, German troops occupied the city and expelled most of the population. The exclusion zone extended five kilometres from

3696-421: The choice of toppings and sometimes also crust. There are also several styles of pizza, defined by their preparation method. The following lists feature only the notable ones. Authentic Neapolitan pizza (Italian: pizza napoletana ) is made with San Marzano tomatoes , grown on the volcanic plains south of Mount Vesuvius , and either mozzarella di bufala campana , made with milk from water buffalo raised in

3773-452: The city was placed under a line of puppet dukes, appointed by the Capuan princes, who had usurped the ducal and consular titles. These dukes, usually Italianate Normans, ruled Gaeta with some level of independence until the death of Richard III of Gaeta in 1140 . In that year, Gaeta was definitively annexed to the Kingdom of Sicily by Roger II , who bestowed on his son Roger of Apulia , who

3850-474: The classic pizzerias in Buenos Aires specialize in—is the so-called pizza de molde (Spanish for 'pizza in the pan'), characterized by having a "thick, spongy base and elevated bready crust". This style, which today is identified as the typical style of Argentine pizza—characterized by a thick crust and a large amount of cheese—arose when impoverished Italian immigrants found a greater abundance of food in then-prosperous Argentina, which motivated them to transform

3927-496: The command of the Byzantine Exarch of Ravenna ), as a strong bulwark against Saracen invasion. Around 830, it became a lordship ruled by hereditary hypati or consuls : The first of these was Constantine (839–866), who in 847 aided Pope Leo IV in the naval fight at Ostia . At this same time (846), the episcopal see of Gaeta was founded when Constantine, Bishop of Formiae, fled thither and established his residence. He

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4004-495: The conquest of the Kingdom of Naples in 1435 , besieged it, and to his disadvantage, displayed great generosity by aiding those unable to bear arms which had been driven out from the besieged town. After a disastrous naval battle, he captured it and gained control of the kingdom. He enlarged the castle, which became his royal palace, and created a mint. In 1451, the city was home to the Treaty of Gaeta , stipulated between Alfonso V and

4081-546: The crews who work on the ship. There was a DOD school for American children and the US Naval Support Activity, Gaeta, which provided health care and other services until it was closed down in 2005. The NATO base itself was located on Monte Orlando, which overlooks the Gulf of Gaeta. It has recently been transferred to a shore-based facility where the Commander Sixth Fleet also operates. Gaeta has erected

4158-745: The crust. Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by American pizza chain Papa John's Pizza in 1984 and has since been adopted by some when eating pizza, especially the crust. Mozzarella is commonly used on pizza, with the buffalo mozzarella produced in the surroundings of Naples. Other cheeses are also used, particularly burrata , Gorgonzola , provolone , pecorino romano , ricotta , and scamorza . Less expensive processed cheeses or cheese analogues have been developed for mass-market pizzas to produce desirable qualities such as browning, melting, stretchiness, consistent fat and moisture content, and stable shelf life . This quest to create

4235-438: The heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven, or, in traditional style in a wood or coal-fired brick oven . The pizza is slid into the oven on a long paddle, called " peel ", and baked directly on hot bricks, a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum), or whatever the oven surface is. Before use, a peel is typically sprinkled with cornmeal to allow the pizza to easily slide on and off it. When made at home,

4312-568: The historical city centre. Soon after, however, the population was expelled even beyond this point. The Gaetani were finally ordered to leave the area completely. Those who could not be placed in a concentration camp and a few were taken to Germany . Following the Allied advance across the Garigliano River and the Allied occupation of Rome , the Gaetani were allowed to return to their city and begin

4389-415: The iconic fugazza and its derivative fugazzeta or fugazza con queso (a terminology that varies depending on the pizzeria), or the pizza de cancha or canchera (a cheese-less variant). Most pizza menus include standard flavor combinations, including the traditional plain mozzarella, nicknamed " muza " or " musa "; the napolitana or " napo ", with "cheese, sliced tomatoes, garlic, dried oregano and

4466-458: The ideal and economical pizza cheese has involved many studies and experiments analyzing the impact of vegetable oil , manufacturing and culture processes, denatured whey proteins, and other changes in manufacture. In 1997, it was estimated that annual production of pizza cheese was 1 million metric tons (1,100,000 short tons) in the US and 100,000 metric tons (110,000 short tons) in Europe. A great number of pizza varieties exist, defined by

4543-414: The kingdom, took possession of the city and held it as their own. In 1227 , Frederick II , who was King of Sicily since 1198 , was in the city and strengthened the castle. However, in the struggle between Frederick and the Papacy , in 1228 , it rebelled against Frederick II and surrendered to the pope after the Papal forces destroyed the castle in the fray. After the peace of San Germano of 1230 , it

4620-477: The marshlands of Campania and Lazio , or fior di latte . Buffalo mozzarella is protected with its own European protected designation of origin (PDO). Other traditional pizzas include pizza marinara , supposedly the most ancient tomato-topped pizza, pizza capricciosa , which is prepared with mozzarella cheese, baked ham, mushroom, artichoke, and tomato, and pizza pugliese , prepared with tomato, mozzarella, and onions. A popular variant of pizza in Italy

4697-488: The originally modest dish into a much more hefty meal suitable for a main course . The name pizza de molde emerged because there were no pizza ovens in the city, so bakers resorted to baking them in pans. Since they used bakery plates, Argentine pizzas were initially square or rectangular, a format associated with the 1920s that is still maintained in some classic pizzerias, especially for vegetable pizzas, fugazzetas or fugazzas . Other styles of Argentine pizza include

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4774-414: The pizza, called the "crust", may vary widely according to style—thin as in a typical hand-tossed Neapolitan pizza or thick as in a deep-dish Chicago-style . It is traditionally plain, but may also be seasoned with garlic or herbs, or stuffed with cheese. The outer edge of the pizza is sometimes referred to as the cornicione . Some pizza dough contains sugar, to help its yeast rise and enhance browning of

4851-405: The process of rebuilding. In subsequent decades the city has boomed as a beach resort, and it has seen some success marketing its agricultural products, primarily its tomatoes and olives. Many of its families count seamen among their number. However, the decades since World War II have been as difficult for Gaeta as they have been for most of Italy's Mezzogiorno . In particular, its importance as

4928-562: The sauce from combining with the dough, and producing a crust that can be frozen and reheated without becoming rigid. There are frozen pizzas with raw ingredients and self-rising crusts. In the US, another form of pizza is available from take and bake pizzerias . This pizza is assembled in the store, then sold unbaked to customers to bake in their own ovens . Some grocery stores sell fresh dough along with sauce and basic ingredients, to assemble at home before baking in an oven. In restaurants, pizza can be baked in an oven with fire bricks above

5005-400: The territory of Gaeta come under Rome's influence. Caieta, with its ltemperate climate like the neighbouring Formia and Sperlonga , became one of the earliest locations of villae maritimae , seaside villas and luxurious retreats for the Roman elite owned, for example, by Scipio Africanus (236-183 BC) and Gaius Laelius . Caieta was also linked to the capital of the Roman Empire by

5082-404: The title dux , the duchy passed from its golden age and entered a decline marked by a division of territory. John II ruled Gaeta and his brother, Marinus, ruled Fondi with the equivalent title of duke. Outlying lands and castles were given away to younger sons, and thus the family of the Docibili slowly declined after the mid-century. Allegedly, but improbably, from the end of the 9th century,

5159-465: The word pizza comes from a notarial document written in Latin and dating to May 997 AD from Gaeta , demanding a payment of "twelve pizzas, a pork shoulder, and a pork kidney on Christmas Day, and 12 pizzas and a couple of chickens on Easter Day". Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples , Italy, in the 18th or early 19th century. Before that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, and cheese. It

5236-440: The world (estimated in 2015 to be 14 million per year). As such, the city has been considered as one of the world capitals of pizza. The dish was introduced to Buenos Aires in the late 19th century with the massive Italian immigration , as part of a broader great European immigration wave to the country . Thus, around the same time that the iconic pizza Margherita was being invented in Italy, pizza were already being cooked in

5313-493: The world (the main production, however, takes place in neighbouring Itri ), and its beaches (Serapo, Fontania, Ariana, Sant'Agostino). Sciuscielle, mostaccioli, susamelli, and roccocò are also local desserts most often made during Christmas time. A Latin text found in Gaeta dating from 997 AD contains the earliest known usage of the word "pizza". The most famous folklore event of Gaeta is Glie Sciusce of 31 December, in which bands of young Gaetani in traditional costumes head to

5390-437: Was associated with his son Marinus I . They were probably violently overthrown (they disappeared suddenly from history) in 866 or 867 by Docibilis I , who, looking rather to local safety, entered into treaties with the Saracens and abandoned friendly relations with the papacy . Nevertheless, he greatly expanded the duchy and began the construction of the palace. The greatest of the hypati was possibly John I , who helped crush

5467-412: Was duly elected by the nobles of the city. The town did maintain its coinage until as late as 1229 after the Normans had been superseded by the centralising Hohenstaufen . Gaeta, owing to its important strategic position, was often attacked and defended bravely in the many wars for possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . In 1194 , the Pisans , allies of Emperor Henry VI in the conquest of

5544-734: Was returned to the Sicilian kingdom. In 1233 , Frederick regained control of the important port and fortress. Following the division between the Kingdom of Sicily, Gaeta became a possession of the new Kingdom of Naples . In 1279 , Charles I of Anjou rebuilt the castle and enhanced the fortifications. In 1289 , King James II of Aragon besieged the city in vain. From 1378 , Gaeta hosted for some years antipope Clement VII . The future King of Naples Ladislaus lived in Gaeta from 1387 . Here, on 21 September, he married Costanza Chiaramonte , whom he repudiated three years later. King Alfonso V of Aragon (as Alfonso I of Naples) made Gaeta his beachhead for

5621-504: Was stormed and taken after a three-month siege by the Austrians under General Daun . On 6 August 1734, it was taken by French, Spanish and Sardinian troops under the future King Charles III of Spain after a stubborn defence by the Austrian viceroy of four months. Charles' daughter Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain was born here in 1744. The fortifications were again strengthened; in 1799,

5698-415: Was the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ' last Northern outpost. During the 1861 siege , King Francis II of the Two Sicilies offered a stubborn defence, shut up in the fortress with 12,000 men and was inspired by the heroic example by his wife Queen Maria Sophie after Giuseppe Garibaldi 's occupation of Naples . It was not until 13 February 1861 that Francis II was forced to capitulate when the withdrawal of

5775-413: Was the USS  Little Rock  (CG-4) . Other Sixth Fleet flagships included USS  Springfield  (CLG-7) , USS  Albany  (CG-10) , USS  Puget Sound  (AD-38) , USS  Coronado  (AGF-11) , USS  Belknap  (CG-26) and USS  La Salle  (AGF-3) . The current flagship is the USS  Mount Whitney  (LCC-20) . The town is host to the families of

5852-403: Was the "pizza for a penny" scheme, whereby customers could purchase one pizza and obtain another of equal or lesser value for 1p. While initially a huge success, the offer had backfired by the mid 1990s since it became an expectation for customers, many of whom would no longer use the chain unless they could source a coupon beforehand. As such, the "pizza for a penny" strategy came to be regarded as

5929-540: Was then named after the queen, with an official letter of recognition from the queen's "head of service" remaining to this day on display in Esposito's shop, now called the Pizzeria Brandi. Later research cast doubt on this legend, undermining the authenticity of the letter of recognition, pointing that no media of the period reported about the supposed visit and that both the story and name Margherita were first promoted in

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