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45-592: The earliest known and partly still available Germanic version of the Bible was the fourth century Gothic translation of Wulfila (c. 311–380). This version, translated primarily from the Greek , recorded or established much of the Germanic Christian vocabulary that is still in use today. Later Charlemagne promoted Frankish Bible translations in the 9th century. There were Bible translations present in manuscript form at

90-567: A German version of the Socinians ' Racovian New Testament , published at Raków in 1630. A Jewish translation of the Tanakh by Athias was published in 1666, and reprinted in the Biblia Pentapla at Hamburg in 1711. Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer 's translation was published in 1774, Simon Grynaeus' in 1776, and Vögelin's of the new testament in 1781. Heinrich Braun, OSB, did a new translation of

135-618: A branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe , North America , Oceania , and Southern Africa . The most widely spoken Germanic language, English , is also the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers. All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic , spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia , Iron Age Northern Germany and along

180-591: A commission was formed with the purpose of another revision, with the aim of considering as much as possible recent result of biblical scholarship. The revision was completed in 1931, constituting essentially a new translation. In 1984, on the 500th anniversary of Zwingli's birth, another revision was initiated by the General Synod of the Protestant Reformed Church of the Canton Zürich. However, it soon

225-513: A common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age . From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic varieties are divided into three groups: West , East , and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions. Froschauer Bible The Zurich Bible ( Zürcher Bibel , also Zwinglibibel )

270-724: A considerable scale already in the thirteenth and the fourteenth century (e.g. the New Testament in the Augsburger Bible of 1350 and the Old Testament in the Wenceslas Bible of 1389). There are still approximately 1,000 manuscripts or manuscript fragments of Medieval German Bible translations extant. There is ample evidence for the general use of the entire vernacular German Bible in the fifteenth century. In 1466, before Martin Luther

315-536: A hypothetical Proto-Germanic , united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law . These probably took place during the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe from c.  500 BC . Proto-Germanic itself was likely spoken after c.  500 BC , and Proto-Norse from the 2nd century AD and later is still quite close to reconstructed Proto-Germanic, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo-European suggest

360-592: A minority language by immigrant communities in North America, South America, Central America, Mexico and Australia. A German dialect, Pennsylvania Dutch , is still used among various populations in the American state of Pennsylvania in daily life. A group of Alemannic German dialects commonly referred to as Alsatian is spoken in Alsace , part of modern France. Dutch is an official language of Aruba , Belgium, Curaçao ,

405-613: A native language of some 11 to 13 million people, remains in use by some 1.5 million speakers in Jewish communities around the world, mainly in North America, Europe, Israel, and other regions with Jewish populations . Limburgish varieties are spoken in the Limburg and Rhineland regions, along the Dutch–Belgian–German border. In addition to being the official language in Sweden, Swedish

450-536: A revision published at Augsburg in 1722, which was in its sixth edition by 1748. G. Cartier's revision was published at Konstanz in 1751. The revision by Ignatius von Weitenauer , SJ, was published at Augsburg in twelve volumes from 1783 to 1789. Moses Mendelssohn (a.k.a. Moses ben Menahem-Mendel and Moses Dessau; 1729–86) translated part of the Torah into German, which was published in Amsterdam in 1778. The translation

495-596: A separate collection of unstandardized dialects, with roughly 4.35–7.15 million native speakers and probably 6.7–10 million people who can understand it (at least 2.2 million in Germany (2016) and 2.15 million in the Netherlands (2003)); Yiddish , once used by approximately 13 million Jews in pre- World War II Europe, now with approximately 1.5 million native speakers; Scots , with 1.5 million native speakers; Limburgish varieties with roughly 1.3 million speakers along

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540-740: A translation from the Vulgate, compared with the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, published at Regensburg from 1851 to 1866. A modern German translation is the Catholic Einheitsübersetzung ("unified" or "unity translation"), so called because it was the first common translation used for all Catholic German-speaking dioceses. The text of the New Testament and the Psalms of the Einheitsübersetzung

585-493: Is a Swiss German Bible translation historically based on the rescensions of Huldrych Zwingli . Recent editions have a stated aim of maximal philological exactitude. It is thought to be the first Bible to contain a map. Zwingli's translation grew out of the Prophezey , an exegetical workshop that took place every weekday. All of the clergy of Zürich participated, working at a Swiss German rendition of Bible texts to benefit

630-576: Is also spoken natively by the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland, which is a large part of the population along the coast of western and southern Finland. Swedish is also one of the two official languages in Finland, along with Finnish , and the only official language in Åland . Swedish is also spoken by some people in Estonia. Danish is an official language of Denmark and in its overseas territory of

675-583: Is also the official language in the overseas territories of Norway such as Svalbard , Jan Mayen , Bouvet island , Queen Maud Land , and Peter I island . Icelandic is the official language of Iceland . Faroese is the official language of the Faroe Islands, and is also spoken by some people in Denmark. Germanic languages by share (West Germanic in yellow-red shades and North Germanic in blue shades): All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from

720-527: Is one of the 11 official languages in South Africa and is a lingua franca of Namibia. It is used in other Southern African nations, as well. Low German is a collection of very diverse dialects spoken in the northeast of the Netherlands and northern Germany. Some dialects like East Pomeranian have been imported to South America. Scots is spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster (where

765-716: Is unknown as some of them, especially the East Germanic languages, disappeared during or after the Migration Period . Some of the West Germanic languages also did not survive past the Migration Period, including Lombardic . As a result of World War II and subsequent mass expulsion of Germans , the German language suffered a significant loss of Sprachraum , as well as moribundity and extinction of several of its dialects. In

810-550: The Dutch – Belgian – German border; and the Frisian languages with over 500,000 native speakers in the Netherlands and Germany. The largest North Germanic languages are Swedish , Danish , and Norwegian , which are in part mutually intelligible and have a combined total of about 20 million native speakers in the Nordic countries and an additional five million second language speakers; since

855-511: The Faroe Islands , and it is a lingua franca and language of education in its other overseas territory of Greenland , where it was one of the official languages until 2009. Danish, a locally recognized minority language, is also natively spoken by the Danish minority in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein . Norwegian is the official language of Norway (both Bokmål and Nynorsk ). Norwegian

900-884: The Low Rhenish dialect and another in Low Saxon . In 1483, the Koberger was printed . In 1494, another Low German Bible was published in the dialect of Lübeck , and in 1522, the last pre-Lutheran Bible, the Low Saxon Halberstadt Bible was published. In 1477, in Delft, Holland, an Old Testament (except the Psalms) was printed in Middle Dutch . An accompanying New Testament seems to have been lost. In total, there were at least eighteen Catholic complete German Bible editions, ninety editions in

945-570: The North Sea and Baltic coasts. The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million native speakers; German , with over 100 million native speakers; and Dutch , with 24 million native speakers. Other West Germanic languages include Afrikaans , an offshoot of Dutch originating from the Afrikaners of South Africa , with over 7.1 million native speakers; Low German , considered

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990-588: The consonant change known as " Grimm's law ." Early varieties of Germanic entered history when the Germanic tribes moved south from Scandinavia in the 2nd century BC to settle in the area of today's northern Germany and southern Denmark. English is an official language of Belize , Canada, Nigeria, Falkland Islands , Saint Helena , Malta , New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, Philippines, Jamaica, Dominica , Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago , American Samoa , Palau , St. Lucia , Grenada , Barbados , St. Vincent and

1035-477: The deuterocanonical books in a complete Bible published at Mainz ; both Emser's and Dietenberger's prose partly followed the style of the pre-Lutheran translations. The Dietenberger Bible was published in various revisions. Kaspar Ulenberg 's revision was published at Mainz in 1617, and at Cologne in 1630. Ulenberg's revision was the basis for the "Catholic Bible," the revision by Jesuit theologians published at Mainz in 1661, 1662, and so on. Th. Erhard, OSB, did

1080-403: The printing shop of Christoph Froschauer , the New Testament appeared in print from 1525 to 1529, and later, parts of the Old Testament . A complete translation in a single volume was first printed in 1530, with an introduction by Zwingli and summaries of each chapter. This Froschauer Bible , containing more than 200 illustrations, was a masterpiece of printing at the time. The translation of

1125-409: The 21st century, German dialects are dying out as Standard German gains primacy. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic, also known as Common Germanic, which was spoken in about the middle of the 1st millennium BC in Iron Age Scandinavia . Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, notably has a number of unique linguistic features, most famously

1170-578: The Bible. In 2017, on the 500th anniversary of Reformation Day , a completely revised version of the Luther Bible was published. This is the translation currently in use. In the 2017 Luther Bible some of the text that had been 'toned down' in previous revisions has been reverted to Luther's stronger formulations. Zwingli 's High Alemannic German (Swiss German) translation grew out of the Prophezey , an exegetical workshop taking place on every weekday, with

1215-935: The Grenadines , Puerto Rico, Guam , Hong Kong, Singapore, Pakistan, India, Papua New Guinea , Namibia , Vanuatu , the Solomon Islands and former British colonies in Asia, Africa and Oceania. Furthermore, it is the de facto language of the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia, as well as a recognized language in Nicaragua and Malaysia. German is a language of Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein , Luxembourg and Switzerland; it also has regional status in Italy, Poland, Namibia and Denmark. German also continues to be spoken as

1260-666: The Middle Ages, however, these languages have been strongly influenced by Middle Low German , a West Germanic language, and Low German words account for about 30–60% of their vocabularies according to various estimates. Other extant North Germanic languages are Faroese , Icelandic , and Elfdalian , which are more conservative languages with no significant Low German influence, more complex grammar and limited mutual intelligibility with other North Germanic languages today. The East Germanic branch included Gothic , Burgundian , and Vandalic , all of which are now extinct. The last to die off

1305-428: The Netherlands, Sint Maarten , and Suriname . The Netherlands also colonized Indonesia , but Dutch was scrapped as an official language after Indonesian independence . Today, it is only used by older or traditionally educated people. Dutch was until 1983 an official language in South Africa but evolved into and was replaced by Afrikaans , a partially mutually intelligible daughter language of Dutch. Afrikaans

1350-574: The Old Testament was revised in 1540, that of the New Testament in 1574, and verse numbering was introduced in 1589. In 1975, Amos Hoover of Denver, Pennsylvania , reprinted the 1536 edition, and the 1531 edition appeared under the imprint of the Theologischer Verlag Zürich in 1983. Up to 1665, the language of the translation was based on the written variant of High Alemannic ( Swiss German ) used for official documents. In 1665, this

1395-456: The Old Testament, with a complete translation in a single volume first printed in 1531, with an introduction by Zwingli and summaries of each chapter. This Froschauer Bible , containing more than 200 illustrations, became notable as a masterpiece of printing at the time. The translation is mainly due to Zwingli and his friend Leo Jud , pastor at the St. Peter parish. The translation of the Old Testament

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1440-526: The Vulgate, published at Augsburg from 1788 to 1797. Johann Michael Feder 's revision of this was published at Nuremberg in 1803. Feder's revision was the basis of Joseph Franz Allioli 's revision, published at Landshut in 1830 and 1832, and often republished. Dominic de Brentano translated the New Testament and the Pentateuch and Anton Dereser translated the rest of the Bible; this was published at Frankfurt in sixteen volumes from 1815 to 1828, and then

1485-491: The congregations. The translation of Martin Luther was used as far as it was completed. The books of the prophets were derived from the 1527 translation of the Anabaptists Ludwig Haetzer and Hans Denck . These helped Zwingli to complete the entire translation four years before Luther. The rest of the Old Testament translation is mainly due to Zwingli and his friend Leo Jud , pastor of St. Peter parish . At

1530-459: The influence the King James Version had on English. The Luther Bible was revised in 1984, and this version was adapted to the new German orthography in 1999. Here also some revisions have taken place, e.g. "Weib" > "Frau". Despite the revisions, the language is still somewhat archaic and difficult for non-native speakers who want to learn the German language using a German translation of

1575-509: The local dialect is known as Ulster Scots ). Frisian is spoken among half a million people who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. Luxembourgish is a Moselle Franconian dialect that is spoken mainly in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , where it is considered to be an official language. Similar varieties of Moselle Franconian are spoken in small parts of Belgium, France, and Germany. Yiddish, once

1620-399: The participation of all clerics of Zürich, working at a German rendition of Bible texts for the benefit of the congregation. The translation of Martin Luther was used as far as it was already completed. This helped Zwingli to complete the entire translation five years before Luther. At the printing shop of Christoph Froschauer , the New Testament appeared from 1525 to 1529, and later parts of

1665-617: The vernacular of the Gospels and the readings of the Sundays and Holy Days, and some fourteen German Psalters by the time Luther first published his own New Testament translation. An Anabaptist translation of the Prophets by Ludwig Hetzer and Hans Denck was published at Worms in 1529. The most important and influential translation of the Bible into German is the Luther Bible: the initial New Testament

1710-533: Was Crimean Gothic , spoken until the late 18th century in some isolated areas of Crimea . The SIL Ethnologue lists 48 different living Germanic languages, 41 of which belong to the Western branch and six to the Northern branch; it places Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German in neither of the categories, but it is often considered a German dialect by linguists. The total number of Germanic languages throughout history

1755-614: Was abandoned for the emerging Standard German of the chancery of the prince-electorate Saxony-Wittenberg . Fraumünster pastor Johann Caspar Ulrich (1705–1768) in the 1755/1756 revision added commentaries, interpretations and concordances. From this edition, the Bible became known as the Zwinglibibel . From 1817, the edition was in the hands of the Zürich Bible and Missionary Society ( Zürcher Bibel- und Missionsgesellschaft ). Another revision dates to 1868, reprinted in 1892. In 1907,

1800-1304: Was agreed on by a committee of Catholic and Protestant scholars, and therefore was intended to be used by both Roman Catholics and Protestants especially for ecumenical services, while the remainder of the Old Testament follows a Catholic tradition. However, the Protestant Church of Germany refused to continue the cooperation for the current revision of the Einheitsübersetzung . Other well known German language Bible versions are: Zürcher Bibel , Elberfelder , Schlachter , Buber-Rosenzweig (OT only), Pattloch , Herder , Hoffnung für Alle (Hope for All), Die Gute Nachricht (The Good News), Gute Nachricht Bibel (Good News Bible, revision of "Gute Nachricht"), Bibel in gerechter Sprache (Bible in equitable language, i.e. non-sexist). Germanic languages Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Germanic languages are

1845-569: Was even born, Johannes Mentelin printed the Mentel Bible, a High German vernacular Bible, at Strasbourg . This edition was based on a no-longer-extant fourteenth-century manuscript translation of the Vulgate from the area of Nuremberg . By 1518, it had been reprinted at least 13 times. The Sensenschmidt Bible was published around 1476‒1478. In 1478–1479, two editions were published in Cologne , one in

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1890-506: Was honored by some Jews and Protestants, while some Jews banned it. The whole Pentateuch and Psalms was published in 1783, and was appreciated even in Christian circles. His version of the Song of Solomon was posthumously published in 1788. A Reformed translation by Johannes Piscator was published at Herborn from 1602 to 1604. Johannes Crellius (1599–1633) and Joachim Stegmann , Sr., did

1935-459: Was released in 1522 (the "September Bible"); this was the first German translation notionally from ( Erasmus ') Greek and not translated only from the Latin Vulgate. Translations of Old Testament books were released incrementally, completed in 1534, again with reference to the Hebrew. The influence that Martin Luther's translation had on the development of the German language is often compared to

1980-608: Was revised by Johann Martin Augustin Scholz and published in seventeen volumes from 1828 to 1837. Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette and Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti did a translation that was published at Heidelberg from 1809 to 1814, and the revision by Wette was published from 1831 to 1833. Rabbi Michael Sachs worked with Arnheim and Füchs on a new translation of the Tenakh published at Berlin in 1838. Loch and Reischl did

2025-433: Was revised in 1540, that of the New Testament in 1574. Verse numbering was introduced in 1589. Catholic translations continued to be produced: in 1526, Beringer's translation of the New Testament was published at Speyer . In 1527, Hieronymus Emser did a translation of the New Testament based on Luther's translation and the Vulgate . In 1534, Johann Dietenberger , OP, used Emser's New Testament and Leo Jud's translation of

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