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24-630: The Pira Paraná River is a river of the Vaupés Department , Colombia. It is a left-bank tributary of the Apaporis River . People of the Eastern Tucano language group live along the river. The main figure of the "Rock of Nyi", a group of several rocks with some petroglyphs standing near by the Equator, got a graffiti in the 1970s by a Protestant missionary. Vaup%C3%A9s Department During

48-720: A total area of 22,905 km . The majority of the Department is flat in 57% of the total area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serranía del Perijá and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain ranges. The Department of Cesar contains five Ecoregions ; the Serranía del Perijá mountain range, the valley of the Cesar River , the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the valley of

72-597: A year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow on high altitude peaks and precipitation reaching more than 2,000 millimetres or 79 inches a year. The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to

96-626: Is Valledupar . The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparis in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuris in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Toupeh, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholades pertaining to the Chimila . The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Peter Vadillo, but German Ambrose Alfinger savagely conquered

120-533: Is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region , bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira , to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar , to the south with Department of Santander , to the east with the Department of North Santander , and further to the east with the country of Venezuela ( Zulia State ). The department capital city

144-451: Is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri , Badillo, Ariguani , Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal and Rio Seco rivers. The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey and Bosconia. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29, 1993. Ciénaga de Zapatosa Climate in

168-703: Is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos, 990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves. For administrative reasons the Department of Cesar is subdivided into 4 strategic regions : The economy of the César Department is sustained by the agricultural sector, secondly by a services industry following with commercial industry and mining. Cattle raising is exploited extensively (using large farms), and for this reason large portions of forests have been chopped off to create corrals . In agriculture , plantations of cotton , rice , sugar cane , oil palm , cassava and plantain . Services are centered on commerce and

192-551: The Magdalena River and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes complex. The Serranía del Perijá mountain range covers most of the eastern side of the Department of Cesar between its border with Venezuela and the Department of North Santander , approximately 300 km in length penetrating into the Department of La Guajira to the north and covering 27% of the total area of Cesar. The Serranía del Perijá covers, partially or totally

216-549: The Motilon and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimila . Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by a single chief ( Cacique ), with the village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, the Caribs and Arawaks , directly associated to the Muisca culture in

240-780: The colonization by the Spanish and first days of the first republic, the territory of Vaupes was part of the Province of Popayán , during the Greater Colombia . After the independence from Spain between 1821 and 1830 became part of the first version of the Boyacá Department . Between 1831 and 1857 the territory became part of the National Territory of Caquetá to later be part of the Sovereign State of Cauca . In 1886 became part of

264-559: The Colombian eastern branch of the Andes . Archeological findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in a cemetery at Los Robles La Paz . The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1531. In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar

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288-486: The Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, as well as rainfall precipitations. Mountain climate in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá become cooler with higher altitude, reaching freezing low temperatures on the snowy peaks. Lowlands average a temperature throughout the year of 28 °C or 82.4 °F. These lower lands present a hot and drier climate, with annual precipitation less than 1,300 millimetres or 51 inches

312-507: The Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. On December 21, 1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially. From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region. Prodeco, a subsidiary of Glencore , and the US Drummond Company collaborated with the paramilitaries in order to continue coal mining. The Department of Cesar

336-585: The area of 17 municipalities in the Department of Cesar; Aguachica, Codazzi, Becerril, Chimichagua, Chiriguana, Curumani, Gonzalez, La Gloria, La Jagua de Ibirico, Los Robles La Paz, Manaure, Pailitas, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto, San Diego and San Martin. There are also the indigenous reserves pertaining to the Yukpas people; Iroka, Socorpa and Menkue-Misaya-La Pista; and to the Wiwas people; Caño Padilla, El Rosario-Bella Vista-Yucatán and Campoalegre. Approximately 70% of

360-1643: The department's capital, Mitú , and from there with the rest of the country. Because of its small population and vast extension of land, Vaupés only has three municipalities. Other sections of the department were classified as an especial type of corregimientos, which has certain hybrid functions from a municipality and corregimiento. [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Cesar Department Cesar Department (Spanish: Departamento del Cesar ) or simply Cesar ( Spanish pronunciation: [seˈsaɾ] )

384-521: The department. The department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted. The department of Cesar is located in northern Colombia bordering to the north with the department of La Guajira , to the east with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , to the west with the department of Magdalena , to the southwest with the Department of Bolivar and to the south with the departments of North Santander and Santander covering

408-419: The industry is represented by oil products , fats and milk derived products. As one of the biggest water resources areas of Colombia , if not America, part of the Magdalena River crosses the Department and helps create the Cienaga de Zapatosa (Zapatosa Marsh ) along with the Cesar river. It has a great potential to develop a fishing industry also. The area between La Loma and La Jagua de Ibirico

432-509: The mountain range preserves unique flora and fauna and some 20 rivers are born in the mountain range among other minor streams, flowing into the Department of Cesar and feeding the Magdalena and Cesar river basins and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in

456-416: The northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The mountain range is shared with by Department of La Guajira, which covers the northern area, the Department of Magdalena to the western side and the Department of Cesar which covers the southern face, covering a total area of 16,615 km (1'661,500 ha) of which 380,000 ha pertain to the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the western side of its basin

480-495: The population consists of indigenous inhabitants. It is the least populated department in the country. Because of its location in the Amazon jungle , it has no roads connecting it with the rest of the country or internally from settlement to settlement, and commerce and contact with the outside world is achieved through travel along the main rivers and by means of air travel. Several of the small settlements have airstrips with service to

504-417: The region in 1532. From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region. The "Cesar" name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare ("calm water") into Spanish, in reference to the Cesar River . The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river and extends through most of

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528-476: The then recently created Cauca Department . With the expansion of the rubber industry and the industrial revolution, exploration for rubber reached the area bringing colonizers that altered and in some cases extinguished the majority of the indigenous population . The territory was first made into a territorial division in 1910 and functioned as Commissaries (Comisarias) with the town of Calamar as capital (located in present-day Guaviare ) but later moved to

552-584: The town of Mitú to make an "act of presence" near the border with Brazil . In 1963 Guainía segregated from the Vaupes and became a commissary. In 1977, Guaviare followed the same path. The department was created after the Colombian Constitution of 1991 which established it as a Department of Colombia on July 4, 1991. The department's main economic activities feature logging and fishing, with much exportation to neighboring Brazil. The vast majority of

576-556: Was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos .< In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simón Bolívar . In 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta . By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864 became

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