Pinopolis Dam is a dam in Berkeley County, South Carolina .
65-476: The earthen and concrete dam was completed in 1941 by Santee Cooper , the state-owned electric and water utility also known as South Carolina Public Service Authority. The dam is 138 feet high and 11,500 feet long at its crest. Broadly speaking, the dam impounds the Cooper River and creates Lake Moultrie . Specifically Lake Moultrie is fed directly from Lake Marion by a diversion canal built concurrently with
130-576: A "rogue agency" due to its independence and financial problems. NextEra Energy , a Florida-based electric utility, bid to purchase Santee Cooper but withdrew in April 2021. In June 2021, the South Carolina General Assembly passed Act 90, overhauling the regulation of the utility but maintaining its state-owned status. The bill passed unanimously, making it veto-proof. Act 90 of 2021, effective after January 1, 2022, brings Santee Cooper under
195-759: A 26-mile (42 km), 78-foot (24 m) tall earthen dike. The Pinopolis Dam included the hydroelectric station and navigation lock , the highest single-lift lock in the world. In completing the largest earth-moving project in the nation's history, 42,000,000 cubic yards (32,000,000 m) of earth were moved and 3.1 million cubic yards of concrete were poured. The $ 48.2 million project (55 percent federal loan, 45 percent federal grant) first generated electricity on Feb. 17, 1942. As transmission lines were built, power flowed to customers in Berkeley, Georgetown and Horry counties, and ultimately to electric cooperatives serving customers in 46 counties. The Pinopolis generating station
260-645: A challenge to the Vogtle license. In May 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). In February 2012, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission approved the two proposed reactors at the Vogtle plant. For VC Summer, a delay of at least one year and extra costs of $ 1.2 billion were announced in October 2014, largely due to fabrication delays. Unit 2
325-618: A design combining the features of the System 80+ with the AP600 started as the AP1000. BNFL in turn sold Westinghouse Electric to Toshiba in 2005. In December 2005, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) approved the final design certification for the AP1000. This meant that prospective US builders could apply for a Combined Construction and Operating License before construction starts,
390-493: A local standardization of the AP1000 design, transitional to the CAP1400 . It is said to have reduced cost and improved operation and maintenance attributes. As of 2021, site preparations have been done for Haiyang , Lufeng , Sanmen , and Xudabao for the construction of eight additional CAP1000 units. However, most of these projects are at a standstill, as construction of all CAP-1000 units has been slowed down significantly. At
455-430: A minority shareholder ( Santee Cooper ). Santee Cooper's board voted to cease all construction resulting in termination of the entire project. All four reactors were identical and the two projects ran in parallel, with the first two reactors (Vogtle 3 and Summer 2) planned to be commissioned in 2019 and the remaining two (Vogtle 4 and Summer 3) in 2020. After Westinghouse filed for bankruptcy protection on March 29, 2017,
520-528: A single reactor coolant pump with a steam generator in each of two, three, or four loops. Three completed reactors in the US and another four in South Korea made it the most successful Generation II+ design. ABB Group bought Combustion Engineering in 1990 and introduced the System 80+, with a number of design changes and safety improvements. As part of a series of mergers, purchases, and divestitures by ABB, in 2000
585-479: Is a pressurized water reactor with improved use of passive nuclear safety and many design features intended to lower its capital cost and improve its economics. The design traces its history to the Westinghouse 4-loop SNUPPS design, which was produced in various locations around the world. (Note: System 80 was a similar vintage nuclear steam supply system made by Combustion Engineering). Further development of
650-409: Is activated, the water flows by gravity to the top of the reactor where it evaporates to remove heat. The system uses multiple explosively-operated and DC operated valves which must operate within the first 30 minutes. This is designed to happen even if the reactor operators take no action. The electrical system required for initiating the passive systems doesn't rely on external or diesel power and
715-431: Is that the construction time, and thus cost, does not differ significantly compared to larger designs, so these smaller designs often have less attractive economics. The AP600 addressed this through modular construction and aimed to go from first concrete to fuel load in 36 months. In spite of these attractive features, Westinghouse had no sales of the AP600. With the purchase of the company by BNFL and its merger with ABB,
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#1732868652285780-515: Is three-and-a-half to five times thicker than the liners used in current designs, and that corrosion would be readily apparent during routine inspection. Edwin Lyman , a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists , has challenged specific cost-saving design choices made for both the AP1000 and ESBWR , another new design. Lyman is concerned about the strength of the steel containment vessel and
845-495: The Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station (Units 2 & 3). The project was abandoned in July 2017, 4 years after it began, due to Westinghouse's recent bankruptcy, major cost overruns, significant delays, and other issues. The project's primary shareholder ( SCANA ) initially favored a plan to abandon development of Unit 3, while completing Unit 2. The plan was dependent on approval of
910-596: The Xudabao site, construction of two VVER-1200 units for Xudabao 3 & 4 was started in 2021 while the planned CAP1000 units for phase 1 & 2 are still on hold. On 20 April 2022, the construction of Haiyang 3 & 4 and Sanmen 3 & 4 was approved by the State Council. However, Lufeng 5, using a Hualong One unit, was decided to be built first instead of the CAP1000 units for Lufeng 1-4 which had already been approved by
975-595: The 1930s as the South Carolina Public Service Authority , is South Carolina's state-owned electric and water utility that came into being during the New Deal as both a rural electrification and public works project that created two lakes and cleared large tracts of land while building hydro-electric dams and power plants. Its headquarters are located in Moncks Corner, South Carolina . As one of
1040-670: The 4-loop reactor and the ice-condenser containment initially led to the AP600 concept, with a smaller 600 to 700 MWe output, but this saw limited interest. In order to compete with other designs that were scaling up in size in order to improve capital costs , the design re-emerged as the AP1000 and found a number of design wins at this larger size. Twelve AP1000s are currently in operation or under construction. Four are in operation at two sites in China , two at Sanmen Nuclear Power Station and two at Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant . As of 2019 , all four Chinese reactors were completed and connected to
1105-532: The AP1000 buildings concrete walls in steel plates. Last year Ma, a member of the NRC since it was formed in 1974, filed the first "non-concurrence" dissent of his career after the NRC granted the design approval. In it Ma argues that some parts of the steel skin are so brittle that the "impact energy" from a plane strike or storm driven projectile could shatter the wall. A team of engineering experts hired by Westinghouse disagreed... In 2010, following Ma's initial concerns,
1170-509: The AP1000's safety is enhanced by fewer active components, not compromised as Ms. Vancko suggests. As in direct contrast to currently operating reactors, the AP1000 has been designed around the concept of passive nuclear safety . In October 2013, Li Yulun, a former vice-president of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), raised concerns over the safety standards of the delayed AP1000 third-generation nuclear power plant being built in Sanmen, due to
1235-419: The AP600 was much simpler, with a huge reduction in the total number of parts, and especially pumps. It was also passively safe, a key feature of Gen III designs. The AP600 was at the small end of the reactor scale. Smaller plants are periodically introduced because they can be used in a wider variety of markets where a larger reactor is simply too powerful to serve the local market. The downside of such designs
1300-601: The Chinese State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC) and other institutes to develop a larger design, the CAP1400 of 1,400 MW e capacity, possibly followed by a 1,700 MW e design. China will own the patent rights for these larger designs. Exporting the new larger units may be possible with Westinghouse's cooperation. In September 2014, the Chinese nuclear regulator approved
1365-570: The Johns Island-Queensboro 115kV Transmission project on Johns Island , South Carolina. The 5.1 mile-long transmission line will be the island's second line and has received the requisite approvals from the relevant state agencies as well as the United States Army Corps of Engineers . It will traverse 2.2 miles of preexisting right of way . The utilities will need to acquire approximately 2.9 miles of new right of way. Parts of
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#17328686522851430-596: The NRC approved the construction of two new reactors. In 2016 and 2017 cost overruns constructing AP1000 plants in the U.S. caused Westinghouse's owner Toshiba to write down its investment in Westinghouse by "several billion" dollars. On February 14, 2017, Toshiba delayed filing financial results, and Toshiba chairman Shigenori Shiga, formerly chairman of Westinghouse, resigned. On March 24, 2017, Toshiba announced that Westinghouse Electric Company will file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of US$ 9 billion of losses from nuclear reactor construction projects, which may impact
1495-432: The NRC questioned the durability of the AP1000 reactor's original shield building in the face of severe external events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and airplane collisions. In response to these concerns Westinghouse prepared a modified design. This modified design satisfied the NRC, with the exception of Ma, hence the "non-concurrence". In contrast to the NRC's decision, Ma believed that the computer codes used to analyze
1560-699: The NRC. The report concluded that certification of the AP1000 should be delayed until the original and current "unanswered safety questions" raised by the AP1000 Oversight Group are resolved. In 2012, Ellen Vancko, from the Union of Concerned Scientists, said that "the Westinghouse AP1000 has a weaker containment, less redundancy in safety systems, and fewer safety features than current reactors". In response to Ms. Vancko's concerns, climate policies author and retired nuclear engineer Zvi J. Doron, replied that
1625-564: The National Development and Reform Commission. On 14 September 2022, the State Council approved construction of Lianjiang 1 & 2. In October 2015 it was announced that technology for the İğneada Nuclear Power Plant in Turkey will come from US based firm Westinghouse Electric Company in the form of two AP1000 and two CAP1400 . In 2016, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources of
1690-808: The Republic of Turkey , Berat Albayrak , inspected the AP 1000 Shangdong Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant, which belongs to the China National State Nuclear Technology Corporation ( SNPTC ), a subsidiary of the China State Electricity Investment Corporation (SPIC). [2] Two reactors have been brought online at the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant in the state of Georgia (Units 3 & 4). In South Carolina , two units were being constructed at
1755-474: The amount of large diameter primary loop piping. Revision 15 of the AP1000 design has an unusual containment structure which has received approval by the NRC, after a Safety Evaluation Report, and a Design Certification Rule. Revisions 17, 18, and 19 were also approved. In April 2010, some environmental organizations called on the NRC to investigate possible limitations in the AP1000 reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend
1820-605: The commission was asking Westinghouse not only to fix its calculations but also to explain why it submitted flawed information in the first place. Westinghouse said that the items the commission was asking for were not "safety significant". In November 2011, Arnold Gundersen published a further report on behalf of the AP1000 Oversight Group , which includes Friends of the Earth and Mothers against Tennessee River Radiation. The report highlighted six areas of major concern and unreviewed safety questions requiring immediate technical review by
1885-439: The concrete shield building around the AP1000, claiming its containment vessel does not have sufficient safety margins. John Ma, a senior structural engineer at the NRC was quoted on his stance about the AP1000 nuclear reactor. In 2009, the NRC made a safety change related to the events of September 11, ruling that all plants be designed to withstand the direct hit from a plane. To meet the new requirement, Westinghouse encased
1950-435: The constantly changing, and consequently untested, design. Citing a lack of operating history, he also questioned the manufacturer's assertion that the AP1000 reactor's "primary system canned motor pumps" were "maintenance-free" over 60 years, the assumed life of the reactor and noted that the expansion from 600 to 1,000 megawatts has not yet been commercially proven. In 2008 and 2009, Westinghouse made agreements to work with
2015-561: The construction has stalled. On April 9, 2008, Georgia Power Company reached a contract agreement with Westinghouse and Shaw for two AP1000 reactors to be built at Vogtle. The contract represents the first agreement for new nuclear development since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. The license request for the Vogtle site is based on revision 18 of the AP1000 design. On February 16, 2010, President Obama announced $ 8.33 billion in federal loan guarantees to construct
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2080-546: The creation of Lake Marion and Lake Moultrie , the project was intended to improve the health, recreation, and economy of the area. At the time, the Santee Cooper Project was the largest land-clearing project in U.S. history, with over 12,500 workers clearing over 177,000 acres (720 km ) of swamp and forestland. 42 miles (68 km) of dams and dikes were constructed, including a 26-mile (42 km), 78-foot (24 m) tall earthen dike. The Pinopolis Dam included
2145-708: The dam. This artificial rerouting of the Cooper River basin has effectively unified the Santee and Cooper River systems into a single hydrological drainage entity. The overall New Deal-era Santee Cooper Power and Navigation Project improved navigation, provided hydroelectric power , and improved the general health, recreation, and economy of the area. The project was the largest land-clearing project in U.S. history up to that point, with over 12,500 workers clearing over 177,000 acres (720 km) of swamp and forestland. 42 miles (68 km) of dams and dikes were constructed, including
2210-415: The design of the shield building of the new reactors. The chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that: computations submitted by Westinghouse about the building's design appeared to be wrong and "had led to more questions."; the company had not used a range of possible temperatures for calculating potential seismic stresses on the shield building in the event of, for example, an earthquake; and that
2275-470: The design safety analysis following a 17-month review. In May 2015 the CAP1400 design passed an International Atomic Energy Agency 's Generic Reactor Safety Review. In December 2009, a Chinese joint venture was set up to build an initial CAP1400 near the HTR-PM at Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant . In 2015, site preparation started, and approval to progress was expected by the end of the year. In March 2017,
2340-578: The design was purchased by Westinghouse Electric Company , who had itself been purchased in 1999 by British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL). Through the 1990s, Westinghouse had been working on a new design known as the AP600 with a design power of about 600 MWe. This was part of the United States Department of Energy’s Advanced Light Water Reactor program that worked on a series of Generation III reactor designs. In contrast to Generation II designs,
2405-448: The design without a strengthened containment structure to provide improved protection against an aircraft crash. China had officially adopted the AP1000 as a standard for inland nuclear projects. Following Westinghouse's bankruptcy in 2017, China decided in 2019 to build the domestically designed Hualong One rather than the AP1000 at Zhangzhou . After 2019, all plans for future AP1000 units were superseded by CAP1000 units, which are
2470-821: The first CAP1400 reactor pressure vessel passed pressure tests. Equipment for the CAP1400 is being manufactured, and as of 2020 preliminary construction is underway. In February 2019, the Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute announced that it had begun the conceptual design process for the CAP1700. Four AP1000 reactors have been constructed in China, two at Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant in Zhejiang , and two at Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant in Shandong . The Sanmen 1 & 2 AP1000s were connected to
2535-455: The formerly-fresh Santee river became saline, disrupting the local ecological communities . The $ 48.2 million project (55 percent federal loan, 45 percent federal grant) first generated electricity on February 17, 1942. As transmission lines were built, power flowed to customers in Berkeley, Georgetown and Horry counties, and ultimately to electric cooperatives serving customers in 46 counties. ( MW ) ( GWh ) (Tons/year) In addition to
2600-628: The future of the AP1000. Westinghouse emerged from bankruptcy in August 2018. The AP1000 is a pressurized water reactor with two cooling loops, planned to produce a net power output of 1,117 MW e . It is an evolutionary improvement on the AP600 , essentially a more powerful model with roughly the same footprint. A design objective was to be less expensive to build than other Generation III reactor designs, by both using existing technology, and needing less equipment than competing designs that have three or four cooling loops. The design decreases
2665-406: The grid on July 2, 2018, and August 24, 2018, respectively. Haiyang 1 started commercial operation on October 22, 2018, and Haiyang 2 on January 9, 2019. In 2014, China First Heavy Industries manufactured the first domestically produced AP1000 reactor pressure vessel, for the second AP1000 unit of Sanmen Nuclear Power Station . The first four AP1000s to be built are to an earlier revision of
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2730-503: The grid the next month. Further builds in China will be based on the modified CAP1000 and CAP1400 designs. The AP1000 design traces its history to two previous designs, the AP600 and the System 80 . The System 80 design was created by Combustion Engineering and featured a two-loop cooling system with a single steam generator paired with two reactor coolant pumps in each loop that makes it simpler and less expensive than systems which pair
2795-424: The grid, and as of 2024, 6 more are under construction. Two are in operation at the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant in the US, with Vogtle 3 having come online in July 2023, and Vogtle 4 in April 2024. Construction at Vogtle suffered numerous delays and cost overruns at Vogtle and V.C. Summer led to Westinghouse's bankruptcy in 2017. Construction of the two reactors at the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station
2860-525: The hydroelectric station and navigation lock , the highest single-lift lock in the world. A 3,400-foot (1,000 m) spillway was built to control floodwaters, with 62 gates allowing overflow of excess water. In completing the largest earth-moving project in the nation's history, 42,000,000 cubic yards (32,000,000 m ) of earth were moved and 3.1 million cubic yards of concrete were poured. The project also caused substantial hardship to local landowners. The formerly- saline Cooper river became fresh, and
2925-572: The largest power providers in South Carolina, Santee Cooper directly serves more than 165,000 residential and commercial customers in Berkeley , Georgetown , and Horry counties. With a fuel and energy supply that includes coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric, and other renewable sources, Santee Cooper supplies power to the cities of Bamberg and Georgetown , 30 large industrial customers, and Charleston Air Force Base . Santee Cooper generates
2990-456: The licensing of the two new AP1000 reactors to be built at Vogtle filed a new petition in April 2011 asking the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's commission to suspend the licensing process until more is known about the evolving Fukushima I nuclear accidents . In February 2012, nine environmental groups filed a collective challenge to the certification of the Vogtle reactor design and in March they filed
3055-411: The licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors. In April 2010, Arnold Gundersen , a nuclear engineer commissioned by several anti-nuclear groups, released a report which explored a hazard associated with the possible rusting through of the containment structure steel liner. In the AP1000 design, the liner and the concrete are separated, and if
3120-403: The line will run through a number of wetlands, including Simmons Creek and Murray Creek. Residents of surrounding neighborhoods have raised concerns about the line's environmental impacts. It is estimated that it would have cost approximately $ 30 million to bury the line. AP1000 The AP1000 is a nuclear power plant designed and sold by Westinghouse Electric Company . The plant
3185-514: The modified design were not precise enough and some of the materials used were too brittle. A US consultant engineer has also criticized the AP1000 containment design arguing that, in the case of a design-basis accident , it could release radiation; Westinghouse has denied the claim. The NRC completed the overall design certification review for the amended AP1000 in September 2011. In May 2011, US government regulators found additional problems with
3250-457: The number of components, including pipes, wires, and valves. Standardization and type-licensing should also help reduce the time and cost of construction. Because of its simplified design compared to a Westinghouse generation II PWR, the AP1000 has: The AP1000 design is considerably more compact in land usage than most existing PWRs, and uses under a fifth of the concrete and rebar reinforcing of older designs. Probabilistic risk assessment
3315-470: The partial construction. For his leadership and vision, Carter is projected to receive over $ 800,000 a year in retirement. Following the failure , the predominant issue facing the South Carolina General Assembly from 2018 until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 was whether to sell Santee Cooper or to reform the utility's management. The sale of the utility is favored by Governor McMaster . He called Santee Cooper
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#17328686522853380-426: The plants listed above, Santee Cooper has 28 MW of Landfill gas generation and 74 MW of wood biomass generation. Santee Cooper has 800 MW of renewable energy generation online or under contract. Santee Cooper owns one-third of the V.C. Summer Nuclear Station operated by Dominion Energy South Carolina , which owns the remaining two-thirds. Since 2017, Santee Cooper has partnered with Dominion Energy to construct
3445-601: The power distributed by some of South Carolina 's electric cooperatives. Following the Nukegate scandal , the South Carolina General Assembly debated whether to privatize or reform Santee Cooper, ultimately passing a reform bill that overhauled the regulation and oversight of the state-owned utility. A board of directors appointed by the governor and approved by the state Senate governs Santee Cooper. A board member represents each congressional district and each of
3510-621: The purview of the South Carolina Public Service Commission , the regulatory agency that oversees public utilities in the state. This oversight includes integrated resource planning , service territory changes, facility siting and acquisition, purchase power agreements, and competitive procurement of renewable resources. Rates will continue to be set by the Santee Cooper Board of Directors but are subject to increased scrutiny. The reform will oust all but one of
3575-418: The same manner as the currently operating fleet of US power reactors. Power reactors of all types continue to produce heat from radioactive decay products even after the main reaction is shut down, so it is necessary to remove this heat to avoid meltdown of the reactor core. In the AP1000, Westinghouse's Passive Core Cooling System uses a tank of water situated above the reactor. When the passive cooling system
3640-435: The steel rusts through, "there is no backup containment behind it" according to Gundersen. If the dome rusted through the design would expel radioactive contaminants and the plant "could deliver a dose of radiation to the public that is 10 times higher than the N.R.C. limit" according to Gundersen. Vaughn Gilbert, a spokesman for Westinghouse, has disputed Gundersen's assessment, stating that the AP1000's steel containment vessel
3705-552: The ten members of the Board of Directors by 2025. It reduces the elected term of a Board Member to four years and places a three-term limit, as well as restrictions on severance packages for exiting members. The board selection process remains the same. The Santee Cooper Power and Navigation Project, constructed in 1939, improved navigation on and provided hydroelectric power from the Santee and Cooper rivers in South Carolina . With
3770-443: The three counties where Santee Cooper serves retail customers directly; two board member have previous electric cooperative experience; and the chairman is appointed at-large. In September 2017, then-CEO Lonnie Carter announced his retirement following the decision to abandon construction of two new AP1000 nuclear reactors at the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station , leaving Santee Cooper with debts of about $ 4.4 billion for
3835-408: The two AP1000 units at the Vogtle plant. The cost of building the two reactors was projected to be $ 14 billion, but has since increased to $ 30B with only one reactor online and the second remaining under construction. Georgia Power, which owns 45.7% of Vogtle, delayed the projected in-service dates to the fourth quarter of 2023, or first quarter of 2024, for Unit 4. Environmental groups opposed to
3900-400: The validity of which is conditional upon the plant being built as designed, and that each AP1000 should be identical. Its design is the first Generation III+ reactor to receive final design approval from the NRC. In 2008 China started building four units of the AP1000's 2005-design. In December 2011, the NRC approved construction of the first US plant to use the design. On February 9, 2012,
3965-403: The valves don't rely on hydraulic or compressed air systems. The design is intended to passively remove heat for 72 hours, after which its gravity drain water tank must be topped up for as long as cooling is required. The reactor uses canned motor pumps that are hermetically sealed, use no reactor coolant pump seals and are mounted directly on the bottom of the steam generators. This reduces
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#17328686522854030-655: Was cancelled in 2017 following Westinghouse's bankruptcy. Nineteen more AP1000s are currently being planned, with 6 in India, 9 in Ukraine, 3 in Poland, and 1 in Bulgaria. China is currently developing more advanced versions and owns their patent rights. The first AP1000 began operations in China at Sanmen, where Unit 1 became the first AP1000 to achieve criticality in June 2018, and was connected to
4095-569: Was renamed Jefferies Hydroelectric Station in 1996 after Richard Manning Jefferies , former Governor of South Carolina and executive of Santee Cooper. It produced 243 MWh electricity in 2019. The project also flooded the Santee Canal , the cemeteries and plantations of St John's Parish Berkeley, and other historic resources. 33°15′53″N 80°06′02″W / 33.26464°N 80.10061°W / 33.26464; -80.10061 Santee Cooper Santee Cooper , also known officially from
4160-466: Was then expected to be substantially complete in late 2018 or early 2019, with unit 3 about a year later. In October 2013, US energy secretary Ernest Moniz announced that China was to supply components to the US nuclear power plants under construction as part of a bilateral co-operation agreement between the two countries. Since China's State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC) acquired Westinghouses's AP1000 technology in 2006, it has developed
4225-482: Was used in the design of the plants. This enabled minimization of risks, and calculation of the overall safety of the plant. According to the NRC, the plants will be orders of magnitude safer than those in the last study, NUREG-1150 . The AP1000 has a maximum core damage frequency of 5.09 × 10 per plant per year. Used fuel produced by the AP1000 can be stored indefinitely in water on the plant site. Aged used fuel may also be stored in above-ground dry cask storage , in
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