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79-480: A 2015 study by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs on the cost of being a female consumer concluded that women's products are typically more expensive than men's without reasonable cause. It concluded that products marketed specifically toward women cost on average 7% more than products marketed toward men. This discrepancy applies to apparel, toys, and healthcare products, among other things. In

158-400: A miscarriage or abortion , or in any other situation where it is necessary to absorb a flow of blood from the vagina . A menstrual pad is a type of menstrual hygiene product that is worn externally, unlike tampons and menstrual cups , which are worn inside the vagina. Pads are generally changed by being stripped off the pants and panties, taking out the old pad, sticking the new one on

237-513: A Deal parodied this wagon as a Zonk being offered under the name "Zonk Flyer". The 45-foot-tall (14 m) Coaster Boy wood and plaster statue of a young boy and wagon was constructed by Radio Flyer for the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, Century of Progress . Riverfront Park in Spokane, Washington features a large red wagon that doubles as a playground slide . It is 12 feet (3.7 m) high and 27 feet (8.2 m) long. The interactive sculpture

316-703: A Democrat of the Virginia House of Delegates , in 2018 submitted HB 24, which would exempt menstrual supplies from sales and use taxes, in response to the Tampon Tax in Virginia. On September 30, 2020, a new law went into effect in New York State as a part of the FY 2021 budget that prohibited businesses from charging different prices for "substantially similar" consumer goods or services that are marketed to different genders. It

395-424: A box so that they would not have to speak to the clerk and take a box of Kotex pads from the counter themselves. It took several years for disposable menstrual pads to become commonplace. For easier use, inventor Carolyn R. Mobley patented the tab construction for a sanitary napkin. Disposables are now used nearly exclusively in most of the industrialized world. The first of the disposable pads were generally in

474-473: A check by The Sunday Times on ten companies found that women pay more for some products and services, like dry cleaning and razors, offered by about half of these companies. Additionally, women in Singapore have to pay more premiums for Careshield Life, a national long-term care insurance scheme introduced by the government. In recent times Argentina women pay 12 percent more than men for the same products. In 2021

553-602: A landfill where the non- biodegradable parts may persist for thousands of years, conventional hygiene products can at best be " thermally recycled " (incinerated). There are several different types of disposable menstrual pads: The shape, absorbency and lengths may vary depending on manufacturer, but usually range from the short slender panty liner to the larger and longer overnight. Long pads are offered for extra protection or for larger people whose undergarments might not be completely protected by regular length pads, and also for overnight use. Other options are often offered in

632-560: A large difference for this reason of production would be because the red scooters are the larger production, and pink scooters are in the minority. However, there has never been any evidence presented, for example, that pink paint costs more than red paint or blue paint, thereby creating cost differentials in color-coded items geared toward different genders. The Pink Tax also arises in services like haircuts or dry cleaning. Likewise, in dry cleaning , some people argue that men's clothing tends to be more uniform while women's clothing tends to have

711-537: A legal duty on local authorities to ensure that free items such as tampons and sanitary pads are available to "anyone who needs them". The rest of the UK followed suit in 2021. The “Tampon Tax” refers to the sales tax imposed on menstrual hygiene products like mentioned previously. This additional tax further burdens women financially, which contributes to the wider issue of period poverty, where estimated one in four women and girls cannot afford menstrual products. Studies show that

790-533: A lot of variabilities which can make it harder to clean. They also argue that pressing machines, normally made for men's clothing, are more difficult to use on women's clothes, which results in the dry-cleaners resorting to hand-pressing the clothing. The reason those who campaign against the pink tax claim it to be so problematic is that higher prices for goods and services arise from gender alone, with no underlying economic justification such as higher costs of production in goods. Women's and men's razors are essentially

869-431: A major problem. Some variations introduced were quilting of the lining, adding "wings" and reducing the thickness of the pad by utilising products such as sphagnum and polyacrylate superabsorbent gels derived from petroleum. The materials used to manufacture most pads are derived from the petroleum industry and forestry. The absorbent core, made from chlorine bleached wood pulp, could be reduced to make slimmer products with

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948-438: A manufacturer's line of pads, such as wings or tabs that wrap around the sides of underwear to add additional leak protection and help secure the pad in place. Deodorant is also added to some pads, which is designed to cover menstrual odor with a light fragrance. There are even panty liners specifically designed to be worn with a thong/ G-string . Some people use a washable or reusable cloth menstrual pad . These are made from

1027-432: A number of types of fabric—most often cotton flannel, bamboo, or hemp (which is highly absorbent and not as bulky as cotton). Most styles have wings that secure around the underpants, but some are just held in place (without wings) between the body and the underpants. Some (particularly the older styles) are available in belted styles. Cloth menstrual pads made a comeback around the 1970s, with their popularity increasing in

1106-616: A pad that was made from easily obtainable materials and inexpensive enough to throw away after use. Kotex 's first advertisement for products made with this wood pulp (cellucotton) appeared in January 1921. Johnson & Johnson introduced Modess Sanitary Napkins in 1926, researched by Lillian Gilbreth . Lilian Gilbreth's market research report published in 1927 gives valuable information about American's experiences of menstruation in 1920s. The surveys she conducted on over 1000 people with periods reveal that "the most significant fact concerning

1185-415: A person's gender or the gender the clothing is intended for, without a valid, prominently placed written justification. The bill passed in 2001 and remains in effect. The Equal Gender Pricing Bill was proposed in 2016 aimed at consumer goods, specifically prohibiting businesses from gender biased pricing. The main opposition argument was that a bill proposed on goods would lead to litigation , especially since

1264-481: A popular alternative because they are allergen- and perfume-free, and can be more comfortable for people who experience irritation from using disposable pads. There are many styles of cloth menstrual pads available today, ranging from panty liners to overnight pads. Popular styles of cloth menstrual pads include all-in-one, or AIO pads, in which the absorbent layer is sewn inside the pad, "inserts on top" style pads, which have absorbent layers that can be secured on top of

1343-505: A proprietary material called Infinicel as the core of their napkins. In general, the layering is as follows: "an absorbent core material placed between a flexible liquid-pervious topsheet and a liquid-impervious plastic backsheet that has an adhesive on the outside for attaching the napkin to an undergarment". As is the case with disposable tampons and diapers , recycling is difficult and rarely done due to cost reasons, although proof-of-principle solutions appear to exist. When not dumped in

1422-464: A purse or bag. This wrapper may be used to wrap the soiled pads before disposing of them in appropriate receptacles. Some people prefer to wrap the pads with toilet paper instead of (or as well as) using the wrapper, which, often being made of slick plastic with a small tape tab, may not adequately stick. Menstrual pads of any type should not be flushed down the toilet as they can cause blockages. In developed countries , public toilets almost always include

1501-417: A recall of the tampon tax in Virginia argued that tax discrimination against products for women needed to be sorted out by changing the general tax code. They added that they supported the elimination of sales taxes overall. As a charity campaign for the political organization EMILY's List (a political action committee which supports the election of Democratic women who are in favor of abortion rights ),

1580-549: A receptacle in which to place soiled pads. In first aid, they make excellent dressings for heavy bleeding due to their high absorbency if gauze is unavailable or inadequate. Many people who experience urinary incontinence use menstrual pads to manage bladder leaks. However, since menstrual pads are designed to absorb menstrual flow, they are not as effective in absorbing urinary leaks; incontinence pads are designed for this purpose. If someone does not have menstrual pads on hand while menstruating, they might use toilet paper as

1659-616: A temporary substitution. Through the ages societies have used different forms of menstrual protection. Menstrual pads have been mentioned as early as the 10th century, in the Suda , where Hypatia , who lived in the 4th century AD, was said to have thrown one of her used menstrual rags at an admirer in an attempt to discourage him. In ancient Egypt, women used softened papyrus, a grass-like plant, to absorb their menstrual blood. Before commercially available menstrual hygiene products, most women used pieces of cloth to absorb their menstrual flow. "On

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1738-590: Is being pursued on digital gender-based price discrimination. In recent news coming from the United States, New York state made into law the first prohibition on the pink tax, which went into effect in September 2020. Followed by California which has also introduced similar legislation. Opposition to the Pink Tax Repeal Act came from retailers and manufacturers of women's products and clothing. The main argument

1817-547: Is modeled after the Radio Flyer wagon, and was sculpted by Ken Spiering and installed in 1989. The "World's Largest Wagon" is a sculpture commissioned by Radio Flyer in honor of their 80th anniversary. It is nine times the size of a little red wagon, and weighs 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg). Menstrual pad A menstrual pad is an absorbent item worn in the underwear when menstruating , bleeding after giving birth , recovering from gynecologic surgery, experiencing

1896-413: Is that the Pink Tax Repeal Act would be difficult to enforce and lawsuits would follow. The difference between men's and women's products is not always easy to see, they argue, so removing the pink tax would be subjective. They also alleged that the bill was unfriendly to domestic manufacturing jobs and that lowering the prices for women's products could lead to employee layoffs. Republican opposition for

1975-555: The Liberty Coaster Company , named in honour of the Statue of Liberty , was formed in 1923. The demands for these original wooden wagons, dubbed the "Liberty Coaster," quickly outpaced production. Incorporating the mass manufacturing techniques of the auto industry, Pasin began making metal wagons out of stamped steel in 1927. At around that time, the red wagons sold for slightly less than $ 3, or about $ 40 in 2016 dollars. In 1930,

2054-544: The US Army . In 1987, Radio Steel changed its name to Radio Flyer after its popular flagship little red wagon. Pasin died in 1990, and his grandson, Robert Pasin, has been CEO since 1997. Today, the company produces a wide range of children's products, including scooters , tricycles , ride-ons, horses, battery ops, and wagons . In 2015, Fortune named Radio Flyer number one in the top 25 best small businesses for which to work. The Liberty Coaster Company began producing

2133-439: The economic inequality between men and women. It is also argued that paying more for goods and services marketed to women while women earn less than men means men hold the majority of the purchasing power in the economy. Taxes on feminine hygiene products that men do not need further contribute to this discrepancy. By putting higher prices on essential products like menstrual products, personal care products, and overall increases

2212-498: The House floor. The overall intention of the Pink Tax Repeal Act is to end gender-based price discrimination. She was the bill's primary sponsor. This was widely considered an early version of the bill. On April 10, 2018, Speier introduced a revised version of the Pink Tax Repeal Act, H.R.5464. The 115th Congress (2017–2019) was expected to review the 2018 version. Skopos Labs, a technology company that predicts risks and opportunities, gave

2291-519: The Tampon tax remains a large barrier to menstrual health and financial equality for women. India has recently scrapped their tampon tax. Colombia also abolished their tax on feminine hygiene products in November 2018 to help further push for gender equality. Germany's feminine products previously had a luxury tax, though at the start of 2020, they lowered the tax from 19% to the normal 7%. In November 2019,

2370-470: The UK " women on average pay £200 more annually than men for the same every-day consumer goods and services" and that in some cases the only difference is the color of the item. A private member's bill to make period products freely available was introduced by Baroness Boycott , but it died on the order paper. Boycott, Rosie (2020-02-04). "Period Products (Free Provision) Bill [HL]" . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2024-08-15 . A Bill to provide for

2449-479: The United States. While some tariffs are higher for men's clothing, others are higher for women's. According to The Washington Post article women are more likely to spend more money on improving their appearance, because not doing so is associated with the risk of losing revenue. Some studies showed that attractive people tend to earn higher salaries, receive higher grades in school, receive shorter prison sentences , and are more likely to be hired and promoted in

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2528-482: The University of Bamberg, Germany investigated gender specific differences in recommender systems in fashion. This study concluded that there were significant differences in price recommendations depending on which gender was being targeted, an online reflection of gender-based price discrimination . Overall, product recommendations for women generally show a 5% higher premium compared to male counterparts. Further research

2607-454: The acquisition, claiming that it eliminates market competition. Radio Flyer Radio Flyer is an American toy company best known for its popular red toy wagon . Radio Flyer also produces scooters, tricycles, bicycles , horses, and ride-ons. The company was founded in 1917 and is based in Chicago, Illinois . Antonio Pasin immigrated to the United States from Italy in 1914 when he

2686-579: The addition of polyacrylate gels which sucks up the liquid quickly and holds it in a suspension under pressure. The remaining materials are mostly derived from the petroleum industry, the cover stock used is polypropylene non woven, with the leakproof barrier made from polyethylene film. Pads, especially reusable ones, may be visible on full body scanners . In developing countries , makeshift pads are still used to collect menstrual blood as they are cheaper. Rags, soil, and mud are also reportedly used for collecting menstrual flow by people who cannot afford

2765-613: The automobiles or popular culture of the day. The "Zephyr", produced in the 1930s, paid homage to the Chrysler Airflow . The 1950s saw a yellow wagon inspired by the movie Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier and a blue wagon produced in partnership with Disney's Mickey Mouse Club . Wagons from the 1970s borrowed the stylings of the muscle cars of the day, including the Fireball 2001 inspired by Evel Knievel . The 1990s saw

2844-525: The bill a 1% chance of being enacted. The Pink Tax Repeal Act would mandate that any comparable products that are marketed toward men and women must be priced equally. Additionally, this bill was meant to target public policy as well as gendered marketing initiatives. A 2015 study done on U.S. tariff rates found that on average, even tariffs paid for women's goods are higher than those for men. Even average imported clothing taxes for men were 11.9% compared to 15.1% for women. These discrepancies were also included in

2923-413: The bill. Although Speier said she did not expect the bill to pass, she tried to push forward the conversation about gender-based price discrimination. The effects of increasing women representation are substantial. A 10% gain in seat share decreases the pink tax by approximately 0.44%. In June 2021, Speier reintroduced the Pink Tax Repeal Act, a bipartisan bill that pursues to end gender discrimination in

3002-431: The company was renamed Radio Steel & Manufacturing . The renamed company produced steel-bodied wagons and used assembly line manufacturing techniques. The new Radio Flyer wagons were named as a tribute to two famous men of the day: Marconi and Lindbergh . Italian inventor and engineer Guglielmo Marconi developed, demonstrated, and marketed the first successful long-distance wireless telegraph and in 1901 broadcast

3081-459: The cost of living for women compared to men. This added financial burden exacerbates existing gender inequalities, as women already earn about 20% less than men on average. More so, the pink tax contributes to the phenomenon of "period poverty" where many women struggle to afford basic menstrual products which can affect social, emotional, and physical health. Studies have shown that women can pay thousands of dollars more over their lifetimes because of

3160-407: The directed gender. This segmentation allows companies to justify charging higher prices for products marketed towards women, exploiting the perception of femineity as a marketable attribute. Additionally, historical gender roles and expectations regarding personal care and hygiene contribute to the pink tax, women are often expected to invest more in grooming and appearance maintenance. Following this,

3239-442: The emotional experiences and perceived value are different. A more recent study pointed out methodological flaws in the influential 2015 study from the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs: "First, the products considered in the report account for less than 6% of category sales and were not selected at random. Second, while the sample was constructed by subjectively pairing men’s and women’s products, we find that most pairs in

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3318-449: The exact composition of their products, the main materials of disposable menstrual pads are usually bleached rayon ( cellulose made from wood pulp ), cotton and plastics . In addition, fragrance and antibacterial agents can be included. The plastic parts are the backsheet and polymer powder as an additional powerful absorbent ( superabsorbent polymers ) that turns into a gel when moistened. Procter & Gamble advertise

3397-570: The first transatlantic radio signal. Charles Lindbergh completed the first solo, non-stop flight across the Atlantic in 1927. Combining those two marvels, Pasin christened his new metal wagons "Radio Flyer". In 1933, Pasin set up a large manufacturing facility on Grand Avenue in the Belmont Cragin neighborhood. That year, Chicago was the host of the World's Fair, Century of Progress , and Radio Steel

3476-838: The form of a cotton wool or similar fibrous rectangle covered with an absorbent liner. The liner ends were extended front and back so as to fit through loops in a special girdle or belt worn beneath undergarments. This design was notorious for slipping either forward or back of the intended position. Disposable menstrual pads grew from a Benjamin Franklin invention created to help stop wounded soldiers from bleeding, but appear to have been first commercially available from around 1880 with Thomas and William Southall's pad. The first commercially available American disposable napkins were Lister's Towels created by Johnson & Johnson in 1888. Disposable pads had their start with nurses using their wood pulp bandages to absorb their menstrual flow, creating

3555-583: The gap was at 11 percent and went up the following year in 2022. There are many reasons why the pink tax exists, including tariffs , product discrimination, and product differentiation . There are many suggested causes of this discrepancy, including price elasticity and the belief that women are more prepared than men to pay higher prices for their purchases. Other reports suggest that marketing targets women to pay higher prices as ethical consumers. Certain types of clothing, footwear, and gloves made for women and men are taxed at different levels when first entering

3634-645: The inside of the panties and pulling them back on. Pads are recommended to be changed every 3–4 hours to avoid certain bacteria that can fester in blood; this time also may differ depending on the kind worn, flow, and the time it is worn. Menstrual pads are made from a range of materials, differing depending on style, country of origin, and brand. The pads are not the same as incontinence pads , which generally have higher absorbency and are worn by those who have urinary incontinence problems. Although menstrual pads are not made for this use, some use them for this purpose. Although producers are generally reluctant to reveal

3713-644: The introduction of the "Quad Shock Wagon" echoing sport utility vehicles . The "Ultimate Family Wagon", introduced in 2007, includes a sunshade and an adjustable seat; the design won a Chicago Innovation Award in 2007. The Radio Flyer Wagon was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York in 1999, and its creator, Antonio Pasin, was inducted into the Toy Industry Hall of Fame in 2003. The Radio Flyer Tricycle features

3792-518: The island. Period products are exempt from GST, but there is no plan to freely provide period products at public places - the only schemes so far have been through charitable donations. Period products are exempt from GST. Currently, Tynwald bill is going to be introduced to make period products freely accessible. In the United States, there is no specialized tax on tampons or similar menstrual products. In states where sales taxes are collected, tampons and other menstrual products are taxed in much

3871-460: The lack of transparency in pricing and limited competition in certain product categories also enable companies to implement the pink tax. Overall, the pink tax reflects much bigger systematic issues of gender inequality and discrimination in consumer markets. Criticism of the pink tax includes the principle that the idea robs women of agency and choice by suggesting that women are so easily brainwashed by marketing that they are prevented from choosing

3950-463: The largest sales tax protest took place against the 33 US states still implementing the tampon tax. In 2022 CVS dropped its taxes on women's hygiene products such as tampons and announced they will be covering the sales tax on these products in the U.S. states that allow them to do so. Recent developments in technology, big data , and online consumerism research have found potential gender biased IT algorithms. A research study published in 2020 done at

4029-417: The late 1980s and early 1990s. Reasons people choose to switch to cloth menstrual pads include comfort, savings over time, environmental impact and health reasons. Washable menstrual pads do not need to be disposed of after use and therefore offer a more economical alternative. Reusable menstrual pads can be found on a number of websites, or are made at home (instructions are available online). They have become

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4108-509: The lesser-priced but otherwise "identical" male-marketed alternative. Instead, critics have attributed the pricing disparity to market forces , and stated that if women continue to buy a more expensive pink razor, it is because they see some utility or additional aesthetic that they are willing to pay for. Substantive differences in price may indicate differences in the marketability of different products. Critics argue that although seemingly identical products and services may be differently priced,

4187-482: The marketing angle of the sanitary napkin [...] is that it is availability that sells a napkin." Several of the first disposable pad manufacturers were also manufacturers of bandages, which could give an indication of what these products were like. In 1956, Mary Kenner obtained a patent for an adjustable sanitary belt with an inbuilt, moisture-proof napkin pocket. However, the company that first showed interest in her invention rejected it after they discovered that she

4266-481: The more expensive disposable pads or tampons. In order to meet the need for achieving an inexpensive solution to reduce unsanitary and unhygienic practices in countries like India, Arunachalam Muruganantham from rural Coimbatore in the southern state of Tamil Nadu , India, developed and patented a machine which could manufacture low-cost sanitary pads for less than a third of the former cost. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Nairobi -based ZanaAfrica

4345-538: The pad as needed, envelope or pocket style pads, which have absorbent layers that can be inserted inside the pad as needed, and a foldable style, in which the pad folds around the absorbent layers. Cloth menstrual pads can also have a waterproof lining, which provides more leak protection but may also be less breathable than those with no lining. Menstrual pads are worn to absorb menstrual discharge, thereby protecting clothing and furnishings. They are usually individually wrapped so they are easier and more discreet to carry in

4424-516: The pink tax has been investigated include Argentina, France, Germany, the UK, Australia, and Italy. In the UK, women and girls were being charged on average 37 per cent more for toys, cosmetics and clothes than their male counterparts. The UK also faces the Pink Tax in school uniforms. Girls' school uniforms are 12 percent more expensive than boys' uniforms. This goes for both primary and secondary school-age children that must face this problem. In Singapore,

4503-500: The pink tax is that women have less purchasing power , especially paired with the gender-based pay gap . Wage gaps and pension gaps already put women at a disadvantage when it comes to purchasing power. Women currently make a statistical average 89 cents for every $ 1 a man earns in the United States, meaning women statistically, on average, have less income to spend on goods and services. This alone gives men more money and, ultimately, more buying power. The pink tax further contributes to

4582-487: The pink tax or tampon tax on menstrual products can be as high as 13%. This disparity contributes to what is known as the tampon tax, where women are ending up having to pay thousands of dollars more over their lifetimes due to this discriminatory pricing practice. Efforts such as the “Tampon Tax Back” campaign seek to alleviate this burden by advocating for the elimination of the sales tax on all period products in various different states. However, despite progress in some areas,

4661-431: The pink tax, which furthers the wealth gap between genders. Efforts to address the pink tax, such as state-level bans and campaigns aim to alleviate some of these economic burdens faced by women, but a federal solution is still lacking. Therefore, the economic impact of the pink tax highlights the urgent need for comprehensive measures to promote gender equity and financial empowerment for all. Representative Jackie Speier

4740-456: The premises of councils. The Northern Ireland Executive is funding a scheme to put free period products in schools and colleges. In Northern Ireland, under the Period Products (Free Provision) Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 , period products have been made accessible through the premises of public buildings. Period products are not exempt from GST, but are freely available at 14 locations on

4819-581: The pricing of goods and services. While in the California State Assembly, Speier introduced Assembly Bill No. 1088, also known as the Gender Tax Repeal Act, in 1995. It was similar to the Pink Tax Repeal Act, except it focused on gender-based price discrimination in services. The bill stated that businesses such as tailors, barbers, hair stylists, dry cleaners and laundries would not be permitted to discriminate for "standard services" due to

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4898-567: The process of identifying gendered pricing remains ambiguous and subjective. Democratic California State Sen. Ben Hueso of San Diego proposed a new version of the Gender Tax Repeal Act, SB-899, in 2016, but withdrew the bill after pushback from the California Retailers Association. It would have banned businesses in California from charging customers different prices for similar goods on the basis of gender. Jennifer Boysko ,

4977-520: The provision of free period products The Scottish Government is funding a scheme to put free period products in public places like schools, colleges, universities, youth club and pharmacies. Under the Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Act 2021 , people can access period products freely through the premises of any local council. In Wales, the UK Government is funding free period products to be accessed in schools, colleges, hospitals, and

5056-581: The rag" is a term that originally referred to menstrual rags, but its modern usage is as a menstrual euphemism. Until disposable menstrual pads were created, cloth or reusable pads were widely used to collect menstrual blood. People often used a variety of home-made menstrual pads which they crafted from various fabrics, or other absorbent materials, to collect menstrual blood. Even after disposable pads were commercially available, for several years they were too expensive for many families to afford. When they could be afforded, people were allowed to place money in

5135-435: The same bright red color and graphics as the little red wagon. The readily recognizable little red wagon manufactured by Radio Flyer is used in several artistic works, including in film and on television. A character in the 1992 drama film Radio Flyer flies to safety in a converted Radio Flyer wagon. Radio Flyer wagons appear in a store display in the 1983 film A Christmas Story . The June 24, 2013 episode of Let's Make

5214-404: The same way as most other non-exempt items (such as toilet paper and toothpaste). There has been a recent push to carve out a special tax-exempt status for tampons and other menstrual products, and the tax on such items may be referred to as a type of pink tax called a " tampon tax ". As of 2020, 30 states collect sales tax from tampons. Women leading the movement against the tampon tax are calling

5293-527: The same, and distinguishing between them is simply a marketing strategy . People who have a greater need to buy a product are often willing to pay much more, leading to price discrimination. Women are often subjected to this in the tampon and menstrual pad market creating a marginalized group among women who are "period poor". One significant cause is the gendered segmentation of consumer markets, where products are specifically marketed towards either men or women. Which are often packaged and branded distinctly to

5372-407: The sample differ in their ingredients." They argue that a systematic analysis of the evidence reveals when comparing products made by the same company with the same leading ingredients, men's products were more expensive in 3 out of 5 categories. "These findings do not support the existence of a systematic price premium for women’s products." Activists and politicians argue that the economic impact of

5451-456: The satirical card game Cards Against Humanity parodied the pink tax with a "For Her" edition of its base set, which had pink packaging and was $ 5 more expensive. The consumer goods giant, Procter & Gamble, planned to take over the women's razor startup company Billie that provides women razors at a comparable price to men. However, the Federal Trade commission filed a complaint against

5530-408: The tax a form of "regulatory discrimination", saying that menstruation is out of their control and that the government should not tax something that is imminent for approximately half the population. Similarly, this puts an even greater strain onto poverty-stricken households and results in a large percentage of women and young girls being unable to afford them. For instance, in a 2015 Scotland study, it

5609-507: The toy sector, girls' toys cost on average 7% more than boys' toys. The study showed a side-by-side comparison of a Radio Flyer scooter where the red scooter costs $ 24.99 and a pink scooter, identical in all ways but color, costs $ 49. In children's apparel, girls' clothes were 4% more expensive than boys'. Women's clothing was 8% more expensive than men's clothing. The largest discrepancy came to personal care/hygiene products, where women's products cost 13% more than men's. Other countries where

5688-518: The wooden bodied "No. 4 Liberty Coaster" in 1923. In 1927, Pasin replaced the wooden body with stamped steel, taking advantage of assembly line manufacturing techniques and earning him the nickname "Little Ford". 1500 wagons a day rolled off assembly lines even during the Great Depression . Since 2002, the company has produced plastic as well as metal-bodied wagons. A number of designs and styles have been produced by Radio Flyer, often inspired by

5767-400: The workplace. Some people argue that product differentiation can account for a portion of the difference between the prices of men's goods and women's goods. Products like the Radio Flyer scooter may cost more due to the cost of slightly changing the product. For example, a pink scooter may cost more than a red scooter because it is more expensive to paint a scooter pink than red, assuming such

5846-411: Was 16 years old. He started building wooden toy wagons in Chicago in 1917, selling them to area shops. He was working as a craftsman at the time, mostly selling phonograph cabinets, and built small wooden wagons to carry around his tools. After he received numerous requests from customers of phonograph cabinets to buy the wagons as well, he refocused his business on the wagons. His business grew until

5925-459: Was African American. Later an adhesive strip was placed on the bottom of sanitary pads for attachment to the crotch of the panties, and this became a favoured method. The belted sanitary napkin quickly disappeared during the early 1980s. The ergonomic design and materials used to make pads also changed through the 1980s to today. With earlier materials not being as absorbent and effective, and early pads being up to two centimetres thick, leaks were

6004-605: Was a key element of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo 's 2020 Women's Agenda. In England, the UK Government is funding free period products to be accessed in schools, councils and public buildings. An Early day motion directly citing the Pink tax was raised in the UK parliament by Scottish Liberal Democrat Christine Jardine in 2020 to highlight MPs concerns that women and girls pay more for basic products (including toiletries, clothes, and haircuts) than men do. Jardine proposed The Gender-Based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill . Jardine highlights that in

6083-634: Was a member of the California State Senate from 1998 to 2006. In 2008, she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives , representing California's 12th Electoral District until 2013 and California's 14th Electoral District from 2013 to 2023. Speier, a Democrat , is a member of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce . She also speaks out for equal rights and LGBTQ rights, and involves herself in many related organizations. On July 8, 2016, Speier introduced H.R. 5686, Pink Tax Repeal Act, to

6162-488: Was asked to be a part of the celebration. Antonio Pasin took on major debt to fund the construction of a 45-foot (14 m) tall wood and plaster Coaster Boy statue depicting a boy riding a Liberty Coaster wagon. Below the Coaster Boy exhibit Pasin sold miniatures for 25 cents. During World War II , steel was essential war material; from 1942–1945, the company shifted production to portable five gallon Blitz cans for

6241-516: Was discovered that "45% of girls" had used "toilet paper, socks and newspaper to replace menstrual products" because they were unable to afford them. Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have voted on legislation to create special tax exemptions for tampons, but none have become laws, until January 2019, when Australia made the decision to remove their tax on feminine products. Scotland made period products free for all in 2020 and established

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