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57-402: Ping-O-Tronic came in an orange and white plastic container with a paddles housing. The control logic is based on three 7400 chips. Usable games are only three similar ones: Pong , Squash / Solo and Automatic / Attract . The last one was the only game that did not require players and was used by stores to demonstrate the system without having anyone play it. There are several versions of

114-491: A BL prefix designation. Regular-speed TTL parts were also available for a time in the 6400 series – these had an extended industrial temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. While companies such as Mullard listed 6400-series compatible parts in 1970 data sheets, by 1973 there was no mention of the 6400 family in the Texas Instruments TTL Data Book . Texas Instruments brought back

171-428: A Printed Circuit Breadboard . Both examples refer to and describe other types of breadboards as prior art . In 1960, Orville Thompson of DeVry Technical Institute patented a solderless breadboard connecting rows of holes together with spring metal. In 1971, Ronald Portugal of E&L Instruments patented a similar concept with holes in 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) spacings, the same as DIP IC packages, which became

228-567: A list of 7400 series integrated circuits . Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number. The less-common 64 and 84 prefixes on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range. Since the 1970s, new product families have been released to replace the original 7400 series. More recent TTL-compatible logic families were manufactured using CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL. Today, surface-mounted CMOS versions of

285-411: A breadboard. Modern circuit designs are generally developed using a schematic capture and simulation system, and tested in software simulation before the first prototype circuits are built on a printed circuit board . Integrated circuit designs are a more extreme version of the same process: since producing prototype silicon is costly, extensive software simulations are performed before fabricating

342-687: A bus strip are indicated by gaps in the color marking. Bus strips typically run down one or both sides of a terminal strip or between terminal strips. On large breadboards additional bus strips can often be found on the top and bottom of terminal strips. Some manufacturers provide separate bus and terminal strips. Others just provide breadboard blocks which contain both in one block. Jump wires (also called jumper wires) for solderless breadboarding can be obtained in ready-to-use jump wire sets or can be manually manufactured. The latter can become tedious work for larger circuits. Ready-to-use jump wires come in different qualities, some even with tiny plugs attached to

399-452: A few wire colors are reserved for the supply voltages and ground (e.g., red, blue, black), some are reserved for main signals, and the rest are simply used where convenient. Some ready-to-use jump wire sets use the color to indicate the length of the wires, but these sets do not allow a meaningful color-coding schema. In a more robust variant, one or more breadboard strips are mounted on a sheet of metal. Typically, that backing sheet also holds

456-636: A form factor barely larger than a large postage stamp, available in the American hobby market (and elsewhere) for a few dollars, allowing fairly sophisticated breadboard projects to be created at modest expense. Due to relatively large parasitic capacitance compared to a properly laid out PCB (approx 2 pF between adjacent contact columns ), high inductance of some connections and a relatively high and not very reproducible contact resistance , solderless breadboards are limited to operation at relatively low frequencies, usually less than 10  MHz , depending on

513-430: A large breadboard. The main areas, to hold most of the electronic components, are called terminal strips . In the middle of a terminal strip of a breadboard, one typically finds a notch running in parallel to the long side. The notch is to mark the centerline of the terminal strip and provides limited airflow (cooling) to DIP ICs straddling the centerline . The clips on the right and left of the notch are each connected in

570-421: A metal breadboard affords a desirable solderable ground plane, often an unetched piece of printed circuit board; integrated circuits are sometimes stuck upside down to the breadboard and soldered to directly, a technique sometimes called " dead bug " construction because of its appearance. Examples of dead bug with ground plane construction are illustrated in a Linear Technologies application note. A common use in

627-527: A more reliable interconnection technology, to have a likelihood of working over a usable time period. Alternative methods to create prototypes are point-to-point construction (reminiscent of the original wooden breadboards), wire wrap , wiring pencil , and boards like the stripboard. Complicated systems, such as modern computers comprising millions of transistors , diodes , and resistors , do not lend themselves to prototyping using breadboards, as their complex designs can be difficult to lay out and debug on

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684-530: A number of binding posts . These posts provide a clean way to connect an external power supply. This type of breadboard may be slightly easier to handle. Some manufacturers provide high-end versions of solderless breadboards. These are typically high-quality breadboard modules mounted on a flat casing. The casing contains additional equipment for breadboarding, such as a power supply , one or more signal generators , serial interfaces , LED display or LCD modules, and logic probes . For high-frequency development,

741-420: A radial way; typically five clips (i.e., beneath five holes) in a row on each side of the notch are electrically connected. The five columns on the left of the notch are often marked as A, B, C, D, and E, while the ones on the right are marked F, G, H, I and J. When a "skinny" dual in-line pin package (DIP) integrated circuit (such as a typical DIP-14 or DIP-16, which have a 0.3-inch (7.6 mm) separation between

798-420: A socket on the adapter, while smaller components (e.g., SMD resistors) are usually soldered directly onto the adapter. The adapter is then plugged into the breadboard via the 0.1 in (2.54 mm) connectors. However, the need to solder the components onto the adapter negates some of the advantage of using a solderless breadboard. Very complex circuits can become unmanageable on a solderless breadboard due to

855-445: A typical 784 to 910 tie point solderless breadboard. Most breadboards are designed to accommodate 17, 30 or 64 rows in the mini, half, and full configurations respectively. To provide power to the electronic components, bus strips are used. A bus strip usually contains two columns: one for ground and one for a supply voltage. However, some breadboards only provide a single-column power distribution bus strip on each long side. Typically

912-444: Is limited to about 10 MHz, and not everything works properly even well below that frequency. In the early days of radio, amateurs nailed bare copper wires or terminal strips to a wooden board (often literally a bread cutting board ) and soldered electronic components to them. Sometimes a paper schematic diagram was first glued to the board as a guide to placing terminals, then components and wires were installed over their symbols on

969-554: Is of the TTL family (absence of a family designator), its function being the quad 2-input NAND gate ("00") implemented in a plastic through-hole DIP package ("N"). Many logic families maintain a consistent use of the device numbers as an aid to designers. Often a part from a different 74x00 subfamily could be substituted (" drop-in replacement ") in a circuit, with the same function and pin-out yet more appropriate characteristics for an application (perhaps speed or power consumption), which

1026-524: Is then developed for the MCU to test, debug, and interact with the circuit prototype. High frequency operation is then largely confined to the SoC's PCB. In the case of high speed interconnects such as SPI and I²C, these can be debugged at a lower speed and later rewired using a different circuit assembly methodology to exploit full-speed operation. A single small SoC often provides most of these electrical interface options in

1083-449: The de facto standard set by the later series in DIP packages (in particular, ground was connected to pin 11 and the power supply to pin 4, compared to pins 7 and 14 for DIP packages). The extremely popular commercial grade plastic DIP (7400N) followed in the third quarter of 1966. The 5400 and 7400 series were used in many popular minicomputers in the 1970s and early 1980s. Some models of

1140-439: The dual in-line layout—it is impossible to provide the correct electrical connectivity. Sometimes small PCB adapters called "breakout adapters" can be used to fit the component to the board. Such adapters carry one or more components and have 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) spaced male connector pins in a single in-line or dual in-line layout, for insertion into a solderless breadboard. Larger components are usually plugged into

1197-579: The system on a chip (SoC) era is to obtain an microcontroller (MCU) on a pre-assembled printed circuit board (PCB) which exposes an array of input/output (IO) pins in a header suitable to plug into a breadboard, and then to prototype a circuit which exploits one or more of the MCU's peripherals, such as general-purpose input/output (GPIO), UART / USART serial transceivers, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), pulse-width modulation (PWM; used in motor control ), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), or I²C . Firmware

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1254-409: The 1970s. Many designers of military and aerospace equipment used this family over a long period and as they need exact replacements, this family is still produced by Lansdale Semiconductor. The 74S family, using Schottky circuitry, uses more power than the 74, but is faster. The 74LS family of ICs is a lower-power version of the 74S family, with slightly higher speed but lower power dissipation than

1311-863: The 5514БЦ1 series, 54AC as the 5514БЦ2 series, and 54LVC as the 5524БЦ2 series. Breadboard A breadboard , solderless breadboard , or protoboard is a construction base used to build semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits . Unlike a perfboard or stripboard , breadboards do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable. For this reason, breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs). Compared to more permanent circuit connection methods, modern breadboards have high parasitic capacitance , relatively high resistance, and less reliable connections, which are subject to jostle and physical degradation. Signaling

1368-458: The 6400 series in 1989 for the SN64BCT540. The SN64BCTxxx series is still in production as of 2023. Some companies have also offered industrial extended temperature range variants using the regular 7400-series part numbers with a prefix or suffix to indicate the temperature grade. As integrated circuits in the 7400 series were made in different technologies, usually compatibility was retained with

1425-486: The 7400 series are used in various applications in electronics and for glue logic in computers and industrial electronics. The original through-hole devices in dual in-line packages (DIP/DIL) were the mainstay of the industry for many decades. They are useful for rapid breadboard -prototyping and for education and remain available from most manufacturers. The fastest types and very low voltage versions are typically surface-mount only, however. The first part number in

1482-670: The DEC PDP -series 'minis' used the 74181 ALU as the main computing element in the CPU . Other examples were the Data General Nova series and Hewlett-Packard 21MX, 1000, and 3000 series. In 1965, typical quantity-one pricing for the SN5400 (military grade, in ceramic welded flat-pack ) was around 22 USD . As of 2007, individual commercial-grade chips in molded epoxy (plastic) packages can be purchased for approximately US$ 0.25 each, depending on

1539-477: The Ping-O-Tronic and Play-O-Tronic have been sold. 7400-series integrated circuits The 7400 series is a popular logic family of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits (ICs). In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the SN5400 series of logic chips, in a ceramic semiconductor package . A low-cost plastic package SN7400 series was introduced in 1966 which quickly gained over 50% of

1596-544: The Ping-O-Tronic, marked by the abbreviations PP-1 up to PP-10. Starting from the PP-5, there was a new slot to which an optical gun could be connected to play a new aiming game . This accessory is called Gun-O-Tronic (stylized as gun • o • tronic ). The only other known consoles at the time which allowed the user to play aiming games were the Magnavox Odyssey and Philips Tele-Game ES 2201 . On April 21, 1975, Zanussi obtained

1653-429: The basis of the modern solderless breadboard that is commonly used today. A modern solderless breadboard socket consists of a perforated block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor bronze or nickel silver alloy spring clips under the perforations. The clips are often called tie points or contact points . The number of tie points is often given in the specification of the breadboard. The spacing between

1710-444: The clips (lead pitch) is typically 0.1 inches (2.54 mm). Integrated circuits (ICs) in dual in-line packages (DIPs) can be inserted to straddle the centerline of the block. Interconnecting wires and the leads of discrete components (such as capacitors , resistors , and inductors ) can be inserted into the remaining free holes to complete the circuit. Where ICs are not used, discrete components and connecting wires may use any of

1767-470: The competing 4000 series of CMOS devices. Bipolar devices are also limited to a fixed power-supply voltage, typically 5 V, while CMOS parts often support a range of supply voltages. Milspec -rated devices for use in extended temperature conditions are available as the 5400 series. Texas Instruments also manufactured radiation-hardened devices with the prefix RSN , and the company offered beam-lead bare dies for integration into hybrid circuits with

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1824-557: The console under the name Universum TV Multi-Spiel (stylized as UNIVERSUM TV Multi-Spiel). A built-in power supply comes with the Multi-Spiel. Zanussi was reported to have sold 21,514 units of the Play-O-Tronic from October 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 and earned a total of 620,408,000 Italian lira ( US$ 127,782,334), of which 5.5%, 34,122,440 lira (US$ 7,028,028) went to Sanders Associates. As of 1983, around 1 million units of both

1881-885: The following table are: V cc  – power-supply voltage; t pd  – maximum gate delay; I OL  – maximum output current at low level; I OH  – maximum output current at high level; t pd , I OL , and I OH apply to most gates in a given family. Driver or buffer gates have higher output currents. Many parts in the CMOS HC, AC, AHC, and VHC families are also offered in "T" versions (HCT, ACT, AHCT and VHCT) which have input thresholds that are compatible with both TTL and 3.3 V CMOS signals. The non-T parts have conventional CMOS input thresholds, which are more restrictive than TTL thresholds. Typically, CMOS input thresholds require high-level signals to be at least 70% of Vcc and low-level signals to be at most 30% of Vcc. (TTL has

1938-482: The holes. Typically the spring clips are rated for 1 ampere at 5 volts and 0.333 amperes at 15 volts (5 watts ). Solderless breadboards connect pin to pin by metal strips inside the breadboard. The layout of a typical solderless breadboard is made up from two types of areas, called strips. Strips consist of interconnected electrical terminals. Often breadboard strips or blocks of one brand have male and female dovetail notches so boards can be clipped together to form

1995-436: The input high level above 2.0 V and the input low level below 0.8 V, so a TTL high-level signal could be in the forbidden middle range for 5 V CMOS.) The 74H family is the same basic design as the 7400 family with resistor values reduced. This reduced the typical propagation delay from 9 ns to 6 ns but increased the power consumption. The 74H family provided a number of unique devices for CPU designs in

2052-461: The large amount of wiring required. The very convenience of easy plugging and unplugging of connections also makes it too easy to accidentally disturb a connection, and the system becomes unreliable. It is possible to prototype systems with thousands of connecting points, but great care must be taken in careful assembly, and such a system becomes unreliable as contact resistance develops over time. At some point, very complex systems must be implemented in

2109-521: The license to implement Pong from Sanders Associates . In 1977, Zanussi produced and sold a new model of a Pong-like console called Play-O-Tronic (stylized as play • o • tronic and also known as Zanussi Play-O-Tronic or Sèleco Play-O-Tronic ). Unlike the Ping-O-Tronic, which was built with discrete components, the Play-O-Tronic was built from a single AY-3-8500 chip. The console was also sold in Germany by German mailorder company Quelle , who sold

2166-597: The logic chip market, and eventually becoming de facto standardized electronic components. Since the introduction of the original bipolar-transistor TTL parts, pin-compatible parts were introcducted with such features as low power CMOS technology and lower supply voltages . Surface mount packages exist for several popular logic family functions. The 7400 series contains hundreds of devices that provide everything from basic logic gates , flip-flops , and counters, to special purpose bus transceivers and arithmetic logic units (ALU). Specific functions are described in

2223-431: The lower operating voltages used in newer CPU devices. Part number schemes varied by manufacturer. The part numbers for 7400-series logic devices often use the following designators: For example, "SN5400N" signifies that the part is a 7400-series IC probably manufactured by Texas Instruments ("SN" originally meaning "Semiconductor Network" ) using commercial processing, is of the military temperature rating ("54"), and

2280-524: The moulding process. It was jokingly referred to in the Eastern Bloc electronics industry as the "elephant-dung packaging", due to its appearance. The Soviet integrated circuit designation is different from the Western series: Before July 1974 the two letters from the functional description were inserted after the first digit of the series. Examples: К1ЛБ551 and К155ЛА1 (7420), К1ТМ552 and К155ТМ2 (7474) are

2337-489: The nature of the circuit. The relatively high contact resistance can already be a problem for some DC and very low frequency circuits. Solderless breadboards are further limited by their voltage and current ratings. Solderless breadboards usually cannot accommodate surface-mount technology devices (SMD) or components with grid spacing other than 0.1 inches (2.54 mm). Further, they cannot accommodate components with multiple rows of connectors if these connectors do not match

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2394-426: The older resistor-transistor logic integrated circuits, bipolar TTL gates were unsuitable to be used as analog devices, providing low gain, poor stability, and low input impedance. Special-purpose TTL devices were used to provide interface functions such as Schmitt triggers or monostable multivibrator timing circuits. Inverting gates could be cascaded as a ring oscillator , useful for purposes where high stability

2451-448: The original 74 family; it became the most popular variant once it was widely available. Many 74LS ICs can be found in microcomputers and digital consumer electronics manufactured in the 1980s and early 1990s. The 74F family was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor and adopted by other manufacturers; it is faster than the 74, 74LS and 74S families. Through the late 1980s and 1990s newer versions of this family were introduced to support

2508-505: The original TTL logic levels and power-supply voltages. An integrated circuit made in CMOS is not a TTL chip, since it uses field-effect transistors (FETs) and not bipolar junction transistors (BJT), but similar part numbers are retained to identify similar logic functions and electrical (power and I/O voltage) compatibility in the different subfamilies. Over 40 different logic subfamilies use this standardized part number scheme. The headings in

2565-410: The particular chip. 7400 series parts were constructed using bipolar junction transistors (BJT), forming what is referred to as transistor–transistor logic or TTL . Newer series, more or less compatible in function and logic level with the original parts, use CMOS technology or a combination of the two ( BiCMOS ). Originally the bipolar circuits provided higher speed but consumed more power than

2622-420: The pin rows) is plugged into a breadboard, the pins of one side of the chip are supposed to go into column E while the pins of the other side go into column F on the other side of the notch. The rows are identified by numbers from 1 to as many the breadboard design goes. A full-size terminal breadboard strip typically consists of around 56 to 65 rows of connectors. Together with bus strips on each side this makes up

2679-685: The production of standard logic ceased in all Eastern European countries except the Soviet Union and later Russia and Belarus . As of 2016, the series 133, К155, 1533, КР1533, 1554, 1594, and 5584 were in production at "Integral" in Belarus, as well as the series 130 and 530 at "NZPP-KBR", 134 and 5574 at "VZPP", 533 at "Svetlana" , 1564, К1564, КР1564 at "NZPP", 1564, К1564 at "Voshod", 1564 at "Exiton", and 133, 530, 533, 1533 at "Mikron" in Russia. The Russian company Angstrem manufactures 54HC circuits as

2736-403: The row intended for a supply voltage is marked in red, while the row for ground is marked in blue or black. Some manufacturers connect all terminals in a column. Others just connect groups of, for example, 25 consecutive terminals in a column. The latter design provides a circuit designer with some more control over crosstalk (inductively coupled noise) on the power supply bus. Often the groups in

2793-426: The same ICs made at different times. Clones of the 7400 series were also made in other Eastern Bloc countries: A number of different technologies were available from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany. The 8400 series in the table below indicates an industrial temperature range from −25 °C to +85 °C (as opposed to −40 °C to +85 °C for the 6400 series). Around 1990

2850-435: The schematic. Using thumbtacks or small nails as mounting posts was also common. Breadboards have evolved over time with the term now being used for all kinds of prototype electronic devices. For example, US Patent 3,145,483, was filed in 1961 and describes a wooden plate breadboard with mounted springs and other facilities. US Patent 3,496,419, was filed in 1967 and refers to a particular printed circuit board layout as

2907-446: The series, the 7400, is a 14-pin IC containing four two-input NAND gates . Each gate uses two input pins and one output pin, with the remaining two pins being power (+5 V) and ground. This part was made in various through-hole and surface-mount packages, including flat pack and plastic/ceramic dual in-line. Additional characters in a part number identify the package and other variations. Unlike

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2964-417: The springs). Longer stripped wires increase the likelihood of short-circuits on the board. Needle-nose pliers and tweezers are helpful when inserting or removing wires, particularly on crowded boards. Differently colored wires and color-coding discipline are often adhered to for consistency. However, the number of available colors is typically far fewer than the number of signal types or paths. Typically,

3021-518: The time the 7400 series was being made, some European manufacturers (that traditionally followed the Pro Electron naming convention), such as Philips / Mullard , produced a series of TTL integrated circuits with part names beginning with FJ. Some examples of FJ series are: The Soviet Union started manufacturing TTL ICs with 7400-series pinout in the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as the K155ЛA3, which

3078-414: The wire ends. Jump wire material for ready-made or homemade wires should usually be 22  AWG (0.33 mm ) solid copper, tin-plated wire - assuming no tiny plugs are to be attached to the wire ends. The wire ends should be stripped 3 ⁄ 16 to 5 ⁄ 16  in (4.8 to 7.9 mm). Shorter stripped wires might result in bad contact with the board's spring clips (insulation being caught in

3135-445: Was a large part of the appeal of the 74C00 series over the competing CD4000B series, for example. But there are a few exceptions where incompatibilities (mainly in pin-out ) across the subfamilies occurred, such as: Some manufacturers, such as Mullard and Siemens, had pin-compatible TTL parts, but with a completely different numbering scheme; however, data sheets identified the 7400-compatible number as an aid to recognition. At

3192-486: Was not required. Although the 7400 series was the first de facto industry standard TTL logic family (i.e. second-sourced by several semiconductor companies), there were earlier TTL logic families such as: The 7400 quad 2-input NAND gate was the first product in the series, introduced by Texas Instruments in a military grade metal flat package (5400W) in October 1964. The pin assignment of this early series differed from

3249-539: Was pin-compatible with the 7400 part available in the United States, except for using a metric spacing of 2.5 mm between pins instead of the 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) pin-to-pin spacing used in the west. Another peculiarity of the Soviet-made 7400 series was the packaging material used in the 1970s–1980s. Instead of the ubiquitous black resin, they had a brownish-green body colour with subtle swirl marks created during

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