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29-731: Coordinates : 33°17′N 110°49′W / 33.283°N 110.817°W / 33.283; -110.817 (Redirected from Pinal Mountains Forest Reserve ) Former name of the Tonto National Forest area in Arizona Pinal Mountains National Forest was established as the Pinal Mountains Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Arizona on March 20, 1905 with 45,760 acres (185.2 km). It became
58-470: A National Forest on March 4, 1907 and encompassed the entirety of the Pinal Mountains south of Globe, Arizona and some areas surrounding the mountains. On January 13, 1908 the forest was combined with Tonto National Forest and the name was discontinued. References [ edit ] [REDACTED] Arizona portal ^ Davis, Richard C. (September 29, 2005), National Forests of
87-532: A prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used
116-646: A little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against
145-416: A location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of
174-535: A longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly,
203-670: A national cartographical organization include the North American Datum , the European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from
232-841: A simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ), the default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by
261-500: A year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at
290-583: Is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b a tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!}
319-418: Is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system
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#1733085824861348-735: Is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Bellevue-Savanna National Forest Savanna National Forest
377-540: Is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at
406-731: Is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as the French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines
435-405: Is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations
464-489: The Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In the 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from
493-502: The Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and
522-5076: The Forest History Society, 1983. Vol. II, pp. 743–788. Pinal Mountains 33°17′N 110°49′W / 33.283°N 110.817°W / 33.283; -110.817 v t e Former National Forests of the United States Absaroka Afognak Alabama Alexander Archipelago Apache Aquarius Arkansas Ashland Baboquivari Baker City Battlement Battlement Mesa Bear Lodge Bear River Beartooth Beaver Bellevue-Savanna Benning Big Belt Big Burros Big Hole Bitter Root Black Mesa Black Warrior |Blackfeet Blue Mountains Bonneville Boone Bull Run Bridger Cabinet Cache Calaveras Big Tree California Cascade Range Cassia Cave Hills Charleston Chelan Chenismus Cheyenne Chiricahua Clark Cochetopa Cochetopah Colorado Columbia Coquille Crater Crazy Mountain Crooka Crow Creek Dakota Datil Diamond Mountain Dismal River Dixo Dragoon Durango Ekalaka Elkhorn Eustis Fillmore Fish Lake Florida Fruita Gallinas Garces Garden City Gila River Glenwood Goose Lake Grand Canyon Grantsville Grover Island Guadalupe Harney Hell Gate Henry's Lake Heppner Highwood Mountains Holy Cross Huachuca Humphreys Idaho Imnaha Independence Jackson Jefferson (Montana) Jemez Kansas Kern Knox La Sal La Salle Lake Tahoe Las Animas Lassen Peak Leadville Lee Little Belt Little Belt Mountains Little Rockies Logan Long Pine McClellan Madison Magdalena Manti Manzano Marquette Maury Mountain Meade Michigan Minam Minidoka Minnesota Missoula Moapa Monitor Mono Monterey Montezuma Monticello Mount Baker Mount Graham Mount Taylor Natural Bridge Nebo Nevada Niobrara North Platte Oregon Otter Ouray Palisade Palouse Park Range Paulina Payson Pecos Peloncillo Pend d'Oreille Pend Oreille Pike's Peak Pinal Mountains Pine Plains Pinnacles Pocatello Port Neuf Powell Pryor Mountains Raft River Rainier Reserve Ruby Ruby Mountains Sacramento Salmon River Salt Lake San Benito San Bernardino San Francisco Mountains San Gabriel San Jacinto San Luis San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Catalina Santa Rita Santa Rosa Santa Ynez Santiam Savanna Selway Sevier Shenandoah Short Pine Sierra Madre Sioux Sitgreaves Slim Buttes Snoqualmie Snowy Mountains Sopris Stony Creek Sundance Taos Teton Tillamook Tobyhanna Toquima Trabuco Cañon Trabuco Canyon Trinity Tumacacori Tusyan Unintah Unaka Upton Vegas Verde Vernon Wallowa Warner Mountains Washakie Washington Weiser Wenaha Wet Mountains Whitman Wichita Yellowstone Yuba Zuni List of former U.S. National Forests List of U.S. National Forests Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinal_Mountains_National_Forest&oldid=1250013550 " Categories : Former national forests of Arizona Tonto National Forest Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS )
551-580: The United States (PDF) , The Forest History Society, archived from the original (pdf) on October 28, 2012 , retrieved August 21, 2009 External links [ edit ] Forest History Society Listing of the National Forests of the United States and Their Dates (from Forest History Society website) Text from Davis, Richard C., ed. Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company for
580-460: The far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana ,
609-415: The length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get
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#1733085824861638-473: The motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on
667-516: The one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm
696-520: The proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and
725-430: The same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because the location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection
754-646: The same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text
783-486: The shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using
812-458: The surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of a point on Earth's surface
841-445: The width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!} is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi }
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