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22-518: In the 12th century in the location of current Pińczów there was a quarry. The miners working at the quarry probably resided in a gord , which was destroyed in 1241, during the Mongol invasion of Poland . In the first half of the 14th century a Gothic castle was erected in the spot where once the gord stood. At the foot of the castle, a settlement appeared, initially called Piedziców , Pandziczów and (1470), Pyandzyczów . The name Pińczów has been in use since

44-500: A garden in certain languages. Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for a city or town : The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples. Examples include: The words in Polish and Slovak for suburbium , podgrodzie and podhradie correspondingly, literally mean

66-540: A garden, and its English descendant horticulture . In Hungarian , kert , the word for a garden, literally means encircled . Because Hungarian is a Uralic rather than an Indo-European language, this is likely a loanword . Further afield, in ancient Iran , a fortified wooden settlement was called a gerd , or certa , which also means garden (as in the suffix -certa in the names of various ancient Iranian cities; e.g., Hunoracerta ). The Persian word evolved into jerd under later Arab influence. Burugerd or Borujerd

88-480: A hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages. As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near

110-507: A settlement beneath a gord: the gród / hrad was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the podgrodzie / podhradie at its foot. (The Slavic prefix pod- , meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root pṓds , meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin sub- ). The word survives in the names of several villages ( Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship ) and town districts (e.g., that of Olsztyn ), as well as in

132-562: A town of Mirów, which in 1612 was absorbed by Pińczów. The town had a defensive wall , with four gates, and a number of foreign artisans, from Italy , Scotland , Germany and France . In 1657, Pińczów was destroyed by Swedish soldiers (see the Deluge ), and during the Great Northern War , the town was once again captured by the Swedes; King Charles XII of Sweden stayed here for a while, after

154-770: A wall made of earth and wood, and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark. The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root ǵʰortós 'enclosure'. The Proto-Slavic word *gordъ later differentiated into grad ( Cyrillic : град), gorod (Cyrillic: город), gród in Polish , gard in Kashubian , etc. It is the root of various words in modern Slavic languages pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian гарадз іць, Ukrainian horod yty, Slovak o hrad iť, Czech o hrad it, Russian o grad it, Serbo-Croatian o grad iti, and Polish o grad zać, grod zić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for

176-504: Is a chapel in the city of Pińczów in Poland . It was designed by Santi Gucci and built in 1600, on the slopes of the St. Anne's Hill overlooking the town. Rectangular in shape, the chapel is a distinctive example of mannerist architecture, the temple was financed by a local noble , Zygmunt Myszkowski . Covered with a cupola, the chapel's porch is covered with its exact — yet smaller — copy. At

198-449: Is a city in the west of Iran. The Indian suffix -garh , meaning a fort in Hindi , Urdu , Sanskrit , and other Indo-Iranian languages , appears in many Indian place names. Given that both Slavic and Indo-Iranian are sub-branches of Indo-European and that there are numerous similarities between Slavic and Sanskrit vocabulary, it is plausible that garh and gord are related. However, this

220-464: Is home to a sports club Nida Pińczów , which was established in 1946. Pińczów is twinned with: Gord (archaeology) A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe . A typical gord consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by

242-530: Is located in Pińczów's market square. Currently, it houses a regional museum, a house of culture, and a cinema. In Pińczów's district of Mirów there also was a Franciscan monastery, founded in 1587 by Bishop Piotr Myszkowski. In Mirów there is a house which once was a Calvinist printing shop. Now it houses a branch of the National Archive of Poland. Mount St. Anne is located in the vicinity of Pińczów. The town

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264-514: Is strongly contradicted by the phoneme /g/ in Indo-Iranian, which cannot be a reflex of the Indo-European palatovelar /*ǵ/. A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a palisade , and/or moats . Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding

286-822: The Battle of Kliszów . In the late 18th century, Pińczów was purchased by the Wielopolski family, and following the Partitions of Poland , it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire (1795). In 1815, Pińczów became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland . In the 1820s, the town had some 4,000 inhabitants, and in 1867, the Russians created the County of Pińczów. In the Second Polish Republic , Pińczów belonged to Kielce Voivodeship . In

308-833: The High Middle Ages , the gord usually evolved into a castle , citadel or kremlin , and the suburbium into a town . Some gords did not stand the test of time and were abandoned or destroyed, gradually turning into more or less discernible mounds or rings of earth ( Russian gorodishche, Polish gród or grodzisko, Ukrainian horodyshche, Slovak hradisko, Czech hradiště, German Hradisch , Hungarian hradis and Serbian gradiška / градишка ). Notable archeological sites include Groß Raden in Germany and Biskupin in Poland. St. Anne%27s Chapel, Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w St Anne's Chapel ( Polish : Kaplica św. Anny w Pińczowie )

330-569: The 16th century, and it is not known who was first owner of the settlement. In 1424, it belonged to the powerful Oleśnicki family, which built its residence here, and funded a Pauline monks abbey (1449). On September 21, 1428 in Lublin , King Władysław II Jagiełło granted town charter to Pińczów. In the mid-16th century, Pińczów became one of main centers of Protestant Reformation in Lesser Poland. The Calvinist nobleman Nicholas Oleśnicki drove out

352-721: The Catholic monks of Pińczów in 1550 at the instigation of the Italian ex-priest Francesco Stancaro , creating a Calvinist centre, where the Synods of Pińczów were held 1550–1563. Pińczów is sometimes called the Sarmatian Athens for its association with the Calvinist Academy founded by Francesco Lismanino , to which scholars such as the French grammarian Pierre Statorius were invited. The town

374-561: The early 1920s, the town was home to the 2nd Legions Infantry Regiment, which was later moved to Sandomierz . Pińczów was destroyed by the Germans in September 1939 during the Invasion of Poland , and almost all Jews, who had accounted for about 70% of the town's population, were killed or sent to extermination camps . Most Pińczów's Jews were murdered in the death camp Treblinka . The Jewish cemetery

396-407: The gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a suburbium (literally "undercity") ( Polish : podgrodzie ). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the suburbium acquired its own fence or wall. In

418-577: The names of the German municipalities Puttgarden , Wagria and Putgarten , Rügen . From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the Germanic word elements * gard and * gart (as in Stuttgart ), and likely also the names of Graz , Austria and Gartz , Germany . Cognate to these are English words such as garden , yard , garth , girdle and court. Also cognate but less closely related are Latin hortus ,

440-658: Was also destroyed. Some Jews of Pińczów survived the Holocaust by hiding in nearby forests. Some, though not many, were hidden by Polish farmers until the end of the war. The Republic of Pińczów was a short-lived Polish uprising, which took place in July – August 1944. Units of the Home Army and other underground organizations managed to push Germans from the area of approximately 1,000 km, which stretched from Pińczów to Działoszyce , and from Nowy Korczyn to Nowe Brzesko . The resistance

462-610: Was the site of the six years of work 1558–1563 for the translators of the Brest Bible , which is why it is sometimes called the Pińczów Bible . In 1586 the town was purchased by Bishop of Kraków Piotr Myszkowski, who initiated the program of Counter-Reformation . Pauline monks returned to Pińczów, and in the late 16th century, the Myszkowski family redecorated the castle, turning it into their residence. In 1592, Zygmunt Myszkowski founded

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484-583: Was very active here; there were two attacks on a local Gestapo prison, in which hundreds of Poles were freed. The town's attractions include the 18th-century palace of the Wielkopolski family, several churches and monasteries (some dating back to 15th century), the Renaissance St. Anne's Chapel , the recently restored synagogue , and ruins of the 13th-century castle. The complex of the former Pauline monastery, founded in 1449 by Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki ,

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