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63-478: The 18-room mansion, designed by American architect Frank Furness , was built in 1879 for Dr. Emlen Physick Jr. (1855–1916), descendant of a well-known Philadelphia family, his widowed mother, Mrs. Ralston, and maiden Aunt Emilie. The mansion is closely related to Furness's Knowlton Mansion (1880–81) in Northeast Philadelphia. The Physick Mansion is an example of " Stick style " architecture. Its exterior

126-631: A Neo-Grec desk, now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art . These pieces can be documented by drawings in Furness's sketchbooks and a letter in HHF's papers: "These bookcases were placed in position this day—February 18th 1871. They were designed by Capt. Frank Furness, and made by Daniel Pabst …" In 1873, Furness designed interiors and furniture for the Manhattan city house of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. , father of

189-788: A Pennsylvania state historical marker was dedicated in front of Furness's boyhood home at 1426 Pine Street, Philadelphia (now Peirce College Alumni Hall). Opposite the marker is Furness's 1874–75 dormitory addition to the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, now the Furness Residence Hall of the University of the Arts . Three buildings in Wilmington, Delaware , reputed to be the largest grouping of Furness-designed railroad buildings, form

252-515: A factor in his successful career, is well-documented. After meeting Hunt in 1869 the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in his journal of "one remarkable person new to me, Richard Hunt the architect. His conversation was spirited beyond any I remember, loaded with matter, and expressed with the vigour and fury of a member of the Harvard boat or ball club relating the adventures of one of their matches; inspired, meantime, throughout, with fine theories of

315-530: A resting position, as if waiting to be seized at any instant and brought into battle. The sense of suspended action before the moment of the battle is all the more potent because it is rendered in stone and metal, making it perpetual. Of the hundreds of monuments at Gettysburg, Furness's is among the most haunting. Furness married Fanny Fassit in 1866, and they had four children: Radclyffe, Theodore, James, and Annis Lee. His brother-in-law, James Wilson Fassitt Jr. (1850–1892), became an architect in Furness's firm, and

378-541: A ticket office and administrative offices. The Physick Estate was used as a location in the 1981 slasher film The Prowler , which was special effects wizard Tom Savini 's second movie. The mansion was also featured on the season 1, episode 6 of Haunted Towns on Destination America and was investigated by series paranormal team, Tennessee Wraith Chasers (TWC) . The home is believed to be haunted by Dr. Emlen Physick and his family; his aunts Emilie and Isabella, as well as his mother, Frances Ralston. A Physick progeny

441-514: A university and apparently did not travel to Europe. He began his architectural training in the office of John Fraser , Philadelphia, in the 1850s. He attended the École des Beaux-Arts -inspired atelier of Richard Morris Hunt in New York City , from 1859 to 1861, and again in 1865, following his military service. Furness considered himself Hunt's apprentice and was influenced by Hunt's dynamic personality and accomplished, elegant buildings. He

504-912: Is attributed to Pabst. A, c.  1875–1876 A Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts boardroom armchair is in the Victoria and Albert Museum , in London. During the American Civil War , Furness served as captain and commander of Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry , also known as "Rush's Lancers". He received the Medal of Honor for his gallantry at the Battle of Trevilian Station . Rank and organization: Captain, Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Place and date: At Trevilian Station, Virginia, June 12, 1864. Entered service at: Philadelphia, Pa. Birth:------. Date of issue: October 20, 1899. Citation: The President of

567-489: Is distinguished by Furness's trademark oversized features, including gigantic upside-down corbelled chimneys, hooded "jerkin-head" dormers, and the huge stick-like brackets on the porch. Many original furnishings are on display throughout the house. The Mid-Atlantic Center for the Arts & Humanities (MAC) was formed in 1970 to save the Physick Estate from demolition. The city purchased the estate and MAC leases it from

630-763: The Nouveau Louvre in Lefuel's atelier libre . Hunt spent Christmas 1855 in Paris, after which he returned to the United States. In March 1856, he accepted a position with the architect Thomas Ustick Walter helping Walter with the renovation and expansion of the U.S. Capitol , and the following year moved to New York to establish his own practice. Hunt's first substantial project was the Tenth Street Studio Building , where he rented space, and where in 1858 he founded

693-416: The École des Beaux-Arts . According to the historian David McCullough , "Hunt was the first American to be admitted to the school of architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts – the finest school of architecture in the world – and the subsequent importance of his influence on the architecture of his own country can hardly be overstated." In 1853, Hunt's mentor Lefuel was placed in charge of

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756-548: The Frank Furness Railroad District . Richard Morris Hunt Richard Morris Hunt (October 31, 1827 – July 31, 1895) was an American architect of the nineteenth century and an eminent figure in the history of architecture of the United States . He helped shape New York City with his designs for the 1902 entrance façade and Great Hall of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Fifth Avenue building ,

819-478: The Gilded Age . Hunt was born at Brattleboro, Vermont into the prominent Hunt family . His father, Jonathan Hunt , was a lawyer and U.S. congressman, whose own father, Jonathan Hunt, senior , was lieutenant governor of Vermont. Hunt's mother, Jane Maria Leavitt, was the daughter of Thaddeus Leavitt, Jr., a merchant, and a member of the influential Leavitt family of Suffield, Connecticut . Richard Morris Hunt

882-1056: The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , the Provident Trust Company , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Station , and the University of Pennsylvania Library (now renamed the Furness Building) ... For his outstanding abilities as draftsman, teacher and inventor ... For being a founder of the Philadelphia Chapter and of the John Stewardson Memorial Scholarship in Architecture ... And above all, for creating architecture of imagination, decisive self-reliance, courage, and often great beauty, an architecture which to our eyes and spirits still expresses

945-596: The Philadelphia area, and is remembered for his diverse, muscular, often inordinately scaled buildings, and for his influence on the Chicago -based architect Louis Sullivan . Furness also received a Medal of Honor for bravery during the Civil War . Toward the end of his life, his bold style fell out of fashion, and many of his significant works were demolished in the 20th century. Among his most important surviving buildings are

1008-759: The Philadelphia Main Line and commissioned houses at the New Jersey Shore , and in Newport, Rhode Island , Bar Harbor, Maine , Washington, D.C. ; New York state , and Chicago . Furness broke from dogmatic adherence to European trends, and juxtaposed styles and elements in a forceful manner. His strong architectural will is seen in the unorthodox way he combined materials: stone, iron, glass, terra cotta , and brick. And his straightforward use of these materials, often in innovative or technologically advanced ways, reflected Philadelphia's industrial-realist culture of

1071-746: The Reading Railroad , he designed about 130 stations and industrial buildings. For the Pennsylvania Railroad , he designed more than 20 structures, including the great Broad Street Station (demolished 1953) at Broad and Market Streets in Philadelphia. His 40 stations for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad included the ingenious 24th Street Station (demolished 1963) beside the Chestnut Street Bridge. His residential buildings included numerous mansions in Philadelphia and its suburbs, especially

1134-780: The University of Pennsylvania Library, now the Fisher Fine Arts Library , the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , and the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia , all in Philadelphia , and the Baldwin School Residence Hall in Bryn Mawr . Furness was born in Philadelphia on November 12, 1839. His father, William Henry Furness , was a prominent Unitarian minister and abolitionist , and his brother, Horace Howard Furness , became America's outstanding Shakespeare scholar. Frank, however, did not attend

1197-510: The University of Pennsylvania , they often visited Furness's Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts — built for the 1876 Centennial — and his University of Pennsylvania Library . In 1973, the Philadelphia Museum of Art mounted the first retrospective of Furness's work, curated by James F. O'Gorman , George E. Thomas and Hyman Myers. Thomas, Jeffrey A. Cohen and Michael J. Lewis authored Frank Furness: The Complete Works (1991, revised 1996), with an introduction by Robert Venturi . Lewis wrote

1260-600: The Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and elsewhere. Mark-Lee Kirk 's set designs for the 1942 Orson Welles film The Magnificent Ambersons seem to be based on Furness's ornate Neo-Grec interiors of the 1870s. A fictional desk designed by Furness is featured in the John Bellairs novel The Mansion in the Mist . Furness's independence and modernist Victorian-Gothic style inspired 20th-century architects Louis Kahn and Robert Venturi . Living in Philadelphia and teaching at

1323-435: The "Scholars' Gate", the entrance to New York's Central Park at 60th Street and Fifth Avenue. According to Central Park historian Sarah Cedar Miller, the influential Central Park commissioner Andrew Haswell Green supported Hunt's design, but when the park commissioners adopted it, the park's designers, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux (advocates of a more informal design), protested and resigned their positions with

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1386-455: The Beaux-Arts style with which he is usually associated, of which his entrance façade for the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Fifth Avenue building (completed posthumously in 1902) is perhaps the chief example. Late in life he joined the consortium of architects selected to plan Chicago 's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition , considered to be an exemplar of Beaux-Arts design. Hunt's design for

1449-470: The Central Park project. Hunt's plan was ultimately rejected, and Olmsted and Vaux rejoined the project. Nevertheless, one work of Hunt's can be found in the park, albeit a minor one: the rusticated Quincy granite pedestal on which John Quincy Adams Ward 's bronze statue The Pilgrim stands, on Pilgrim Hill overlooking the park's East Drive at East 72nd Street . Hunt's extroverted personality,

1512-658: The Lutheran Church of the Holy Communion (1870–75, demolished). In 1897, Furness designed an addition to the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society (PSFS) 1869 building which has now been incorporated into the St. James , a high-rise luxury apartment complex in the city’s Washington Square neighborhood. Following Fraser's move to Washington, D.C. , to become supervising architect for the U.S. Treasury Department ,

1575-605: The National Bank of the Republic, later renamed the Philadelphia Clearing House: The city street facade can provide a type of juxtaposed contradiction that is essentially two-dimensional. Frank Furness' Clearing House, now demolished like many of his best works in Philadelphia, contained an array of violent pressures within a rigid frame. The half-segmental arch, blocked by the submerged tower which, in turn, bisects

1638-453: The United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Captain (Cavalry) Frank Furness, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 12 June 1864, while serving with Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry, in action at Trevilian Station, Virginia. Captain Furness voluntarily carried a box of ammunition across an open space swept by the enemy's fire to

1701-859: The age of 44, Hunt's mother moved her family to New Haven, then in 1837 to New York, and then in the spring of 1838 to Boston. There, Hunt enrolled in the Boston Latin School , while his brother William enrolled in Harvard College . However, in the summer of 1842, William left Harvard, transferring to a school in Stockbridge, Massachusetts , while Richard was sent to school in Sandwich, Massachusetts. In October 1843, out of concern for William's health, Mrs. Hunt and her five children sailed from New York to Europe, eventually settling in Rome . There, Hunt studied art, but

1764-565: The ambitious project of completing the Louvre , following the death of the project's architect, Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti . Lefuel engaged Hunt to help supervise the work, and to help design the Pavillon de la Bibliothèque ("Library Pavilion"), prominently situated opposite the Palais-Royal . Hunt would later regale the sixteen-year-old future architect Louis Sullivan with stories of his work on

1827-484: The avenue from Hunt's Lenox Library, which has since been replaced by the Frick Collection . Following Hunt's death, his son Richard Howland Hunt continued the practice his father had established, and in 1901 his brother Joseph Howland Hunt joined him to form the successor firm Hunt & Hunt. They completed many of their father's projects, including the 1902 wing of The Met Fifth Avenue . The new wing (for which

1890-725: The city of Cape May. MAC has restored, maintains and operates the estate as a Victorian historic house museum and offers guided tours year-round. The four-acre estate also includes the Carriage House, which contains a ticket office, the Carroll Gallery and year-round exhibits, the Carriage House Museum Shop, the Carriage House Cafe & Tearoom, open for lunch from April through October, and administrative offices; as well as outbuildings such as Hill House, which contains

1953-477: The creative forces that had influenced Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright , wrote in The Brown Decades (1931): "Frank Furness was the designer of a bold, unabashed, ugly, and yet somehow healthily pregnant architecture." The architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock , in his comprehensive survey Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (revised 1963), saw beauty in that ugliness: [O]f

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2016-691: The earliest buildings with an elevator), and the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty (built 1881–86). Hunt devoted much of his practice to institutional work, including the Theological Library and Marquand Chapel at Princeton ; the Fogg Museum of Art at Harvard ; and the Scroll and Key clubhouse at Yale , all of which except the last have been demolished. Before Hunt's Lenox Library was completed in 1877 on Fifth Avenue, none of his American works were designed in

2079-637: The early 1960s. Referring to Hunt's efforts to elevate his chosen profession, the architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote in The New York Times that Hunt was "American architecture's first, and in many ways its greatest, statesman." In 1857, Hunt co-founded the New York Society of Architects, which soon became the American Institute of Architects , and from 1888 to 1891 served as the institute's third president. Hunt advocated tirelessly for

2142-419: The facade into a near duality, and the violent adjacencies of rectangles, squares, lunettes, and diagonals of contrasting sizes, compose a building seemingly held up by the buildings next door: it is an almost insane short story of a castle on a city street. On the occasion of its centennial in 1969, the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects memorialized Furness as its 'great architect of

2205-736: The fact that the young Louis Sullivan picked this office – then known as Furness & Hewitt – to work in for a short period after he left Ware's School in Boston. As Sullivan's Autobiography of an Idea testifies, the vitality and originality of Furness meant more to him than what he was taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , or later at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Architect and critic Robert Venturi in Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) wrote, not unadmiringly, of

2268-639: The fair's Administration Building won a gold medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects . The last surviving New York City buildings entirely by Hunt are the Jackson Square Library and a charity hospital he designed for the Association for the Relief of Respectable Aged Indigent Females , completed in 1883 at Amsterdam Avenue between 103rd and 104th Streets. The red-brick building was renovated in

2331-515: The first American architectural school, beginning with a small group of students, including George B. Post , William Robert Ware , Henry Van Brunt , and Frank Furness . Ware, who was deeply influenced by Hunt, went on to found America's first two university programs in architecture: at MIT in 1866, and at Columbia in 1881. Hunt's first New York project, a pair of houses on 37th Street for Thomas P. Rossiter and his father-in-law Dr. Eleazer Parmly , required Hunt to sue Parmly for non-payment of

2394-937: The first biography: Frank Furness: Architecture and the Violent Mind (2001). The 2012 centenary of Furness's death was observed with exhibitions at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, the Library Company of Philadelphia , the Athenaeum of Philadelphia , the Delaware Historical Society , the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia, and elsewhere. On September 14,

2457-404: The first libraries to introduce the innovation of open stacks. This allowed the public to actually pick books off the shelves themselves, rather than having to find a card number in a catalog and ask a librarian to retrieve the book for them, which was to this point standard practice, based in part upon fear of theft.  The building continued to operate as a library until it was decommissioned in

2520-512: The future president. Although the house was demolished, Furness/Pabst furniture from it survives at Sagamore Hill , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and the High Museum of Art , in Atlanta . Furness designed bookcases and a suite of table and armchairs for the boardroom of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia , along with the lectern for its auditorium. Manufacture of these

2583-483: The highest quality, is the intensely personal work of Frank Furness (1839–1912) in Philadelphia. His building for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Broad Street was erected in 1872–76 in preparation for the Centennial Exposition. The exterior has a largeness of scale and a vigor in the detailing that would be notable anywhere, and the galleries are top-lit with exceptional efficiency. Still more original and impressive were his banks, even though they lay quite off

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2646-405: The improved status of architects, arguing that they should be treated, and paid, as legitimate and respected professionals equivalent to doctors and lawyers. In 1893, Hunt co-founded New York's Municipal Art Society , an outgrowth of the City Beautiful Movement , and served as the society's first president. Many of Hunt's proteges had successful careers. Among the employees who worked in his firm

2709-403: The late 20th century and is now a youth hostel . The Jackson Square Library, built in 1887 with funds from George Vanderbilt III (Grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt) still exists as well. This particular library — one of the first purpose-built free and open public library buildings in New York (only the Ottendorfer Library on Second Avenue in the East Village is extant and older) — was also one of

2772-499: The main line of development of commercial architecture in this period. The most extraordinary of these, and Furness's masterpiece, was the Provident Institution in Walnut [ sic Chestnut] Street, built as late as 1879. This was most unfortunately demolished in the Philadelphia urban renewal campaign several years ago, but the gigantic and forceful scale of the granite membering alone should have justified its respectful preservation. No small part of Furness's historical significance lies in

2835-404: The marriage of $ 400,000. Many of Hunt's early wood-frame houses, and many of his later more substantial masonry houses, were built at Newport, some of the latter for the Vanderbilts, the family of railroad tycoons with whom Hunt had a long and rewarding relationship. Beginning in the 1870s, Hunt acquired more substantial commissions, including New York 's Tribune Building (built 1873–75, one of

2898-523: The past': For designing original and bold buildings free of the prevalent Victorian academicism and imitation, buildings of such vigor that the flood of classical traditionalism could not overwhelm them, or him, or his clients ... For shaping iron and concrete with a sensitive understanding of their particular characteristics that was unique for his time ... For his significance as innovator-architect along with his contemporaries John Root , Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright ... For his masterworks,

2961-408: The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ), and many Fifth Avenue mansions since destroyed. Hunt is also renowned for his Biltmore Estate , America's largest private house, near Asheville, North Carolina , and for his elaborate summer cottages in Newport, Rhode Island , which set a new standard of ostentation for the social elite and the newly minted millionaires of

3024-434: The possibilities of art." Hunt was said to be popular with his workmen, and legend has it that during a final walk-through of the William K. Vanderbilt house on Fifth Avenue, Hunt discovered a mysterious tent-like object in one of the ballrooms. Investigating, he found it covering a life-sized statue of himself, dressed in stonecutters' clothes, carved in secret as a tribute by the project's stonecutters. Vanderbilt permitted

3087-441: The post–Civil War period. Furness designed custom furniture for a number of his early residences and buildings. One notable commission was the 1870–1871 redesign of the interiors of elder brother Horace Howard Furness's city house, at the southwest corner of 7th and Locust Streets in Philadelphia . Work on Horace's library included elaborate Neo-Grec bookcases, a reliquary for a (supposed) death mask of William Shakespeare , and

3150-442: The relief of an outpost whose ammunition had become almost exhausted, but which was thus enabled to hold its important position. Twenty-five years after fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg , he designed the monument to his regiment on South Cavalry Field: In design it is a simple granite block, as massive as a dolmen , but surrounded by a corona of bronze lances that are models of the original lances. ... [T] hey are depicted in

3213-401: The resort where in 1859 Hunt's brother William bought a house. There in 1860 Hunt met the woman he would marry, Catharine Clinton Howland, the daughter of Samuel Shaw Howland , a New York shipping merchant, and his wife, Joanna Hone. On April 2, 1861, they married at the Church of the Ascension, on Fifth Avenue at Tenth street, and according to a newspaper reporter, the bride brought a dowry to

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3276-527: The same for four other long-time employees. The firm continued under the name Furness, Evans & Company as late as 1932, two decades after its founder's death. Furness was one of the most highly paid architects of his era, and a founder of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects . Over his 45-year career, he designed more than 600 buildings, including banks, office buildings, churches, and synagogues. Nearly one-third of his commissions came from railroad companies. As chief architect of

3339-511: The statue to be placed on the roof over the entrance to the house. Hunt was said to be pragmatic; his son Richard quoted him as having said, "the first thing you've got to remember is that it's your client's money you're spending. Your goal is to achieve the best results by following their wishes. If they want you to build a house upside down standing on its chimney, it's up to you to do it." Hunt's professional trajectory gained impetus from his extensive social connections at Newport, Rhode Island ,

3402-428: The supervisory portion of his services. The jury awarded Hunt a 2-1/2% commission, at the time the minimum fee typically charged by architects. According to the editors of Engineering Magazine , writing in 1896, the case, "helped to establish a uniform system of charges by percentage." It was in these early years that Hunt suffered his greatest professional setback, the rejection of his formal, classical proposal for

3465-663: The two younger men formed a partnership in 1871, and soon won the design competition for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1871–76). Louis Sullivan worked briefly as a draftsman for Furness & Hewitt (June – November 1873), and his later use of organic decorative motifs can be traced, at least in part, to Furness. By the beginning of 1876, Furness had broken with Hewitt, and the firm carried only his name. Hewitt and his brother William formed their own firm, G.W. & W.D. Hewitt , and became Furness's biggest competitor. In 1881, Furness promoted his chief draftsman, Allen Evans , to partner (Furness & Evans); and, in 1886, did

3528-414: The unusual personal character, spirit and courage for which he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery on a Civil War battlefield. Furness designed custom interiors and furniture in collaboration with Philadelphia cabinetmaker Daniel Pabst . Examples are in the collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art ; the University of Pennsylvania; the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia;

3591-492: Was also influenced by the architectural concepts of the French engineer Viollet-le-Duc and the British critic John Ruskin . Furness's first commission, Germantown Unitarian Church (1866–67, demolished ca. 1928), was a solo effort, but in 1867, he formed a partnership with Fraser, his former teacher, and George Hewitt, who had worked in the office of John Notman . The trio lasted less than five years, and its major commissions were Rodef Shalom Synagogue (1868–69, demolished) and

3654-417: Was buried at Newport's Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery . In 1898, the Municipal Art Society commissioned the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , designed by the architect Bruce Price , with a bust of Hunt and two caryatids (one representing art, the other architecture) sculpted by Daniel Chester French . The memorial was installed in the wall of Central Park along Fifth Avenue near 70th Street, across

3717-408: Was encouraged by his mother and brother William to pursue architecture. In May 1844, Hunt enrolled in Mr. Briquet's boarding school in Geneva , and the following year, while continuing to board with Mr. Briquet, arranged to study with the Geneva architect Samuel Darier. In October 1846, Hunt entered the Paris atelier of the architect Hector Lefuel , while studying for the entrance examinations of

3780-432: Was named for Lieut. Richard Morris, an officer in the U.S. Navy, a son of Hunt's aunt, whose husband Lewis Richard Morris was a U.S. Congressman from Vermont and the nephew of Gouverneur Morris , author of large parts of the U.S. Constitution. Hunt was the brother of the Boston painter William Morris Hunt , and the photographer and lawyer Leavitt Hunt . Following the death of his father in Washington, D.C., in 1832 at

3843-429: Was promoted to partner in 1886. Furness died on June 27, 1912, in Idlewild, Pennsylvania , at his summer house outside Media, Pennsylvania , and was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia . He was 72. Following decades of neglect, during which many of Furness's most important buildings were demolished, there was a revival of interest in his work in the mid-20th century. The critic Lewis Mumford , tracing

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3906-432: Was said to have gone to Korea to further study of parasitology and then branched out to Oriental medicine as part of study of plants. 38°56′25″N 74°54′51″W  /  38.94028°N 74.91409°W  / 38.94028; -74.91409 Frank Furness Frank Heyling Furness (November 12, 1839 – June 27, 1912) was an American architect of the Victorian era . He designed more than 600 buildings, most in

3969-414: Was the Franco-American architect and École des Beaux-Arts graduate Emmanuel Louis Masqueray who went on to become Chief of Design at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis . Hunt encouraged artists and craftsmen, frequently employing them to embellish his buildings, most notably the sculptor Karl Bitter who worked on many of Hunt's projects. Hunt died at Newport, Rhode Island in 1895, and

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