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69-451: The Photographic Information Council, based in London, was set up in 1958 to represent leading sections of the photographic industry and develop public awareness campaigns to promote photography and photo literacy. First chairman was Norman Thorpe, a founding member being C. G. Strasser. It promoted photography, and photographic equipment and supplies, through 'how-to' newspaper articles, and in

138-480: A British inventor, William Fox Talbot , had succeeded in making crude but reasonably light-fast silver images on paper as early as 1834 but had kept his work secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention in January 1839, Talbot published his hitherto secret method and set about improving on it. At first, like other pre-daguerreotype processes, Talbot's paper-based photography typically required hours-long exposures in

207-553: A diaphragm in 1566. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. Around 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze used a light-sensitive slurry to capture images of cut-out letters on a bottle and on that basis many German sources and some international ones credit Schulze as the inventor of photography. The fiction book Giphantie , published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche , described what can be interpreted as photography. In June 1802, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made

276-522: A book or handbag or pocket watch (the Ticka camera) or even worn hidden behind an Ascot necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens. Hercules Florence Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (February 29, 1804 – March 27, 1879) was a Monegasque-Brazilian painter and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre (but six years after Nicéphore Niépce ) , using

345-532: A bookstore and printing shop, owned by his compatriot Pierre Plancher. Florence's life changed dramatically when he decided to respond to a newspaper advertisement put by Baron von Langsdorff (1773–1852), the consul general of the Russian Empire in Brazil, a German-born physician and naturalist who was organizing on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences a scientific expedition to

414-413: A camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera . The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham. While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura, including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon, and was the first to use

483-513: A child he manifested interest for drawing and the sciences, as well as for the voyages of the great explorers to the New World and already as a 14-year-old boy he worked as a calligrapher and draftsman in Monaco , where his parents had been living since 1807. After a period of wandering and working on board of warships and merchant ships, Hércules Florence set sail to Brazil as a crew member of

552-414: A combination which had been the subject of experiments by Thomas Wedgwood around the year 1800. Unlike Wedgwood, who was unable to make photographs of real-world scenes with his camera or render the photograms that he did produce light-fast, Florence's notebooks indicate that he eventually succeeded in doing both. Unfortunately, partly because he never published his invention adequately, partly because he

621-484: A complex processing procedure. Agfa's similarly structured Agfacolor Neu was introduced in 1936. Unlike Kodachrome, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neu were incorporated into the emulsion layers during manufacture, which greatly simplified the processing. Currently, available color films still employ a multi-layer emulsion and the same principles, most closely resembling Agfa's product. Instant color film , used in

690-451: A degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications. Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones. A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include

759-443: A light-sensitive material such as photographic film . It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photolithography ), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production , recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication . A person who captures or takes photographs is called a photographer . Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into

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828-546: A monochrome image from one shot in color. Color photography was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light. The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855. The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea

897-462: A new process, similar to the mimeograph , which he named "polygraphia", and began using this commercially in his printing office. As his technique evolved, he was able to combine colors, and to produce uncounterfeitable bank notes . In 1833, with the help of a pharmacist friend, Joaquim Correa de Mello, Florence began to study ways of permanently fixing camera obscura images, which he named "photographia". They settled on silver nitrate on paper,

966-617: A prolific career as inventor and businessman. During the Langsdorff expedition, he had developed a new system of using musical notation to record the songs of birds and vocalizations of other animals, which he named "zoophonia". Then, in 1830, when he was searching for a simplified way of printing his more than 200 illustrations performed during the Langsdorff Expedition, other than using expensive and time-consuming engravings on wood and metal ( xylography and lithography ), he invented

1035-403: A real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure . With an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel , which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. The result with photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image , which is later chemically "developed" into

1104-429: A real-world scene, as formed in a camera obscura by a lens ). Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long exposure (at least eight hours and probably several days), he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with Louis Daguerre , he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced

1173-437: A screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole, and performed early experiments with afterimages , laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camerae obscurae that are formed by dark caves on

1242-503: A series of leaflets written by members, and with organised competitions, with the target audience being novices. Their earliest writers included Michael Geraghty, George Zygmund, and Kenneth G. Pope who produced a series Facts on Photography signing them over to the legend Photographic Information Council. The Photographic Information Council's 1960 National Challenge Trophies Competition for School Photography in England attracted entries from

1311-441: A special camera which yielded a unique finished color print only a minute or two after the exposure, was introduced by Polaroid in 1963. Color photography may form images as positive transparencies, which can be used in a slide projector , or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to

1380-497: A viewing screen or paper. The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura. Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate , and Georg Fabricius (1516–1571) discovered silver chloride , and the techniques described in Ibn al-Haytham 's Book of Optics are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials. Daniele Barbaro described

1449-646: A visible image, either negative or positive , depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing . A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print , either by using an enlarger or by contact printing . The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots φωτός ( phōtós ), genitive of φῶς ( phōs ), "light" and γραφή ( graphé ) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". Several people may have coined

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1518-452: Is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839. The inventors Nicéphore Niépce , Talbot, and Louis Daguerre seem not to have known or used the word "photography", but referred to their processes as "Heliography" (Niépce), "Photogenic Drawing"/"Talbotype"/"Calotype" (Talbot), and "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre). Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing

1587-399: Is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see Process camera ). As soon as photographic materials became "fast" (sensitive) enough for taking candid or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as

1656-399: Is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper. The camera (or ' camera obscura ') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that

1725-553: The Amazon . He was hired as an illustrator and topographic draftsman, together with German painter Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802–1858) and the young French illustrator Adrien Taunay (1803–1828). In the year of 1825 they travelled by sea from Rio to the village of Santos . Florence eventually published his memoirs of the expedition in Voyage fluvial du Tieté à l'Amazone . This expedition lasts from June 1826 to March 1829, when, exhausted, sick,

1794-632: The Frauenkirche and other buildings in Munich, then taking another picture of the negative to get a positive , the actual black and white reproduction of a view on the object. The pictures produced were round with a diameter of 4 cm, the method was later named the "Steinheil method". In France, Hippolyte Bayard invented his own process for producing direct positive paper prints and claimed to have invented photography earlier than Daguerre or Talbot. British chemist John Herschel made many contributions to

1863-703: The Instituto Moreira Salles (IMS) in São Paulo Brazil, (acquired by the IMS in 2002 from the collection of Pedro Corrêa do Lago ), is described by the IMS as the "oldest photographic record existing on the American continent, based on the sensitivity of silver salts to light". A film documentary, featuring Adriana Florence , a grand-grand-granddaughter of Hércules Florence living in Campinas, Brazil, has been made by

1932-436: The daguerreotype process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by iodine vapor, developed by mercury vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated salt water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on

2001-532: The 200 schools in Britain with active camera clubs. Winners' trophies were presented by the then 30 year-old photographer, Antony Armstrong-Jones , husband of Princess Margaret , at the opening of an exhibition of the work on 7 December in his first solo public engagement. News of the event was covered in Time magazine, and in American and Australian newspapers as well as in England. Other prominent people were presenters of

2070-403: The 21st century. Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1876. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised. The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by George Eastman , founder of Kodak in 1885, but this original "film" was actually a coating on a paper base. As part of the processing,

2139-467: The French warship Marie Thérèze , arriving in the port of Rio de Janeiro on May 1, 1824, two years after the declaration of independence from Portugal . He was already an accomplished draftsman and painter with considerable talent and many scientific interests, particularly in the natural sciences and ethnography . Soon after his arrival, he got a job in a women's fashion store and then as a lithographer in

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2208-505: The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908. Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. Although the convenience of the film greatly popularized amateur photography, early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until

2277-403: The advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was not completed for X-ray films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951. Films remained the dominant form of photography until

2346-499: The bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy. Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive silver halides , which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named

2415-402: The busy boulevard, which appears deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to

2484-458: The camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a " latent image " (on plate or film) or RAW file (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image

2553-416: The camera, but in 1840 he created the calotype process, which used the chemical development of a latent image to greatly reduce the exposure needed and compete with the daguerreotype. In both its original and calotype forms, Talbot's process, unlike Daguerre's, created a translucent negative which could be used to print multiple positive copies; this is the basis of most modern chemical photography up to

2622-418: The camera; dualphotography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques. The camera is the image-forming device, and a photographic plate , photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory. Photographers control

2691-590: The early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. The distinctive "look" of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including (1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (S-shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors), (2) resolution, and (3) continuity of tone. Originally, all photography

2760-402: The edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto

2829-587: The first glass negative in late 1839. In the March 1851 issue of The Chemist , Frederick Scott Archer published his wet plate collodion process . It became the most widely used photographic medium until the gelatin dry plate, introduced in the 1870s, eventually replaced it. There are three subsets to the collodion process; the Ambrotype (a positive image on glass), the Ferrotype or Tintype (a positive image on metal) and

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2898-592: The first printer in the town, and in Campinas, he remained for the next 49 years until his death in 1879. Maria died in 1850; four years later he married Carolina Krug, a German immigrant born in 1828 in Kassel . Together they founded in 1863 a school for girls, the Florence College, which was moved to Jundiai after Hercule's death. He fathered a total of 20 children, being 13 with Maria Angélica and 7 with Carolina. Soon after settling in Campinas, Hércules Florence began

2967-471: The first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate . Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon

3036-547: The first modern "integral tripack" (or "monopack") color film, was introduced by Kodak in 1935. It captured the three color components in a multi-layer emulsion . One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the spectrum , another layer recorded only the green part and a third recorded only the blue. Without special film processing , the result would simply be three superimposed black-and-white images, but complementary cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images were created in those layers by adding color couplers during

3105-440: The glass negative, which was used to make positive prints on albumen or salted paper. Many advances in photographic glass plates and printing were made during the rest of the 19th century. In 1891, Gabriel Lippmann introduced a process for making natural-color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the interference of light waves. His scientifically elegant and important but ultimately impractical invention earned him

3174-428: The image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. It was made from highly flammable nitrocellulose known as nitrate film. Although cellulose acetate or " safety film " had been introduced by Kodak in 1908, at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had

3243-507: The image. The discovery of the camera obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin ) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China . Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented

3312-747: The impost. By 1972 the council had ceased activities. The name was revived in the 1990s in the United States where the Photo Imaging Manufacturers & Distributors Association (PMDA) established in 1939, with the Photo Marketing Association , created an American 'Photographic Information Council' Photography This is an accepted version of this page Photography is the art , application, and practice of creating images by recording light , either electronically by means of an image sensor , or chemically by means of

3381-403: The introduction of automated photo printing equipment. After a transition period centered around 1995–2005, color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras. Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive "look". In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating

3450-404: The late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers, so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old. Because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as astrophotography , continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser holography , it has persisted into

3519-517: The matrix negative/positive, still in use. According to Kossoy, who examined Florence's notes, he referred to his process, in French, as photographie in 1834, at least four years before John Herschel coined the English word photography . Hercules Florence was born on February 29, 1804 in Nice , France, the son of Arnaud Florence (1749–1807), a tax collector, and Augustine de Vignolis, a minor noblewoman. As

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3588-722: The need for film: the Sony Mavica . While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujifilm in 1988. In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100 , the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography

3657-415: The new field. He invented the cyanotype process, later familiar as the "blueprint". He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He had discovered in 1819 that sodium thiosulphate was a solvent of silver halides, and in 1839 he informed Talbot (and, indirectly, Daguerre) that it could be used to "fix" silver-halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast. He made

3726-504: The nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over. The first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce , but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825. In 1826 he made the View from the Window at Le Gras , the earliest surviving photograph from nature (i.e., of the image of

3795-555: The overall sensitivity of emulsions steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability. Autochrome , the first commercially successful color process, was introduced by the Lumière brothers in 1907. Autochrome plates incorporated a mosaic color filter layer made of dyed grains of potato starch , which allowed the three color components to be recorded as adjacent microscopic image fragments. After an Autochrome plate

3864-535: The present day, as daguerreotypes could only be replicated by rephotographing them with a camera. Talbot's famous tiny paper negative of the Oriel window in Lacock Abbey , one of a number of camera photographs he made in the summer of 1835, may be the oldest camera negative in existence. In March 1837, Steinheil, along with Franz von Kobell , used silver chloride and a cardboard camera to make pictures in negative of

3933-1087: The process. The cyanotype process, for example, produces an image composed of blue tones. The albumen print process, publicly revealed in 1847, produces brownish tones. Many photographers continue to produce some monochrome images, sometimes because of the established archival permanence of well-processed silver-halide-based materials. Some full-color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black-and-white results, and some manufacturers produce digital cameras that exclusively shoot monochrome. Monochrome printing or electronic display can be used to salvage certain photographs taken in color which are unsatisfactory in their original form; sometimes when presented as black-and-white or single-color-toned images they are found to be more effective. Although color photography has long predominated, monochrome images are still produced, mostly for artistic reasons. Almost all digital cameras have an option to shoot in monochrome, and almost all image editing software can combine or selectively discard RGB color channels to produce

4002-462: The research of Boris Kossoy in 1980. The German newspaper Vossische Zeitung of 25 February 1839 contained an article entitled Photographie , discussing several priority claims – especially Henry Fox Talbot 's – regarding Daguerre's claim of invention. The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print. It was signed "J.M.", believed to have been Berlin astronomer Johann von Maedler . The astronomer John Herschel

4071-407: The same new term from these roots independently. Hércules Florence , a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, Brazil , used the French form of the word, photographie , in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834. This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by Florence became widely known after

4140-514: The scene, appeared as brightly colored ghosts in the resulting projected or printed images. Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist Hermann Vogel in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in

4209-533: The survivors arrived in Rio, after a large journey in the Paraguay and Amazon Basin. Soon after the end of the expedition, in 1830, Florence married Maria Angélica de Vasconcellos, the daughter of his acquaintance and benefactor Francisco Álvares Machado, and went to live with her in the city of Campinas (then named Vila de São Carlos), in the province of São Paulo . There he became a successful farmer, publisher, and owner of

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4278-518: The three images made in their complementary colors , a subtractive method of color reproduction pioneered by Louis Ducos du Hauron in the late 1860s. Russian photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii made extensive use of this color separation technique, employing a special camera which successively exposed the three color-filtered images on different parts of an oblong plate . Because his exposures were not simultaneous, unsteady subjects exhibited color "fringes" or, if rapidly moving through

4347-614: The winning trophies; Chris Chattaway , MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education in 1962, and in February 1966, Sir Charles MacLean , Chief Scout of the Commonwealth, when school camera clubs were reported to number 1,300. The Council advocated for the industry, for example when Australia was the only country where sales tax was imposed on finished photographic products, it assisted in an unsuccessful 1969 High Court challenge to

4416-406: The world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839. In that same year, American photographer Robert Cornelius is credited with taking the earliest surviving photographic self-portrait. In Brazil, Hercules Florence had apparently started working out a silver-salt-based paper process in 1832, later naming it Photographie . Meanwhile,

4485-486: Was monochrome , or black-and-white . Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost, chemical stability, and its "classic" photographic look. The tones and contrast between light and dark areas define black-and-white photography. Monochromatic pictures are not necessarily composed of pure blacks, whites, and intermediate shades of gray but can involve shades of one particular hue depending on

4554-407: Was reversal processed to produce a positive transparency , the starch grains served to illuminate each fragment with the correct color and the tiny colored points blended together in the eye, synthesizing the color of the subject by the additive method . Autochrome plates were one of several varieties of additive color screen plates and films marketed between the 1890s and the 1950s. Kodachrome ,

4623-463: Was an obscure inventor living in a remote and undeveloped province, Hércules Florence was never recognized internationally as one of the inventors of photography during his lifetime. He died in Campinas , Brazil. A photographic image of several pharmaceutical flask labels, produced by Hercules Florence in Campinas, Brazil , in 1833 and entitled Epréuve Nº2 (photographie) , currently in the collection of

4692-409: Was born. Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists photo manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper , while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for

4761-438: Was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue filters . This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar color filters and superimposed on the projection screen, an additive method of color reproduction. A color print on paper could be produced by superimposing carbon prints of

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