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101-532: Sue Townsend Theatre (formerly the Phoenix Theatre , Phoenix Arts Centre and the Upper Brown Street Theatre ) is a theatre in the city of Leicester , England. The centre hosts live shows and films of the arthouse and world cinema genres. Julian Wright is credited for his work to preserve the theatre from demolition in the 1980s and in the 2000s. In 2010, after a new Phoenix Square opened on

202-461: A John Lewis , a multiplex cinema, apartments, 2 public squares and al fresco dining and is the start of many regeneration projects in Leicester that have started to come to fruition. To the east of Charles Street the city centre is dominated by disused factories and warehouses (which also have some presence in the other outer areas of the city centre). Conversion of these to residential accommodation

303-411: A flong was used to make a mould of the entire form of type, then dried and bent, and a curved metal stereotype plate cast against it. The plates were clipped to a rotating drum and could print against a continuous reel of paper at the enormously high speeds required for overnight newspaper production. This invention helped aid the high demand for knowledge during this time period. Letterpress printing

404-434: A digital printer by its debossed lettering or imagery. A traditional letterpress printer made a heavy impression into the stock and producing any indentation at all into the paper would have resulted in the print run being rejected. Part of the skill of operating a traditional letterpress printer was to adjust the machine pressures just right so that the type just kissed the paper, transferring the minimum amount of ink to create

505-473: A few small boutique letterpress shops are using only solar power. In Berkeley, California , letterpress printer and lithographer David Lance Goines maintains a studio with a variety of platen and cylinder letterpresses as well as lithography presses. He has drawn attention both from commercial printers and fine artists for his wide knowledge and meticulous skill with letterpress printing. He collaborated with restaurateur and free speech activist Alice Waters ,

606-575: A flexo press. Inking is controlled by keys very much similar to an offset press. UV inks for letterpress are in paste form, unlike flexo. Various manufacturers produce UV rotary letterpress machines, viz. Dashen, Nickel, Taiyo Kikai, KoPack, Gallus, etc. – and offer hot/cold foil stamping, rotary die cutting, flatbed die cutting, sheeting, rotary screen printing, adhesive side printing, and inkjet numbering. Central impression presses are more popular than inline presses due to their ease of registration and simple design. Printing of up to nine colours plus varnish

707-433: A form (or forme) ready to use on the press. A person charged with imposition is a stoneman or stonehand, doing their work on a large, flat imposition stone (though some later ones were instead made of iron). In the more specific modern sense, imposition is the technique of arranging the various pages of type with respect to one another. Depending on page size and the sheet of paper used, several pages may be printed at once on

808-476: A high degree of craftsmanship. It is used by many small presses that produce fine, handmade, limited-edition books, artists' books , and high-end ephemera such as greeting cards and broadsides . Because of the time needed to make letterpress plates and to prepare the press, setting type by hand has become less common with the invention of the photopolymer plate, a photosensitive plastic sheet that can be mounted on metal to bring it up to type high. To bring out

909-531: A large threaded screw. It was Gutenberg's "screw press" or hand press that was used to print 180 copies of the Bible. At 1,282 pages, it took him and his staff of 20 almost 3 years to complete. 48 Gutenberg Bibles remain intact today. This form of presswork gradually replaced the hand-copied manuscripts of scribes and illuminators as the most prevalent form of printing. Printers' workshops, previously unknown in Europe before

1010-421: A larger type galley. By this method the compositor gradually builds out the text of an individual page letter by letter. In mechanical typesetting, it may involve using a keyboard to select the type, or even cast the desired type on the spot, as in hot metal typesetting , which are then added to a galley designed for the product of that process. The first keyboard-actuated typesetting machines to be widely accepted,

1111-402: A link road that would improve access between the two bus stations and allow for more pedestrianisation around the clock tower area. Leicester London Road is now the only railway station in the city centre, after the closure of Leicester Belgrave Road and Leicester Central in the 1960s. There are more than 8,500 off-street car parking spaces available in four distinct parking zones around

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1212-439: A modern letterpress machine with UV curing is on par with flexo presses. It is more convenient and user friendly than a flexo press. It uses water-wash photopolymer plates, which are as good as any solvent-washed flexo plate. Today even CtP ( computer-to-plate ) plates are available making it a full-fledged, modern printing process. Because there is no anilox roller in the process, the make-ready time also goes down when compared to

1313-570: A new building, Phoenix Square , in the Cultural Quarter of the city. However, local musician Julian Wright campaigned successfully to stop LCC from selling. In June 2009, the Council asked for bids from arts groups for a five-year lease. Under the lease terms, films and professional theatre productions would not be permitted, so as not to compete with Phoenix Square and Leicester's new Curve Theatre respectively. The winning bid, announced on 12 November,

1414-417: A newspaper setting, each page needs a truck to be transported – 2 pages need 2 trucks hence the term double truck . The first copy is proofed again for errors before starting the printing run. The working of the printing process depends on the type of press used, as well as any of its associated technologies (which varied by time period). Hand presses generally required two people to operate them: one to ink

1515-425: A pedestrianised square, 'over-writing' a spend of almost £2m on parking in the square a few years ago. There are a few Grade I listed buildings . A few of these are also scheduled monuments . There are many Grade II listed buildings , including During the 1960s and 1970s, many large concrete tower blocks were built in and around the city centre for residential and office purposes, like many other cities across

1616-707: A plan to re-use the Great Central station site. Since the pedestrianisation of the High Street in Leicester city centre many of the independent retail shops have moved into this regenerated area. Some of Leicester's longest running independent shops can now be found in this area. However, the recent economic downturn and the opening of the Highcross Centre have led to a higher than expected number of closures and an increase in Charity outlets. There are current plans to develop

1717-411: A single sheet. After printing, these are cut and trimmed before folding or binding. In these steps, the imposition process ensures that the pages face the right direction and in the right order with the correct margins. Low-height pieces of wood or metal furniture are added to make up the blank areas of a page. The printer uses a mallet to strike a wooden block, which ensures tops (and only the tops) of

1818-520: A small press craft printer. Leicester City Centre Leicester City Centre is Leicester 's historical commercial, cultural and transport hub and is home to its central business district. Its inner core is roughly delineated by the A594 , Leicester's inner ring road , although the various central campuses of the University of Leicester , De Montfort University and Leicester College are adjacent to

1919-553: A temporary solution until a more permanent theatre could be built. The theatre's roster of directors includes Clive Perry, Michael Bogdanov , Chris Martin, Ian Giles, Sue Pomeroy, Graham Watkins, Paul Wetherby and Adrian Bean, and actors such as Nigel Bennett , Roberta Kerr, Heather Sears , Perry Cree, Anthony Hopkins and Greta Scacci . The theatre was intended to serve the Leicester community by presenting both "in house" productions and touring companies, including dance and small-scale theatre productions for Leicestershire. Notable in

2020-434: Is a large Roman Catholic church and Priory named Holy Cross on New Walk /Wellington Street. The city centre is covered by an extensive system of CCTV cameras, supplemented by CCTV vans. Now that the main police station on Charles Street has closed, City Centre policing is based in a building off Belgrave Gate called Mansfield House. Highcross Leicester opened on 4 September 2008 and has several flagship stores, including

2121-451: Is also possible to join movable type with slugs cast using hot metal typesetting . In theory, anything that is "type high" (i.e. it forms a layer exactly 0.918 inches thick between the bed and the paper) can be printed using letterpress. Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century through the 19th century, and remained in wide use for books and other uses until

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2222-419: Is also still a large amount of flexographic printing , a similar process, which uses rubber plates to print on curved or awkward surfaces, and a lesser amount of relief printing from huge wooden letters for lower-quality poster work. Rotary letterpress machines are still used on a wide scale for printing self-adhesive and non-self-adhesive labels, tube laminate, cup stock, etc. The printing quality achieved by

2323-482: Is credited with the development in the West, in about 1440, of modern movable type printing from individually cast, reusable letters set together in a "forme" (frame or chase). Gutenberg also invented a wooden printing press, based on the extant wine press , where the type surface was inked with leather-covered ink balls and paper laid carefully on top by hand, then slid under a padded surface and pressure applied from above by

2424-545: Is currently being used as a car park, the site will be turned into a new shopping area with shops, casino, theatre and a new link road which will provide access to the new Highcross Leicester and St. Margaret's bus station. Since the closure of St Margaret's baths , there is no municipal swimming pool in the city centre. Its replacement, the Braunstone Leisure Centre , is some miles away in Braunstone . The area in

2525-522: Is having a real impact on the image and success of the adjacent 'Cultural Quarter'. The postal district LE1 is close to the area covered inside ring-road, but is somewhat larger. The only area inside the ring-road but not part of LE1 is the section of Humberstone Road inside the ring-road. LE1 includes the St Matthew's estate, and extends as far north as the River Soar , thus including Abbey Park . Where

2626-540: Is no longer relevant for use. Letterpress is considered a craft as it involves using a skill and is done by hand. Fine letterpress work is crisper than offset litho because of its impression into the paper, giving greater visual definition to the type and artwork, although it is not what letterpress traditionally was meant for. Today, many of these small letterpress shops survive by printing fine editions of books or by printing upscale invitations, stationery , and greeting cards . These methods often use presses that require

2727-526: Is often referred to as "the kiss". An example of this former technique would be newspapers . Some letterpress practitioners today have the distinct goal of showing the impression of type, to distinctly note that it is letterpress, but many printers choose to maintain the integrity of the traditional methods. Printing with too much impression is destructive to both the machines and to the type. Since its revival letterpress has largely been used for fine art and stationery as its traditional use for newspaper printing

2828-623: Is ongoing, particularly in the area east of Charles Street and around Humberstone Gate, which has been dubbed 'St George's' by the council, and was made a conservation area in 1989. St George's South has been designated Leicester's new cultural quarter, and is already the site of the Leicester Creative Business Depot (built on the old Leicester City Bus depot and keeping the initials) and the Athena. The LCB Depot opened in July 2004, and by

2929-482: Is possible with various online converting processes. But as the letterpress machines are the same like a decade before, they can furthermore only be used with one colour of choice simultaneously. If there are more colours needed, they have to be exchanged one after the other. Letterpress can produce work of high quality at high speed, but it requires much time to adjust the press for varying thicknesses of type, engravings, and plates called makeready. The process requires

3030-469: Is the West End of Leicester . To the south-east it borders Highfields , to the east, St Matthew's , and to the north-east, Belgrave . Letterpress Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing for producing many copies by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against individual sheets of paper or a continuous roll of paper. A worker composes and locks movable type into

3131-402: Is the market, and then the civic centre (as mentioned above), which also features the main lending and reference libraries, and a number of shops, both chain and independent. The area around the junction of Humberstone Gate and the ring-road is the site of two strip malls – the larger of which is on the south-east side of the roundabout and called 'St George's Retail Park', the smaller being on

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3232-554: Is the same as offset presses, posing problems for some graphics. Detailed, white (or "knocked out") areas, such as small, serif type, or very fine halftone surrounded by fields of color can fill in with ink and lose definition if rollers are not adjusted correctly. Several dozen colleges and universities around the United States have either begun or re-activated programs teaching letterpress printing in fully equipped facilities. In many cases these letterpress shops are affiliated with

3333-413: Is unique and different from standard printing formats that we are currently used to. Letterpress commonly features a relief impression of the type, although this was considered bad printing in traditional letterpress. Letterpress's goal before the recent revival of letterpress was to not show any impression. The type touched the paper slightly to leave a transfer of ink, but did not leave an impression. This

3434-669: The A50 crosses the Soar, the boundary runs south, including Great Central Street in LE1, but not the waterfront. It then broadly follows the path of the ring-road until it reaches Waterloo Way, where the border diverges substantially, to include the swathe of land between London Road, Victoria Park Road and Waterloo Way in the LE1 postcode, including the University of Leicester , the De Montfort Hall , Wyggeston and Queen Elizabeth I College , Regent College ,

3535-809: The Arts Council , the European Regional Development Fund and the East Midlands Development Agency . Further to the south of St George's are plans to create a new business area, near the railway station, including re-use of the old police station, and renovation of the Leicester Mercury building. St George's North has been proposed for a residential community by the Leicester Regeneration Company. Development has also started on waterfront properties, with

3636-792: The Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower roundabout seeing the five-way junction of the London to Manchester , Birmingham to Yarmouth and Fosse Way roads. This was influenced by the replacement of the A5199 road (now the A5199) by the A6 ), as the main route to London, because the Welford Road terminated in the tiny streets of the old town, and was therefore a hindrance for vehicles, while the London Road went past

3737-828: The Highcross and the Haymarket Shopping Centre as well as the 'Old Town' around Leicester Cathedral , Leicester Market and the Magazine Gateway . Politically, the city centre is split between the Leicester City Council wards of Abbey and Castle. A£19 million regeneration project transformed Leicester's city centre. The work won three awards : The Urbis Urban Regeneration Award in 2007 for Gallowtree Gate , The BCSC Town Centre "Gold" Best in Britain award in June 2009 and

3838-690: The Linotype and the Monotype , were introduced in the 1890s. The Ludlow Typograph Machine, for casting of type-high slugs from hand-gathered brass matrices, was first manufactured in Chicago in 1912 and was widely used until the 1980s. Many are still in use and although no longer manufactured, service and parts are still available for them. The Elrod machine, invented in 1920, casts strip material from molten metal; leads and slugs that are not type-high (do not print) used for spacing between lines and to fill blank areas of

3939-849: The Minnesota Center for Book Arts , the International Printing Museum in Carson, CA, Western Washington University in Bellingham, WA, Old Dominion University in Norfolk, VA, and the Bowehouse Press at VCU in Richmond, VA. Affordable copper, magnesium and photopolymer platemakers and milled aluminum bases have allowed letterpress printers to produce type and images derived from digital artwork, fonts and scans. Economical plates have encouraged

4040-459: The Welford Road cemetery , and Victoria Park . However, London Road station remains outside LE1. The boundary then includes several streets west of the railway line but east of the ring-road as part of LE1, before meeting up with the roundabout again and then going inwards to exclude Humberstone Road from LE1 (as above). To the west, the city centre borders the river, on the other side of this

4141-413: The typesetting and need to store vast amounts of lead or wooden type resulted in the letterpress printing process falling out of favour. In the 1980s dedicated letterpress practitioners revived the old craft by embracing a new manufacturing method which allowed them to create raised surface printing plates from a negative and a photopolymer plate . Photopolymer plates are light sensitive. On one side

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4242-426: The "bed" or "chase" of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type, which creates an impression on the paper. In practice, letterpress also includes wood engravings ; photo-etched zinc plates ("cuts"); linoleum blocks, which can be used alongside metal type; wood type in a single operation; stereotypes ; and electrotypes of type and blocks. With certain letterpress units, it

4343-541: The 58 metres tall Thames Tower never achieving more than 50% occupancy since it was completed. Simultaneously, the residential towers became negatively associated with crime and social deprivation. The four residential blocks in St Matthews and Rowlatts Hill were vacated and demolished by Leicester City Council in 2001. Thames Tower and St Georges Tower were both refurbished and reclad in 2009 by private developers, for use as residential apartments and hotels. St Georges Tower

4444-536: The Art Institute of Chicago , Indiana University , Miami University , Corcoran College of Art and Design , and Rochester Institute of Technology . The current renaissance of letterpress printing has created a crop of hobby press shops that are owner-operated and driven by a love of the craft. Several larger printers have added an environmental component to the venerable art by using only wind-generated electricity to drive their presses and plant equipment. Notably,

4545-815: The Arts both in Pasadena, Calif., New York's Center for Book Arts , Studio on the Square and The Arm NYC , the Wells College Book Arts Center in Aurora, New York, the San Francisco Center for the Book , Bookworks, Seattle's School of Visual Concepts , Olympia's The Evergreen State College , Black Rock Press , North Carolina State University , Washington, D.C.'s Corcoran College of Art and Design, Penland School of Crafts ,

4646-705: The City centre there is the Phoenix Square Digital Arts Centre , Midland Street, Leicester (which has a regular programme of art-house and world cinema), a Cinema De Lux, part of Highcross Leicester, and an Odeon at Freemen's Common, some way to the south. The old Odeon building in Rutland Street was refurbished and opened in 2005 as the Leicester Athena , a conferencing and banqueting venue. The former ABC Cinema on Belgrave Gate has now been demolished and

4747-791: The Creative Arts Farnham, London College of Communication and Camberwell College of the Arts London run short courses in letterpress as well as offering these facilities as part of their Graphic Design Degree Courses. The Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum in Two Rivers, Wisconsin , houses one of the largest collections of wood type and wood cuts in the world inside one of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company's factory buildings. Also included are presses and vintage prints. The museum holds many workshops and conferences throughout

4848-673: The East Gates of the city. Meanwhile, the civic centre moved southwards, with the Corporation of Leicester moving to a new town hall building in 1876 in the Market Street area, facing onto a new Town Hall Square, and just outside the walled town. Between these areas is the modern market, based to the south-west of the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower area, which features the permanent outdoor covered Leicester Market , alongside an indoor market building selling fish, dairy produce, meat, etc., and

4949-570: The Haymarket until 1987, when financial issues forced the LCC to reconsider its support. A decision to close the centre was averted in 1988 by support from Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University ) and the LCC, and while the Phoenix was no longer a producing theatre, it continued as a venue for contemporary art, film and live performances. The Phoenix faced closure in the summer of 2009, to be replaced by

5050-473: The Kluge and "Original" Heidelberg Platen (the "Windmill"), incorporated pneumatic sheet feed and delivery. Rotary presses were used for high-speed work. In the oscillating press, the forme slid under a drum around which each sheet of paper was wrapped for the impression, sliding back under the inking rollers while the paper was removed and a new sheet inserted. In a newspaper press, a papier-mâché mixture called

5151-686: The Norman Gill Charitable Trust. The theatre re-opened in 2010. As well as performances from Leicester College and students in Performing Arts and Music and Sound courses, the Upper Brown Street venue hosts shows and acts from external performers. In 2011, Upper Brown Street presented its first full-scale musical production, Hairspray . The production was created by Leicester College students. Prior to this, first year students performed Stephen Sondheim 's A Funny Thing Happened on

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5252-665: The Transport Times Walking & Public Realm award in July 2009. The historic city of Leicester was founded by the Romans as Ratae Corieltauvorum - after the Corieltauvi, the local tribe of Britons whose tribal lands these were - at the crossing of the River Soar by the Fosse Way , between the current path of the river and the modern Gallowtree Gate. It is thought that the later medieval walls and gates were in approximately

5353-677: The UK. Cardinal Telephone Exchange and St Georges Tower, at 84 metres and 82 metres high respectively, are the two tallest skyscrapers in the whole East Midlands region. Many housing association blocks, averaging 55 metres tall with 20 storeys, were also erected in various Council estates – four in Highfields , two in St Matthews and a further two in Rowlatts Hill . However, in later years, most of Leicester's office towers became disused and abandoned, with

5454-521: The US, Canada, and the UK, under the general banner of the "Small Press Movement". Renewed interest in letterpress was fueled by Martha Stewart Weddings magazine, which began using pictures of letterpress invitations in the 1990s. In 2004 they state "Great care is taken in choosing the perfect wedding stationery – couples ponder details from the level of formality to the flourishes of the typeface. The method of printing should be no less important, as it can enliven

5555-570: The Way to the Forum . In 2015, the theatre was re-branded as the Sue Townsend Theatre, which coincided with the opening of Curve's production of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole . To honour the late playwright, students produced a version of Womberang . Phoenix Theatre, 1963-1973 Phoenix Arts Centre, 1973-2010 Upper Brown Street Theatre, 2010-2015 Sue Townsend Theatre, 2015- From

5656-416: The best attributes of letterpress, printers must understand the capabilities and advantages of the medium. For instance, since most letterpress equipment prints only one color at a time, printing multiple colors requires a separate press run in register with the preceding color. When offset printing arrived in the 1950s, it cost less, and made the color process easier. The inking system on letterpress equipment

5757-540: The city are somewhat limited since the closure in 1998 then the demolition of the Granby Halls in 2001– the largest two venues, De Montfort Hall (mentioned above) and University of Leicester 's students union (now an O2 academy), are both in Southfields , some way from the city centre, whose main venues include the pub-sized The Musician , Firebug , and The Shed . Several old Anglican churches are based in or around

5858-524: The city centre. These are complemented by some 1,500 park and ride spaces at hubs around the city. Leicester is home to a variety of theatres, such as the Y Theatre (at the YMCA), the Curve , the (currently mothballed) Haymarket Theatre , Little Theatre and Sue Townsend Theatre (formerly Phoenix Arts ) and there is a small pub theatre called "The Theatre Upstairs" at The Western pub, 70 Western Road, Leicester. In

5959-490: The city centre. St Martin's is now Leicester Cathedral . The other four historic parishes were St Margaret's, St Mary de Castro, All Saints', and St Nicholas'. The first Anglican Church to be built in the city after the medieval period was St George's – contrary to popular belief, this is not empty and disused but is in fact a Serbian Orthodox Church, used by the Serbian Orthodox people as a place of worship, regularly. There

6060-509: The classic works on printing technique, visual style, typography, graphic design, calligraphy and more. This is one of the world's foremost collections and is located off Fleet Street in the heart of London's old printing and publishing district. In addition, regular talks, conferences, exhibitions and demonstrations take place. The St Bride Institute, Edinburgh College of Art , Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design , The Arts University Bournemouth , Plymouth University , University for

6161-431: The clock tower, and which continues to the railway station as Granby Street. To the south of the Shires and west of Gallowtree Gate is an area known as The Lanes consisting mostly of small independent shops. This area's centrepiece is the St Martin's Square development (dating from the 1980s), and also features various smaller arcades, the Odeon Arcade , the Royal Arcade and the Malcolm Arcade . Further south than this

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6262-521: The college's library or art department, and in others they are independent, student-run operations or extracurricular activities sponsored by the college. The College & University Letterpress Printers' Association (CULPA) was founded in 2006 by Abigail Uhteg at the Maryland Institute College of Art to help these schools stay connected and share resources. Many universities offer degree programs such as: Oregon College of Art and Craft , Southwest School of Art, Middle Tennessee State University , School of

6363-424: The country. Popular presses include, in particular, Vandercook cylinder proof presses and Chandler & Price platen presses . In the UK there is particular affection for the Arab press, built by Josiah Wade in Halifax. Letterpress recently has had a rebirth in popularity because of the "allure of hand-set type" and the differences today between traditional letterpress and computerized printed text. Letterpress

6464-495: The crispest print with no indentation. This was very important as when the print exited the machine and was stacked having too much wet ink and an indentation would have increased the risk of set-off (ink passing from the front of one sheet onto the back of the next sheet on the stack). The letterpress printing process remained virtually unchanged until the 1950s when it was replaced with the more efficient and commercially viable offset printing process. The labor-intensive nature of

6565-508: The design exquisitely. That is certainly the case with letterpress." In regards to having printed letterpress invitations, the beauty and texture became appealing to couples who began wanting letterpress invitations instead of engraved, thermographed, or offset-printed invitations. The movement has been helped by the emergence of a number of organizations that teach letterpress such as Columbia College Chicago 's Center for Book and Paper Arts , Art Center College of Design and Armory Center for

6666-459: The face of the type, then moved out of the way onto an ink plate to pick up a fresh film of ink for the next sheet. Meanwhile, a sheet of paper slid against a hinged platen (see image), which then rapidly pressed onto the type and swung back again as the sheet was removed and the next sheet inserted. As the fresh sheet of paper replaced the printed paper, the now freshly inked rollers ran over the type again. Fully automated 20th-century presses, such as

6767-466: The inner ring road and could be considered to be a continuation of the City centre. In a similar way, the Leicester Royal Infirmary precinct, New Walk business district ( Southfields ), the Welford Road Stadium of Leicester Tigers’ RUFC and the King Power Stadium of Leicester City to the south, and the Golden Mile to the north could also be deemed to be extensions to the central core. The city centre incorporates most of Leicester's shopping, with

6868-412: The inside of the ring-road is nearly entirely built up, with only Nelson Mandela Park (at the extreme south, in Southfields ), Museum Square (off New Walk ) and Town Hall Square being considerable open spaces. Outside the ring road are Castle Gardens (by Leicester Castle ), De Montfort Square (off New Walk ), Victoria Park , Aylestone Meadows , Western Park and Abbey Park . Musical venues in

6969-416: The late 1970s, local letterpress printer Toni Savage, of The New Broom Press, took to distributing 8"×5" broadsheets through the theatre, and other channels. These were distributed freely rather than sold, and published a vast range of writers, local, obscure and sometimes well-known. Over 400 were printed into the 1990s. These broadsheets were later catalogued, released as a limited edition of 200 copies by

7070-405: The late 1980s and early 1990s, the theatre hosted annual revues performed by the Leicester University Revue & Theatre Society (R.A.T.S.), featuring cult comedy performers such as Nick "Tubby" Griffiths. In 1973, a permanent theatre, the Haymarket Theatre , was built. Support for the Phoenix Theatre continued to keep it operational. It was renamed the Phoenix Arts Centre and functioned alongside

7171-446: The limitations of handset wooden or lead type. New design possibilities emerged and the letterpress printing process experienced a revival. Today it is in high demand for wedding stationery however there are limitations to what can be printed and designers must adhere to some design for letterpress principles. The invention of ultra-violet curing inks has helped keep the rotary letterpress alive in areas like self-adhesive labels. There

7272-473: The mid-15th century, were found in every important metropolis by 1500. Later metal presses used a knuckle and lever arrangement instead of the screw , but the principle was the same. Ink rollers made of composition made inking faster and paved the way for further automation. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution and industrial mechanisation, inking was carried out by rollers that passed over

7373-583: The north and south gates along the line of the current Highcross Street, while the current High Street was called Swinesmarket). Leicester Cathedral and the Guildhall occupy this old area of town. Leicester Castle lay on the south-western corner of the walls, and the Newarke was a separate walled area nearby. The Newarke Gateway (now known as the Magazine) is the only medieval gateway remaining. A small section of

7474-528: The old Cornmarket building. Much of this old area of town is now in various conservation areas . Outside of the ringroad, but close by, are the main campus of De Montfort University , Leicester Royal Infirmary , the Leicester City Football Club 's King Power Stadium , the Leicester Tigers ' Welford Road stadium and the prison . Leicester railway station is just on the outer side of

7575-400: The original American Type Founders machines. The process of letterpress printing consists of several stages: composition, imposition and lock-up, and printing. In a small shop, all would occur in a single room, whereas in larger printing plants, such as with urban newspapers and magazines, each might form a distinct department with its own room, or even floor. Composition, or typesetting, is

7676-490: The other side of the city centre, the space became the Upper Brown Street Theatre, a music training and performance venue. It has since been renamed the Sue Townsend Theatre, to honour the late Leicester author and playwright, Sue Townsend . In 1963, Leicester City Council (LCC), identifying a gap in cultural provision for live performances, built a 262-seat theatre in Leicester, The Phoenix Theatre, intended as

7777-452: The owner of Chez Panisse , on her book 30 Recipes Suitable for Framing . He has created strikingly colorful large posters for such Bay Area businesses and institutions as Acme Bread and UC Berkeley . Another Berkeley letterpress printer is Peter Rutledge Koch , who focuses on artist books and small published books. In London, St Bride Library houses a large collection of letterpress information in its collection of 50,000 books: all

7878-412: The press operator to feed paper one sheet at a time by hand. Today, the juxtaposition of this technique and offbeat humor for greeting cards has been proven by letterpress shops to be marketable to independent boutiques and gift shops. Some of these printmakers are just as likely to use new printing methods as old, for instance by printing using photopolymer plates on restored vintage presses. Evidence of

7979-528: The proprietors and their work. A full set of prints and postcards from his travels while researching the book is in the collection of the Library of Congress. Included in many libraries, the book was the subject of Fritton's talks at a Buffalo, New York TED (conference) , at the Library of Congress, and at the Los Angeles Printers Fair 2018. Letterpress publishing has recently undergone a revival in

8080-412: The raised type blocks are all aligned so they will contact a flat sheet of paper simultaneously. Lock-up is the final step before printing. The printer removes the cords that hold the type together, and expands the quoins with a key or lever to lock the entire complex of type, blocks, furniture, and chase (frame) into place. This creates the final forme, which the printer takes to the printing press. In

8181-468: The range and strength of contemporary letterpress printing across North America was documented in The Itinerant Printer , a 320-page book with 1,500 color photos by Christopher Fritton. From 2015–2017 Fritton, a poet, printer, and artist, crisscrossed the United States and Canada traveling 47,000 miles as a "tramp printer" visiting 137 presses, recording his impressions of each studio and documenting

8282-454: The ringroad has two large shopping malls – Highcross Leicester (first opened as The Shires on the northern side of High Street and opening in 1991 with a large extension opened on 4 September 2008), and the Haymarket Shopping Centre (opened in 1974, on the site of the old hay market), both facing onto the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower area. Major chain stores can also be found on the pedestrianised Gallowtree Gate, running south-east from

8383-459: The ringroad, on the A6. The University of Leicester is further away to the south-east, linked by the pedestrian-only path New Walk . When this was laid out in 1785, on the route of an ancient footpath, it passed through open land, becoming the route to the then Leicester Racecourse which later became Victoria Park but it soon saw development of large private houses on both sides of it. The area inside

8484-402: The rise of "digital letterpress" in the 21st century, allowing a small number of firms to flourish commercially and enabling a larger number of boutique and hobby printers to avoid the limitations and complications of acquiring and composing metal type. At the same time there has been a renaissance in small-scale type foundries to produce new metal type on Monotype equipment, Thompson casters and

8585-454: The same positions as the Roman ones, with the forum being where the modern inner ring road meets St Nicholas Circle. The Roman baths are nearby and are preserved at Jewry Wall . The east gate was at the eastern end of High Street (preserved in the street name Eastgates), the north gate was at the northern end of Highcross Street, the west gate was on the town side of West Bridge, and the south gate

8686-567: The second half of the 20th century. The development of offset printing in the early 20th century gradually supplanted its role in printing books and newspapers. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form. Movable type printing was first invented in China using ceramic type in AD 1040 during the Northern Song dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng (990–1051). Johannes Gutenberg

8787-535: The south-west side. The main bus companies serving the city centre are Arriva Midlands , Centrebus , First Leicester , Stagecoach Midlands and Roberts Coaches. There are two main bus stations; St Margaret's Bus Station, is on Gravel Street to the north of the centre and the Haymarket Bus Station is on Charles Street. A number of bus services terminate at on-street stops within the city. Regional and national coaches depart from St Margaret's Bus Station which

8888-403: The stage where pieces of movable type are assembled to form the desired text. The person charged with composition is called a "compositor" or "typesetter", setting letter by letter and line by line. Traditionally, as in manual composition, it involves selecting the individual type letters from a type case , placing them in a composing stick , which holds several lines, then transferring those to

8989-509: The surface is cured when it is exposed to ultraviolet light and the other side is a metal or plastic backing that can be mounted on a base. The relief printing surface is created by placing a negative of the piece to be printed on the photosensitive side of the plate; the light passing through the clear regions of the negative causes the photopolymer to harden. The unexposed areas remain soft and can be washed away with water. With these new printing plates, designers were no longer inhibited by

9090-514: The time of its first birthday had let 37 of 55 units, with talk starting of finding an additional site. Opposite the Athena , a new flagship £60 million Curve Theatre, Leicester , designed by Rafael Vinoly Architects, started construction in 2005, on a site that has been long-disused. The theatre opened on 11 November 2008. The centre is being funded by the various sources including the City Council,

9191-496: The touring work were productions about the travelling community and about substance abuse . The early 1980s were the theatre's most active period, when it employed some 80 people. The company included a main acting troupe, a touring company called "Flying Phoenix", and a touring dance company, "Phoenix Dance". It developed new writers, notably Sue Townsend, and premiered many productions that went on to national acclaim, such as The Hobbit and The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole . In

9292-426: The town wall can be seen in the churchyard of St Mary de Castro . The town's main gates were sold and demolished in the late 18th century, being an impediment to the flow of traffic (the city's hay market was outside the walls for this reason, the main market being situated within the south-east corner of the walls). With increasing development, particularly in the 19th century, the focal point moved eastwards, with

9393-412: The type page. After a galley is assembled to fill a page's worth of type, the type is tied together into a single unit so that it may be transported without falling apart. From this bundle a galley proof is made, which is inspected by a proof-reader to make sure that the particular page is accurate. Broadly, imposition or imposing is the process by which the tied assemblages of type are converted into

9494-487: The type, the other to work the press. Later mechanized jobbing presses require a single operator to feed and remove the paper, as the inking and pressing are done automatically. The completed sheets are then taken to dry and for finishing, depending on the variety of printed matter being produced. With newspapers, they are taken to a folding machine . Sheets for books are sent for bookbinding . The output of traditional letterpress printing can be distinguished from that of

9595-531: Was first published on March 23, 1752, making Bushell the first letterpress printer in any of the areas that later became Canada. There is only one known surviving copy of the first number, which was found in the Massachusetts Historical Society . One of the first forms of letterpress printing in the United States was Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick started by Benjamin Harris . This

9696-483: Was in the modern Friar Lane area – the city walls ran along the current Millstone Lane, Horsefair Street, Gallowtree Gate, Church Gate, Sanvey Gate and Soar Lane, with the western wall possibly running along the river Soar (there is some doubt as to whether the western wall existed). The city centre was the High Cross, at the junction of the current High Street and Highcross Street (in mediaeval times, High Street ran between

9797-835: Was introduced in Canada in 1752 in Halifax, Nova Scotia , by John Bushell in the newspaper format. This paper was named the Halifax Gazette and became Canada's first newspaper. Bushell apprenticed under Bartholomew Green in Boston. Green moved to Halifax in 1751 in hopes of starting a newspaper, as there had never been one in the area. Two weeks and a day after the press he was going to use for this new project arrived in Halifax, Green died. Upon receiving word about what happened, Bushell moved to Halifax and continued what Green had started. The Halifax Gazette

9898-501: Was made by a group comprising Leicester College and four local music promoters. Social enterprise organisation Leicester Stride, a major element in one of the other bids, was invited to play a part in the centre's future. On 6 March 2010, the Leicester Mercury announced that the centre was renamed the Upper Brown Street campus of Leicester College. Leicester property developer Norman Gill gave £25,000 towards refurbishment through

9999-565: Was opened on 3 May 1985 and had a major refurbishment completed in March 2007. . Haymarket bus station which lies next to and serves as a transport hub for Haymarket Shopping Centre was developed at a proposed cost of £2m in mid-1994, coinciding with a major refurbishment of the adjacent Haymarket Shopping Centre complex. It underwent a major upgrade and expansion starting September 2014. The upgraded station opened in May 2016. In late 2019, work started on

10100-596: Was painted royal blue, turning it into a very distinctive local landmark, albeit one that attracted mass controversy due to its perceived ugliness and difference from the original architect's renders for the building's renovation. The 55-metre-tall New Walk Centre has been occupied by the City Council since the 1970s, while the Cardinal Telephone Exchange is occupied by British Telecom . The International Hotel has been an un-maintained eyesore for many years, and requires demolition or serious maintenance work as it

10201-644: Was the first form of a newspaper with multiple pages in the Americas. The first publication of Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick was September 25, 1690. Letterpress started to become largely out-of-date in the 1970s because of the rise of computers and new self-publishing print and publish methods. Many printing establishments went out of business from the 1980s to 1990s and sold their equipment after computers replaced letterpress's abilities more efficiently. These commercial print shops discarded presses, making them affordable and available to artisans throughout

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