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168-423: Philip George Zimbardo ( / z ɪ m ˈ b ɑːr d oʊ / ; March 23, 1933 – October 14, 2024) was an American psychologist and a professor at Stanford University . He was an internationally known educator, researcher, author and media personality in psychology who authored more than 500 articles, chapters, textbooks, and trade books covering a wide range of topics, including time perspective, cognitive dissonance,
336-423: A PBS Passport member benefit subscription. On July 1, 2016, Amazon Prime Video and PBS Distribution entered into a multi-year agreement which saw several PBS Kids series on other streaming services move to Amazon Prime Video. PBS Distribution partnered with MultiChoice to launch PBS KIDS on May 22, 2019, on DStv and GOtv subscription platforms across its Sub-Saharan Africa footprint. In mid-2021,
504-465: A dissertation of limited scope, and is (in most cases) two years in duration. Prior to enrolling in the master's program, the student studies psychology for three years as an undergraduate ( B.A. or B.Sc. , and, for organizational psychology, also B.Com. ), followed by an additional postgraduate honours degree in psychology; see List of universities in South Africa . The undergraduate B.Psyc.
672-440: A master's degree . Such programs can range from forty-eight to eighty-four units, most often taking two to three years to complete after the undergraduate degree. Training usually emphasizes theory and treatment over research, quite often with a focus on school or couples and family counseling. Similar to doctoral programs, master's level students usually must complete a clinical practicum under supervision; some programs also require
840-568: A professional who practices psychology and studies mental states , perceptual , cognitive , emotional , and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation , observation , and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments. Psychologists usually acquire a bachelor's degree in psychology, followed by a master's degree or doctorate in psychology. Unlike psychiatric physicians and psychiatric nurse-practitioners, psychologists usually cannot prescribe medication , but depending on
1008-727: A 2-year postdoctoral experience regardless of the state, as set forth in the Houston Conference Guidelines. Today in America, about half of all clinical psychology graduate students are being trained in PhD programs that emphasize melding research with practice and are conducted by universities—with the other half in PsyD programs, which less focus on research (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law). Both types of doctoral programs (PhD and PsyD) envision practicing clinical psychology in
1176-523: A 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, Senior Vice President of Digital Jason Seiken warned that PBS was in danger of being disrupted by YouTube studios such as Maker Studios . In the speech, later described as a "seminal moment" for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios , which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called "PBS-quality with
1344-764: A PBS Julia Child channel be added to Pluto TV in the United States. The channels "PBS Antiques Roadshow", "Julia Child", "Antiques Road Trip" and "PBS Nature" were added to a number of American FAST platforms in January 2023. Antiques Road Trip later became available in Australia. The channels "PBS Food" (in the United States) and "PBS History" (in the UK and Australia) launched on certain FAST platforms in late 2023. The channel "PBS Retro"
1512-446: A YouTube sensibility". The studio's first hit, an auto-tuned version of the theme from one of their most famous television programs, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , was one of YouTube's 10 most viral videos of 2012. By 2013, monthly video views on PBS.org had risen from 2 million to a quarter-billion, PBS.org traffic had surpassed that of the CBS, NBC, and ABC web sites, PBSKids.org had become
1680-551: A book named The Time Cure. Time Perspective therapy bears similarities to Pause Button Therapy, developed by psychotherapist Martin Shirran, whom Zimbardo corresponded with and met at the first International Time Perspective Conference at the University of Coimbra , Portugal. Zimbardo wrote the foreword to the second edition of Shirran's book on the subject. After decades of researching the psychology of evil and social factors that make
1848-950: A book, Man (Dis)connected: How Technology Has Sabotaged What It Means To Be Male , which collected research to support a thesis that males are increasingly disconnected from society. He warned against the impacts of video game addiction or pornography addiction . Zimbardo, P. G., & Johnson, R. L. (2024). Psychology according to Shakespeare: What you can learn about human nature from Shakespeare's great plays. Guilford, CT: Prometheus Books. Zimbardo made numerous media appearances on national TV and radio, including on The Phil Donahue Show , The Today Show , Good Morning America , 60 Minutes , 20/20 , Nightline , That's Incredible , and NPR, among others. He narrated educational videos that used selected classic Candid Camera hidden-camera episodes to illustrate key psychology principles for Introductory Psychology and Social Psychology courses. He contributed to educational media projects, most notably as
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#17330859137412016-433: A distance education and how-to service operated between 2000 and 2006, and was largely succeeded by Create (a similarly formatted network owned by American Public Television). The 24-hour PBS Kids Channel has had two iterations in the age of digital television ; one which existed between 1999 and 2005 (being superseded by PBS Kids Sprout), and the current version which was launched in 2017. World began operations in 2007 as
2184-717: A frequent source of viewer confusion. In December 2009, PBS signed up for the Nielsen ratings audience measurement reports, and began to be included in its primetime and daily "Television Index" reports, alongside the major commercial broadcast networks. In May 2011, PBS announced that it would incorporate breaks containing underwriter spots for corporate and foundation sponsors, program promotions and identification spots within four breaks placed within episodes of Nature and NOVA , airing episodes broken up into segments of up to 15 minutes, rather than airing them as straight 50- to 55-minute episodes. The strategy began that fall, with
2352-680: A genre-based schedule (for example, drama series encompass the Sunday schedule, while science-related programs are featured on Wednesdays). PBS broadcasts children's programming under the PBS Kids branding as part of the service's (and including content supplied by other distributors not programmed by the service, its member stations') morning and afternoon schedule. As the children's programs it distributes are intended to educate as well as entertain its target audience, PBS and its stations have long been in compliance with educational programming guidelines set by
2520-552: A graduate degree in psychology (MA, Psy.D., Ed.D., or Ph.D.), or have a provincial license to use the title "psychologist". Provincial regulators include: A professional psychologist in the Dominican Republic must have a suitable qualification and be a member of the Dominican College of Psychologists . In Finland , the title "psychologist" is protected by law. The restriction for psychologists (licensed professionals)
2688-596: A hunger strike. When he refused to eat, the guards put him into solitary confinement for three hours (even though their own rules stated the limit that a prisoner could be in solitary confinement was only one hour). Instead of the other prisoners considering this inmate as a hero and following along in his strike, they chanted together that he was a bad prisoner and a troublemaker. Prisoners and guards had adapted rapidly to their roles, doing more than had been predicted and resulting in dangerous and potentially psychologically damaging situations. Zimbardo himself started to give in to
2856-438: A larger proportion of PBS-distributed programming to the primary member station, with the secondary members being allowed to carry a lesser number of program offerings from the service's schedule. Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS cannot own any of the stations that broadcasts its programming; therefore, it is one of the few television programming bodies that does not have any owned-and-operated stations . This
3024-482: A license from RCI to practice. Psychologs magazine is the major media, working on mental health awareness. Tele-MANAS is a nationwide governmental program launched by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in October 2021. In New Zealand, the use of the title "psychologist" is restricted by law. Prior to 2004, only the title "registered psychologist" was restricted to people qualified and registered as such. However, with
3192-463: A license is required. To practice with the title of "psychologist", in almost all cases a doctoral degree is required (PhD, PsyD, or EdD in the U.S.). Normally, after the degree, the practitioner must fulfill a certain number of supervised postdoctoral hours ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 (usually taking one to two years), and pass the EPPP and any other state or provincial exams. By and large, a professional in
3360-425: A master's degree is sufficient). The minimal requirement for full membership can be waived in circumstances where there is evidence that significant contribution or performance in the field of psychology has been made. Associate membership requires at least two years of postgraduate studies in psychology or an approved related discipline. Some U.S. schools offer accredited programs in clinical psychology resulting in
3528-491: A minimum amount of personal psychotherapy. While many graduates from master's level training go on to doctoral psychology programs, a large number also go directly into practice—often as a licensed professional counselor (LPC), marriage and family therapist (MFT), or other similar licensed practice, which varies by state. There is stiff competition to gain acceptance into clinical psychology doctoral programs (acceptance rates of 2–5% are not uncommon). Clinical psychologists in
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#17330859137413696-431: A non-profit organization dedicated to promoting heroism in everyday life by training people how to resist bullying, bystanding, and negative conformity. He pioneered The Stanford Shyness Clinic in the 1970s and offered the earliest comprehensive treatment program for shyness. He was the recipient of numerous honorary degrees and many awards and honors for service, teaching, research, writing, and educational media, including
3864-424: A number of psychological therapies, including behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, existential, psychodynamic, and systemic approaches, as well as in-depth training in psychological testing , and to some extent, neuropsychological testing . Clinical psychologists can offer a range of professional services, including: In practice, clinical psychologists might work with individuals, couples, families, or groups in
4032-473: A psychologist. The standard route to full membership (MAPS) of the APS usually requires four years of APAC-accredited undergraduate study, plus a master's or doctorate in psychology from an accredited institution. An alternate route is available for academics and practitioners who have gained appropriate experience and made a substantial contribution to the field of psychology. Restrictions apply to all individuals using
4200-490: A registered psychologist. However, the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) is currently in the process of phasing out the 4 + 2 internship pathway. Once the 4 + 2 pathway is phased out, a master's degree or PhD will be required to become a psychologist in Australia. This is because of concerns about public safety, and to reduce the burden of training on employers. There
4368-470: A research-based, scientifically valid manner, and most are accredited by the APA. APA accreditation is very important for U.S. clinical, counseling, and school psychology programs because graduating from a non-accredited doctoral program may adversely affect employment prospects and present a hurdle for becoming licensed in some jurisdictions. Doctorate (PhD and PsyD) programs usually involve some variation on
4536-551: A service operated by PBS but is now managed by American Public Television. PBS has also restructured its satellite feed system, simplifying HD02 (PBS West) into a timeshift feed for the Pacific Time Zone , rather than a high-definition complement to its formerly primary SD feed. PBS Kids Go! was proposed as a replacement broadcast network for the original 1999–2005 version of the PBS Kids Channel; however, plans to launch
4704-408: A set schedule of programming, particularly in regard to its prime time schedule, member stations reserve the right to schedule PBS-distributed programming in other time slots or not clear it at all if they choose to do so; few of the service's members carry all its programming. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs. Once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than
4872-542: A son in 1962 and divorced in 1971. He taught at Yale from 1959 to 1960. From 1960 to 1967, he was a professor of psychology at New York University College of Arts & Science . From 1967 to 1968, he taught at Columbia University . He joined the faculty at Stanford University in California in 1968 and taught for 50 years there. Following retirement in 2003, he continued to lecture at Stanford and taught at Palo Alto University (former Pacific Graduate School of Psychology) and
5040-559: A source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS strives to market a consistent national lineup. However, PBS has a policy of "common carriage", which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its major reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011, although it would return to PBS in 2019. Although PBS has
5208-581: A top building sign visible off the Richmond Highway . On August 4, 2020, the Amazon Prime Video platform added a "PBS Documentaries" package. As of that time it offered four separately-subscribable selections of PBS programming in the United States, "PBS Documentaries", "PBS Living" (also on Apple TV), "PBS Masterpiece" (also in Canada) and "PBS KIDS". In the UK, a "PBS America" documentaries package
Philip Zimbardo - Misplaced Pages Continue
5376-812: A variety of settings, including private practices, hospitals, community mental health centers, schools, businesses, and non-profit agencies. Most clinical psychologists who engage in research and teaching do so within a college or university setting. Clinical psychologists may also choose to specialize in a particular field. Psychologists in the United States campaigned for legislative changes to enable specially-trained psychologists to prescribe psychotropic medications . Legislation in Idaho , Iowa , Louisiana , New Mexico , Illinois , and Colorado has granted those who complete an additional master's degree program in clinical psychopharmacology authority to prescribe medications for mental and emotional disorders. As of 2019 , Louisiana
5544-508: Is The Lawrence Welk Show , which has aired continuously in reruns on PBS (through the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority ) almost every weekend since 1986. Reruns of programs originally produced for public television are common, especially with former PBS shows whose hosts have retired or died (for example, The Joy of Painting and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood ). Children's programming (such as Clifford
5712-478: Is NETA (formerly SECA), whose properties have included The Shapies and Jerry Yarnell School of Fine Art . In addition, the member stations themselves also produce a variety of local shows, some of which subsequently receive national distribution through PBS or other distributors. Rerun programming , especially domestic programming not originally produced for public television, is generally uncommon on PBS or its member stations. The most prominent exception to this
5880-612: Is a commonly used, well studied and high efficacy psychotherapy practiced by psychologists. Psychologists can work with a range of institutions and people, such as schools, prisons, in a private clinic, in a workplace, or with a sports team. Applied psychology applies theory to solve problems in human and animal behavior. Applied fields include clinical psychology , counseling psychology , sport psychology , forensic psychology , industrial and organizational psychology , health psychology and school psychology . Licensing and regulations can vary by state and profession. In Australia,
6048-735: Is a four-year program integrating theory and practical training, and—with the required examination set by the Professional Board for Psychology—is sufficient for practice as a psychometrist or counselor . In the UK, "registered psychologist" and "practitioner psychologist" are protected titles. The title of "neuropsychologist" is not protected. In addition, the following specialist titles are also protected by law: "clinical psychologist", "counselling psychologist", "educational psychologist", "forensic psychologist", "health psychologist", "occupational psychologist" and "sport and exercise psychologist". The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC)
6216-539: Is also a '5 + 1' registration pathway, including a four-year APAC approved degree followed by one year of postgraduate study and one year of supervised practice. Endorsement within a specific area of practice requires additional qualifications. These notations are not "specialist" titles (Western Australian psychologists could use "specialist" in their titles during a three-year transitional period from 17 October 2010 to 17 October 2013). Membership with Australian Psychological Society (APS) differs from registration as
6384-486: Is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial , free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia . PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational programs to public television stations in the United States, distributing shows such as Frontline , Nova , PBS News Hour , Masterpiece , Sesame Street , and This Old House . PBS
6552-877: Is available for physicians via dual MD/PhD programs, it is not typically included in standard medical education, although psychiatrists may develop research skills during their residency or a psychiatry fellowship (post-residency). Psychiatrists, as licensed physicians, have been trained more intensively in other areas, such as internal medicine and neurology, and may bring this knowledge to bear in identifying and treating medical or neurological conditions that present with primarily psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, or paranoia (e.g., hypothyroidism presenting with depressive symptoms, or pulmonary embolism with significant apprehension and anxiety). Licensed behavior analysts are licensed in five states to provide services for clients with substance abuse , developmental disabilities , and mental illness . This profession draws on
6720-445: Is available on Amazon Prime Video. On September 3, 2020, PBS began to offer a livestream of their member stations for free via its website (as well as the websites from the member stations), on smart TVs, and on their mobile apps. However, only a small handful of stations currently do not have a livestream of their stations set up. Jefferson Graham of USA Today called it, "Arguably the best bargain in streaming". July 1, 2021 saw
6888-422: Is charged with the responsibility of programming local content such as news, interviews, cultural, and public affairs programs for its individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. In a commercial broadcast television network structure, affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for carrying network programming, and
Philip Zimbardo - Misplaced Pages Continue
7056-712: Is comparable to a M.Sc. degree and requires at least five years of training at a university. Originally, a diploma degree in psychology awarded in Germany included the subject of clinical psychology. With the Bologna-reform, this degree was replaced by a master's degree. The academic degree of Diplom-Psychologe or M.Sc. (Psychologie) does not include a psychotherapeutic qualification, which requires three to five years of additional training. The psychotherapeutic training combines in-depth theoretical knowledge with supervised patient care and self-reflection units. After having completed
7224-665: Is funded by a combination of member station dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens. All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source. PBS has over 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution, or entities owned by or related to state government . PBS
7392-484: Is governed by National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Finland) (Valvira). It takes 330 ECTS-credits (about six years) to complete the university studies (master's degree). There are about 6,200 licensed psychologists in Finland. In Germany , the use of the title Diplom-Psychologe (Dipl.-Psych.) is restricted by law, and a practitioner is legally required to hold the corresponding academic title, which
7560-501: Is not limited to the area of rehabilitation. Titles such as "counselor", "psychoanalyst", "psychoeducator" or "psychotherapist" are not protected at present. In other words, an individual may call themselves a "psychotherapist" or "counselor" without having any recognized degree from Rehabilitation council of India and without having to register with the Rehabilitation Council of India. Rehabilitation psychologists also require
7728-546: Is not the only distributor of public television programming to the member stations. Other distributors have emerged from the roots of companies that maintained loosely held regional public television stations in the 1960s. Boston -based American Public Television (which, among other names, was formerly known as Eastern Educational Network and the American Program Service) is second only to PBS for distributing programs to U.S. non-commercial stations. Another distributor
7896-503: Is one of Zimbardo's notable works, where he draws on thirty years of research to reveal how an individual's time perspective shapes one's life. The Time Cure: Overcoming PTSD with the New Psychology of Time Perspective Therapy (2012, with Sword, R. and Sword, R.K.M.) Dr. Zimbardo offers an approach using The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) for those suffering with post-traumatic stress disorder. In 2015, Zimbardo co-authored
8064-680: Is one of the largest producers of educational television programming, including shows like American Experience , Arthur (with Canada-based CINAR ), Masterpiece Theatre , Nova , Antiques Roadshow and Frontline , as well as many other children's and lifestyle programs. News programs are produced by WETA-TV ( PBS News Hour ) in Washington, D.C. , WNET in New York City and WPBT in Miami . Newark, New Jersey/ New York City member WNET produces or distributes programs such as Secrets of
8232-534: Is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical broadcast license issues. Most PBS member stations have produced at least some nationally distributed programs. Current regularly scheduled programming on the PBS national feed is produced by a smaller group of stations, including: PBS has spun off a number of television networks , often in partnership with other media companies. PBS YOU ,
8400-516: Is regulated through the "health personnel act". In South Africa , psychologists are qualified in either clinical, counseling, educational, organizational, or research psychology. As below, qualification requires at least five years of study, and at least one of internship. To become qualified, one must complete a recognized master's degree in Psychology , an appropriate practicum at a recognized training institution, and take an examination set by
8568-544: Is responsible for governing and setting policy for PBS, consisting of 27 members: 14 professional directors (station managers), 12 general directors (outside directors), and the PBS president. All PBS Board members serve three-year terms, without pay. PBS member stations elect the 14 professional directors; the board elects the 12 general directors and appoints the PBS president and CEO; and the entire board elects its officers. As of March 2015 , PBS maintains current memberships with 354 television stations encompassing 50 states,
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#17330859137418736-681: Is specifically defined in the Mental Health Act, 2017. An MPhil in Clinical Psychology degree of two years duration recognized by the Rehabilitation Council of India is required to apply for registration as a clinical psychologist. PsyD and Professional diploma in Clinical Psychology is also a less popular way to get license of Clinical Psychologist in India. This procedure has been criticized by some stakeholders since clinical psychology
8904-423: Is the completion of five years of university training in psychology (master's degree or equivalent). The title of "psychotherapist" is not legally protected. As of 2016, Belgian law recognizes the clinical psychologist as an autonomous health profession. It reserves the practice of psychotherapy to medical doctors, clinical psychologists and clinical orthopedagogists. A professional in the U.S. or Canada must hold
9072-452: Is the largest group of psychologists in clinical settings such as the NHS. Around 2,000 are educational psychologists. In the United States and Canada, full membership in each country's professional association— American Psychological Association (APA) and Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), respectively—requires doctoral training (except in some Canadian provinces, such as Alberta , where
9240-501: Is the only children's programming block on U.S. broadcast television. As PBS is often known for doing, PBS Kids has broadcast imported series from other countries; these include British series originally broadcast by the BBC and ITV . Through American Public Television, many PBS stations also began airing the Australian series Raggs on June 4, 2007. Some of the programs broadcast as part of
9408-514: Is the only state where the licensing and regulation of the practice of medical psychology by medical psychologists (MPs) is regulated by a medical board (the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners) rather than a board of psychologists. While other states have pursued prescriptive authority, they have not succeeded. Similar legislation in the states of Hawaii and Oregon passed through their respective legislative bodies, but in each case
9576-523: Is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the UK. In the UK, the use of the title "chartered psychologist" is also protected by statutory regulation, but that title simply means that the psychologist is a chartered member of the British Psychological Society , but is not necessarily registered with the HCPC. However, it is illegal for someone who is not in the appropriate section of
9744-592: Is used in many college telecourses , and his many bestselling academic and popular publications. Discovering Psychology won an Emmy and awards from the American Psychological Association , the Western Psychological Association and Columbus International Film & Video Festival . He sought to bridge the gap between academia and the broader audience by using mass media to communicate his work. He collaborated with Allen Funt ,
9912-578: Is working with the HCPC to ensure that the title of "neuropsychologist" is regulated as a specialist title for practitioner psychologists. As of December 2012 , in the United Kingdom, there are 19,000 practitioner psychologists registered across seven categories: clinical psychologist, counselling psychologist, educational psychologist , forensic psychologist , health psychologist , occupational psychologist , sport and exercise psychologist . At least 9,500 of these are clinical psychologists, which
10080-1273: The American Psychological Foundation Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement in the Science of Psychology. In 2003, Zimbardo and University of Rome La Sapienza scholars Gian Vittorio Caprara and Claudio Barbaranelli were awarded the sarcastic Ig Nobel Prize for Psychology for their report Politicians' Uniquely Simple Personalities . He received honorary degrees from the Pacific Graduate School of Psychology (1996), National University of San Martin, Peru (1996), Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece (1998), Webster University, Vienna (2007), Brooklyn College, New York (2008), Rutgers University, New Jersey (2009), Lund University, Lund, Sweden (2009), Loyola University, Chicago (2010), SWPS University in Warsaw (2011), University of Puget Sound (2013), Chapman University (2014), and Charles University, Prague (2016). Dr. Zimbardo authored dozens of textbooks and trade books on his research topics, many of which have been reprinted and translated into multiple languages. Psychology And Life ,
10248-563: The Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science for his Discovering Psychology video series. He served as Western Psychological Association president in 1983 and 2001, and American Psychological Association president in 2002. Zimbardo was born in New York City on March 23, 1933, to a second generation Sicilian-American immigrant family. Early in life he experienced discrimination and prejudice, growing up poor on welfare in
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#173308591374110416-524: The Federal Communications Commission in response to the enactment of the Children's Television Act of 1990 . Many member stations have historically also broadcast distance education and other instructional television programs, typically during daytime slots; though with the advent of digital television, which has allowed stations to carry these programs on digital subchannels in lieu of
10584-473: The Review of General Psychology . In 2008, Zimbardo began working with Sarah Brunskill and Anthony Ferreras on a new theory termed Social Intensity Syndrome (SIS). SIS is a new term invented to describe and normalize the effects military culture has on the socialization of both active soldiers and veterans. Zimbardo and Brunskill presented the new theory and a preliminary factor analysis of it accompanying survey at
10752-552: The South Bronx , and being Italian. Zimbardo said these experiences early in life began his curiosity about people's behavior, and later influenced his research in school. He survived an early childhood illness and the experience of a long stay at a hospital for children with contagious diseases, where he learned to read. His formal education began in New York Public School 52 and he graduated from James Monroe High School. He
10920-781: The Stanford campus, celebrating his 50th year of teaching psychology. David Spiegel, professor of psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine , termed Zimbardo "a legendary teacher", saying that "he has changed the way we think about social influences". Colleague Ewart Thomas, professor emeritus of psychology and former dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford, noted that Zimbardo was, “famous for inspiring many of his students to pursue research and teaching careers in which they, like their mentor, were recognized for their distinguished teaching.” His teaching career
11088-525: The Western Psychological Association in 2013. Brunskill finished the data collection in December 2013. Through an exploratory component factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and validity tests demonstrated that SIS was a reliable and valid construct of measuring military socialization. In 2002, Zimbardo received the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science , awarded by Council of Scientific Society Presidents. In 2005, he
11256-477: The "banality of heroism," introduced by Dr. Zimbardo and Dr. Zeno Franco in 2006, serves as a guiding principle for the Heroic Imagination Project, emphasizing the belief that fostering a culture of heroism can empower individuals to act positively and make impactful changes in their communities. Zimbardo published an article contrasting heroism and altruism in 2011 with Zeno Franco and Kathy Blau in
11424-470: The 1980s onward, the national PBS network has not typically carried sporting events, mainly because the broadcast rights to most sporting events have become more cost-prohibitive in that timeframe, especially for nonprofits with limited revenue potential; in addition, starting with the respective launches of the MountainWest Sports Network (now defunct) and Big Ten Network in 2006 and 2007 and
11592-547: The Big Red Dog and DragonflyTV , the latter of which is also syndicated on commercial television) is rerun extensively. In 2020 and 2021, PBS served as the over-the-air home to select specials from the Peanuts library , under sublicense from Apple ; the deal was not renewed in 2022. Launched as PTV on July 11, 1994, PBS Kids is the brand for children's programs aired by PBS. PBS Kids, launched in 1999 and operated until 2005,
11760-522: The Code of Conduct of Psychologists (2019). Psychologists in Greece are not required to register with any psychology body in the country in order to legally practice the profession. Titles such as "psychotherapist" or "counselor" are not protected by law in Greece and anyone may call themselves a "psychotherapist" or "counselor" without having earned a graduate degree in psychology. In India, "clinical psychologist"
11928-751: The Dead , Nature , and Cyberchase . PBS also works with other networks for programming such as CNN International for Amanpour & Company which is a co-production of CNN International and WNET. PBS member stations are known for rebroadcasting British television costume dramas , comedies and science fiction programs (acquired from the BBC and other sources) such as Downton Abbey ; 'Allo 'Allo! ; Are You Being Served? ; The Benny Hill Show , Red Dwarf ; The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin ; Father Ted ; Fawlty Towers ; Harry Enfield & Chums ; Keeping Up Appearances ; Monty Python's Flying Circus ; Mr. Bean , The Vicar of Dibley ,
12096-552: The District of Columbia and four U.S. possessions; as such, it is the only television broadcaster in the United States—commercial or non-commercial—which has station partners licensed in every U.S. state (by comparison, none of the five major commercial broadcast networks has affiliates in certain states where PBS has members, most notably New Jersey ). The service has an estimated national reach of 93.74% of all households in
12264-486: The EPPP, such as a jurisprudence (i.e., mental health law) examination or an oral examination. Nearly all states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew a license. Licensees can obtain this through various means, such as taking audited classes and attending approved workshops. There are professions whose scope of practice overlaps with the practice of psychology (particularly with respect to providing psychotherapy) and for which
12432-486: The HCPC register to provide psychological services. The requirement to register as a clinical, counselling, or educational psychologist is a professional doctorate (and in the case of the latter two the British Psychological Society's Professional Qualification, which meets the standards of a professional doctorate). The title of "psychologist", by itself, is not protected. The British Psychological Society
12600-464: The Heroic Imagination Project (HIP), a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting heroism in everyday life. Since 2010, HIP has been focused on educational programs across the United States and globally in Hungary, Poland, Indonesia, Portugal and Italy, to teach people how to resist behaviors such as bullying, bystander effect, and negative conformity and to encourage positive social action. The concept of
12768-583: The Los Angeles market ; KCET served as the market's primary PBS member until it left the service in January 2011, at which time it was replaced by KOCE). KCET rejoined PBS in 2019, thus giving the Los Angeles area four different member stations. For these cases, PBS utilizes the Program Differentiation Plan, which divides by percentage the number of programs distributed by the service that each member can carry on their schedule; often, this assigns
12936-541: The Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences and professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford, “Virtually all of Phil’s research shows how important phenomena of real-life human behavior can be studied scientifically. For a young science like social psychology, this has been an especially important contribution.” Zimbardo's research spanned across multiple topics: Zimbardo undertook graduate school training in
13104-641: The McGraw-Hill Series in Social Psychology, covered the relationships existing between social influence, attitude change and human behavior. His long-term research interests included cultic behavior. Zimbardo conceived of mind control as a phenomena encompassing all the ways in which personal, social and institutional forces are exerted to induce compliance, conformity, belief, attitude, and value change in others. After working personally with several members of Jim Jones’ Peoples Temple cult, who had escaped
13272-518: The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey. Zimbardo's activism manifested in different ways, such as organizing academic forums called teach-ins on civil rights and racial justice. Dr. Zimbardo organized a walk-out at an NYU graduation ceremony to protest the decision to award an honorary degree to Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of Defense at the time, whose involvement in escalating
13440-577: The Professional Board for Psychology. Registration with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is required and includes a Continuing Professional Development component. The practicum usually involves a full year internship , and in some specializations, the HPCSA requires completion of an additional year of community service . The master's program consists of seminars , coursework -based theoretical and practical training , and
13608-502: The Science of Psychology (2012), Kurt Lewin award, for “outstanding contributions to the development and integration of psychological research and social action” (2015), and the Presidential Citation for international achievements (2023). In 2010, he received three Lifetime Achievement Awards, form Brooklyn College, the Western Psychological Association , and Society of Personality and Social Psychology . In 2012, Zimbardo received
13776-481: The Teaching of Psychology (1999), and Dean’s Award for Distinguished Teaching, Stanford University (1999-2000). Philip Zimbardo was a trailblazing psychologist known for his research in how individual behavior is shaped by social systems, situations and contexts. “Phil Zimbardo is one of the most prolific and influential psychologists of his generation – a true pioneer of the field of social psychology,” said Claude Steele,
13944-609: The Time Perspective Theory into a clinical therapy, beginning a four-year long pilot study and establishing time perspective therapy. In 2009, Zimbardo did his Ted Talk "The Psychology of Time" about the Time Perspective Theory. According to this Ted Talk, there are six kinds of different Time Perspectives which are Past Positive TP (Time Perspective), Past Negative TP, Present Hedonism TP, Present Fatalism TP, Future Life Goal-Oriented TP and Future Transcendental TP. In 2012, Zimbardo, Richard Sword, and his wife Rosemary authored
14112-596: The U.S. for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists in May 2021 was US$ 82,510 and the median salary for industrial-organizational psychologists was US$ 105,310. Psychologists can work in applied or academic settings. Academic psychologists educate higher education students, as well as conduct research, with graduate-level research being an important part of academic psychology. Academic positions can be tenured or non-tenured, with tenured positions being highly desirable. PBS The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS )
14280-496: The U.S. must hold a doctoral degree in psychology (PsyD, EdD, or PhD), and/or have a state license to use the title psychologist . However, regulations vary from state to state. For example, in the states of Michigan, West Virginia, and Vermont, there are psychologists licensed at the master's level. Although clinical psychologists and psychiatrists share the same fundamental aim—the alleviation of mental distress—their training, outlook, and methodologies are often different. Perhaps
14448-522: The U.S. states is different in terms of requirements and licenses (see and for examples), there are three common requirements: All U.S. state and Canada provincial licensing boards are members of the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Many states require other examinations in addition to
14616-496: The U.S. undergo many years of graduate training—usually five to seven years after the bachelor's degree—to gain demonstrable competence and experience. Licensure as a psychologist may take an additional one to two years post-PhD/PsyD. Some states require a 1-year postdoctoral residency, while others do not require postdoctoral supervised experience and allow psychology graduates to sit for the licensure exam immediately. Some psychology specialties, such as clinical neuropsychology, require
14784-404: The U.S., in which network-affiliated stations were initially owned by companies that owned few to no other television stations elsewhere in the country. In some U.S. states, a group of PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional "subnetwork" (such as Alabama Public Television and Arkansas PBS ); in this model, PBS programming and other content is distributed by
14952-442: The United States (or 292,926,047 Americans with at least one television set). PBS stations are commonly operated by nonprofit organizations , state agencies, local authorities (such as municipal boards of education), or universities in their city of license ; this is similar (albeit more centralized in states where a licensee owns multiple stations rebroadcasting the main PBS member) to the early model of commercial broadcasting in
15120-668: The Vietnam War made him a highly controversial figure. In 1972 he married Christina Maslach , who received her doctorate in psychology at Stanford University in 1971 and had played a role in concluding the Stanford Prison Experiment. They had two children and were married for 52 years until his death. Zimbardo died at home in San Francisco on October 14, 2024, at the age of 91. His wife, Christina Maslach , and their children were by his side when he died. Philip G. Zimbardo
15288-532: The Yale Attitude Change Program, headed by his mentor, Carl Hovland, an influential psychologist in his own right. This experience inspired a long term interest in the processes of attitude and behavior change produced by persuasion. Zimbardo’s work on dissonance began during graduate school and he wrote his dissertation on this topic after being introduced to Leon Festinger’s work by his Yale mentors in 1957. He conceptualized dissonance phenomena as
15456-427: The archives of the experiment, including videos, recordings, and Zimbardo's handwritten notes, and argued that "The guards knew what results the experiment was supposed to produce ... Far from reacting spontaneously to this pathogenic social environment, the guards were given clear instructions for how to create it ... The experimenters intervened directly in the experiment, either to give precise instructions, to recall
15624-399: The channel in 2012). However, the original programming block still exists on PBS, filling daytime and in some cases, weekend morning schedules on its member stations; many members also carry 24-hour locally programmed children's networks featuring PBS Kids content on one of their digital subchannels. A revived version of the PBS Kids Channel was launched on January 16, 2017. As of 2019, PBS Kids
15792-448: The channel was added to Australia's Foxtel subscription platform. At the summer 2019 Television Critics Association press tour day for PBS on July 29, 2019, it was announced that MVPD YouTube TV would begin to carry PBS programming and member stations in the fall of 2019. Member stations have the choice of having their traditional channel on the service with its full programming schedule received by Google over-the-air and uploaded to
15960-458: The cognitive control of motivation, and demonstrated the power of this approach in a series of experimentally rigorous studies. This dissertation work was published in 1960 in the Journal of abnormal and social psychology. Among other publications on principles of behavior and attitude change, the book he co-authored with Michael Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change and Social Influence , part of
16128-452: The core message of the SPE is not to equate a psychological simulation of prison life with reality, nor to claim that prisoners and guards always or typically behave as they did in the experiment, but instead, the SPE serves as a cautionary tale about the potential consequences of underestimating how social roles and external pressures can shape our actions. Zimbardo highlighted the lessons gained from
16296-456: The course of a year. However, PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations, a large proportion of which may come from its member stations —including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WQED , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS — American Public Television , and independent producers. This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service presents
16464-518: The creator and host of the American hidden-camera show Candid Camera , to produce narrated educational videos that use classic episodes to illustrate key principles of psychology. These Candid Camera Classics programs were created for psychology classes and released on DVD, for use in both Introductory Psychology and Social Psychology courses. Zimbardo, who retired officially in 2003, gave his final lecture, "Exploring Human Nature", on March 7, 2007, on
16632-592: The discipline as involving only such clinical or counseling psychologists. While counseling and psychotherapy are common activities for psychologists, these health service psychology fields are just two branches in the larger domain of psychology. There are other classifications such as industrial and organizational and community psychologists, whose professionals mainly apply psychological research, theories, and techniques to "real-world" problems of business, industry, social benefit organizations , government, and academia . Clinical psychologists receive training in
16800-455: The dominant US children's site for video, and PBS had won more 2013 Webby Awards than any other media company in the world. On May 8, 2013, full-length episodes of PBS' prime time, news and children's programs were made available through the Roku streaming player; programming is available on Roku as separate streaming channels for "PBS" and " PBS KIDS " content. Some content is only available with
16968-410: The dynamics of power, authority, conformity, dehumanization, and moral disengagement. In 1971, Zimbardo accepted a tenured position as professor of psychology at Stanford University. With a government grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research , he performed the Stanford prison experiment in which 24 male college students were selected (from an applicant pool of 75). After a mental health screening,
17136-535: The ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in anti-social acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects," Zimbardo told the Toronto symposium in the summer of 1996. Zimbardo himself participated with the study, playing the role of "prison superintendent" who could mediate disputes between guards and prisoners. He instructed guards to find ways to dominate
17304-446: The evidence base of applied behavior analysis and the philosophy of behaviorism . Behavior analysts have at least a master's degree in behavior analysis or in a mental health related discipline, as well as having taken at least five core courses in applied behavior analysis. Many behavior analysts have a doctorate. Most programs have a formalized internship program, and several programs are offered online. Most practitioners have passed
17472-589: The examination offered by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board The model licensing act for behavior analysts can be found at the Association for Behavior Analysis International 's website. In the United States, of 181,600 jobs for psychologists in 2021, 123,300 are employed in clinical, counseling, and school positions; 2,900 are employed in industrial-organizational positions, and 55,400 are in "all other" positions. The median salary in
17640-408: The exception of Sprout, some of these services, including those from PBS member stations and networks, have not made contracts with Internet-distributed over-the-top MVPD services such as Sling TV and the now defunct PlayStation Vue . With the transition to over-the-air digital television broadcasts, many of the services are also often now available as standard-definition multicast channels on
17808-467: The exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week (CPB resumed funding of Washington Week in 1997). In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable and non-profit organizations. PBS ranked as the 11th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" from over 100 charities researched in the study conducted by
17976-488: The experience and his advocacy for stronger ethical standards in research. Zimbardo discussed the similarities between the behavior of the participants in the Stanford prison experiment , and the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib . He did not accept the claim of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Myers that the events were due to a few rogue soldiers and that it did not represent the military. Instead he considered
18144-587: The following 5 to 7 year, 90–120 unit curriculum: Psychologists can be seen as practicing within two general categories of psychology: health service psychology, which includes "practitioners" or "professionals" and research-oriented psychology which includes "scientists" or "scholars". The training models ( Boulder and Vail models) endorsed by the APA require that health service psychologists be trained as both researchers and practitioners, and that they possess advanced degrees. Psychologists typically have one of two degrees: PsyD or PhD . The PsyD program prepares
18312-522: The guards to act the way they did, so rather than this behavior appearing on its own, it was generated by Zimbardo. In response to critics, Zimbardo asserted that none of the criticisms provide substantial evidence that undermines the main conclusion of the Stanford Prison Experiment—namely, the importance of understanding how systemic and situational forces can influence individual behavior, often without our awareness. He emphasized that
18480-413: The industry publication, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for PBS. Since the mid-2000s, Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. A 2016–2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network's programs over
18648-551: The intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of full-length videos on mobile devices. Vern Seward of The Mac Observer calls the PBS iPad App, "...cool on so many levels." An update in 2015 added Chromecast support. "PBS UK" was launched as a paid subscription channel in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2011, featuring American documentary programming sourced from PBS. Better identifying its subject matter, this channel
18816-818: The jurisdiction, some psychologists with additional training can be licensed to prescribe medications; qualification requirements may be different from a bachelor's degree and master's degree. Psychologists receive extensive training in psychological testing , communication techniques, scoring, interpretation, and reporting, while psychiatrists are not usually trained in psychological testing. Psychologists are also trained in, and often specialize in, one or more psychotherapies to improve symptoms of many mental disorders , including but not limited to treatment for anxiety , depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , personality disorders and eating disorders . Treatment from psychologists can be individual or in groups . Cognitive behavioral therapy
18984-900: The later launches of the Pac-12 Network and ESPN's SEC Network and ACC Network , athletic conferences have acquired rights for all of their member university's sports programs for their cable channels, restricting their use from PBS member stations, even those associated with their own universities. From 1976 to 1989, KQED produced a series of Bundesliga matches under the banner Soccer Made in Germany , with Toby Charles announcing. PBS also carried tennis events, as well as Ivy League football. Notable football commentators included Upton Bell , Marty Glickman , Bob Casciola , Brian Dowling , Sean McDonough and Jack Corrigan . Other sports programs included interview series such as The Way It Was and The Sporting Life . The board of directors
19152-485: The legislation was vetoed by the state's governor. In 1989, the U.S Department of Defense was directed to create the Psychopharmacology Demonstration Project (PDP). By 1997, ten psychologists were trained in psychopharmacology and granted the ability to prescribe psychiatric medications. The practice of clinical psychology requires a license in the United States and Canada. Although each of
19320-586: The lessons of the Stanford Prison Study illuminate parallel dynamics, Zimbardo posited that, in contrast to the U.S. military's explanation of individual dispositional "bad apples", this was a situational "bad barrel" that shaped soldiers' behavior. With regards to the events that occurred at the Abu Ghraib Detention Center , the defense team—including Gary Myers —argued that it was not the prison guards and interrogators that were at fault for
19488-415: The long-running, classic, introductory psychology textbook for college students, was co-authored by Philip Zimbardo for decades, beginning in its 8th edition with Floyd Ruch, through its 19th edition with Richard Gerrig. It has been translated into many languages for global use. Psychology: Core Concepts another introductory psychology textbook used for many American college undergraduate psychology courses
19656-502: The main PBS feed or exclusively over online, many member stations/networks have replaced distance education content with children's and other programming. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio , PBS does not have a central program production arm or news division. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. Boston member WGBH-TV
19824-571: The majority conform to unethical behavior, Zimbardo devoted the latter part of his life to researching and promoting the psychology of heroism, including topics on disobedience to unjust authority, the phenomenon of whistle-blowers, and challenging the bystander effect . Zimbardo's contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. His last article with Greater Good , "The Banality of Heroism", examined how ordinary people can become everyday heroes. In February 2010, Zimbardo
19992-682: The maximum 8-year sentence. Zimbardo drew on the knowledge he gained from his participation in the Frederick case to write the book entitled The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil , about the connections between Abu Ghraib and the prison experiments. After the prison study, Zimbardo decided to search for ways he could use psychology to help people; this resulted in the founding of The Shyness Clinic in Menlo Park, California , which treats shy behavior in adults and children. Zimbardo's research on shyness resulted in two bestselling books on
20160-1038: The most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians , and, as such, psychiatrists are apt to use the medical model to assess mental health problems and to also employ psychotropic medications as a method of addressing mental health problems. Psychologists generally do not prescribe medication, although in some jurisdictions they do have prescription privileges. In five U.S. states (New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, Idaho, and Colorado), psychologists with clinical psychopharmacology training have been granted prescriptive authority for mental health disorders. Psychologists receive extensive training in psychological test administration, scoring, interpretation, and reporting, while psychiatrists are not trained in psychological testing. In addition, psychologists (particularly those from PhD programs) spend several years in graduate school being trained to conduct behavioral research; their training includes research design and advanced statistical analysis. While this training
20328-463: The narrator, writer, and scientific advisor for Discovering Psychology , a 26-program series produced by PBS-TV and the Annenberg Corporation, which has been translated and distributed worldwide (1989, updated 2001). Zimbardo served as a consultant on two British TV documentaries: Five Steps to Tyranny (BBC, 2000) and The Human Zoo (LWT, 2001). Psychologist A psychologist is
20496-482: The national psychology licensing exam, the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Within the two main categories are many further types of psychologists as reflected by APA's 54 Divisions, which are specialty or subspecialty or topical areas, including clinical , counseling , and school psychologists . Such professionals work with persons in a variety of therapeutic contexts. People often think of
20664-419: The network pays its affiliates a share of the revenue it earns from advertising. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be
20832-484: The network were folded in 2006. Programming from the PBS Satellite Service has also been carried by certain member stations or regional member networks to fill their overnight schedules (particularly those that have transitioned to a 24-hour schedule since the late 1990s), in lieu of providing programming sourced from outside public television distributors or repeats of local programming (program promotions shown on
21000-629: The original run of Doctor Who , and Sherlock . However, a significant amount of sharing takes place. The BBC and British broadcasters such as Channel 4 often cooperate with PBS stations, producing material that is shown on both sides of the Atlantic . Less frequently, Canadian, Australian and other international programming appears on PBS stations (such as The Red Green Show , currently distributed by syndicator Executive Program Services); public broadcasting syndicators are more likely to offer this programming to U.S.-based public television stations. PBS
21168-1107: The originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers, however, retain the right to sell the program's intellectual property in non-broadcast media such as DVDs , books, and sometimes PBS- licensed merchandise . The evening and primetime schedule on PBS features a diverse array of programming including fine arts ( Great Performances ); drama ( Masterpiece , Downton Abbey , American Family: Journey of Dreams ); science ( Nova , Nature ); history ( American Experience , American Masters , History Detectives , Antiques Roadshow ); music ( Austin City Limits , Soundstage ); public affairs ( Frontline , PBS NewsHour , Washington Week , Nightly Business Report ); independent films and documentaries ( P.O.V. , Independent Lens ); home improvement ( This Old House ); and interviews ( Amanpour & Company , Tavis Smiley , The Dick Cavett Show ). In 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around
21336-558: The originating station in the subnetwork to other full-power stations that serve as satellites as well as any low-power translators in other areas of the state. Some states may be served by such a regional network and simultaneously have PBS member stations in a certain city (such as the case with secondary member KBDI-TV in Denver , which is not related to Colorado member network Rocky Mountain PBS and its flagship station and primary Denver PBS member, KRMA-TV) that operate autonomously from
21504-795: The physical and mental abuse of detainees but the George W. Bush administration policies themselves. This however does not deny nor excuse individual accountability. In the book, Zimbardo says that humans cannot be defined as good or evil because we have the ability to act as both especially according to the situation. He believed that personality characteristics could play a role in how violent or submissive actions are manifested. According to Zimbardo, "Good people can be induced, seduced, and initiated into behaving in evil ways. They can also be led to act in irrational, stupid, self-destructive, antisocial, and mindless ways when they are immersed in 'total situations' that impact human nature in ways that challenge our sense of
21672-483: The prisoners had been released, everyone was brought back into the same room for evaluation and to be able to get their feelings out in the open towards one another. Ethical concerns about the study often compare it to the Milgram experiment , which was performed in 1961 at Yale University by Stanley Milgram , Zimbardo's former high school friend. More recently, Thibault Le Texier of the University of Nice has examined
21840-751: The prisoners, not with physical violence, but with other tactics, such as sleep deprivation and punishment with solitary confinement . Later in the experiment, as some guards became more aggressive, taking away prisoners' cots (so that they had to sleep on the floor), and forcing them to use buckets kept in their cells as toilets, and then refusing permission to empty the buckets, neither the other guards nor Zimbardo himself intervened. Knowing that their actions were observed but not rebuked, guards considered that they had implicit approval for such actions. In later interviews, several guards told interviewers that they knew what Zimbardo wanted to have happen, and they did their best to make that happen. Less than two full days into
22008-517: The proceedings nationwide, with Robert MacNeil and Jim Lehrer as commentators. Although all of the Big Three TV Networks ran coverage of the hearings, PBS re-broadcast them on prime time . For seven months, nightly "gavel-to-gavel" broadcasts drew great public interest, and raised the profile of the fledgling PBS network. In 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed funding for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with
22176-584: The proclamation of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act, in 2003, the use of the title "psychologist" was limited to practitioners registered with the New Zealand Psychologists Board. The titles "clinical psychologist", "counseling psychologist", "educational psychologist", "intern psychologist", and "trainee psychologist" are similarly protected. This is to protect the public by providing assurance that
22344-584: The psychological effect on a (randomly assigned) student of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. A 1997 article from the Stanford News Service described the experiment's goals in more detail: Zimbardo's primary reason for conducting the experiment was to focus on the power of roles, rules, symbols, group identity and situational validation of behavior that generally would repulse ordinary individuals. "I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization that illustrated
22512-489: The psychology of evil, persuasion, cults, deindividuation, shyness, and heroism. He became known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment , which was later criticized. He authored various widely-used, introductory psychology textbooks for college students, and other notable works, including Shyness , The Lucifer Effect , and The Time Paradox . He was the founder and president of the Heroic Imagination Project ,
22680-574: The psychology profession, and the use of the title "psychologist", is regulated by an Act of Parliament, the Health Practitioner Regulation (Administrative Arrangements) National Law Act 2008, following an agreement between state and territorial governments. Under this national law, registration of psychologists is administered by the Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA). Before July 2010, the professional registration of psychologists
22848-476: The purposes of the experiment, or to set a general direction ... In order to get their full participation, Zimbardo intended to make the guards believe that they were his research assistants." Since his original publication in French, Le Texier's accusations have been examined by science communicators in the United States. In his book Humankind – a hopeful history (2020) historian Rutger Bregman discusses charges that
23016-512: The question "are they inexplicable, can we not understand them". In 2004, Zimbardo testified for the defense during the court martial of Sgt. Ivan "Chip" Frederick , a guard at Abu Ghraib prison . He argued that Frederick's sentence should be lessened due to mitigating circumstances , explaining that few individuals can resist the powerful situational pressures of a prison, particularly without proper training and supervision. The judge apparently disregarded Zimbardo's testimony, and gave Frederick
23184-475: The regional member network. As opposed to the present commercial broadcasting model in which network programs are often carried exclusively on one television station in a given market, PBS may maintain more than one member station in certain markets, which may be owned by the licensee of the market's primary PBS member station or owned by a separate licensee (as a prime example, KOCE-TV , KLCS and KVCR-DT —which are all individually owned—serve as PBS stations for
23352-467: The remaining men were assigned randomly to be "prisoners" or "guards" in a mock prison located in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford. Prisoners were confined to a 6 by 9 feet (1.8 m × 2.7 m) cell with black steel-barred doors. The only furniture in each cell was a cot. Solitary confinement was a small unlit closet. Zimbardo's goal for the Stanford Prison study was to assess
23520-400: The roles of the situation. He had to be shown the reality of the study by Christina Maslach , his girlfriend and future wife, who had just received her doctorate in psychology. Zimbardo stated that the message from the study is that "situations can have a more powerful influence over our behaviour than most people appreciate, and few people recognize [that]." At the end of the study, after all
23688-646: The same time, the groups started out the National Public Affairs Broadcast Center (later National Public Affairs Center for Television), which offered news and national affairs to the service. The group was later merged into member station WETA-TV in 1972. Immediately after public disclosure of the Watergate scandal , on May 17, 1973, the United States Senate Watergate Committee commenced proceedings; PBS broadcast
23856-439: The satellite feed advertise upcoming programs as being aired on PBS during the timeslot card normally used as a placeholder for member outlets to insert local airtime information). Some or all of these services are available on a digital cable tier of many cable providers, on a free-to-air (FTA) satellite receiver receiving from PBS Satellite Service , as well as via subscription-based direct broadcast satellite providers. With
24024-559: The service's children's lineup or through public broadcast syndication directly to its members have subsequently been syndicated to commercial television outlets (such as Ghostwriter and The Magic School Bus ). Many PBS member stations and networks—including Mississippi Public Broadcasting ( MHSAA ), Georgia Public Broadcasting ( GHSA ), Maine Public Broadcasting Network ( MPA ), Iowa PBS ( IGHSAU ), Nebraska Public Media ( NSAA ), and WKYU-TV ( Western Kentucky Hilltoppers )—locally broadcast high school and college sports. From
24192-539: The service, a YouTube TV-only feed provided by the station with some programming substitutions due to lack of digital rights, or a PBS-provided feed with limited localization, though with no local programming or pledge drive programming. In 2019, PBS announced plans to move its headquarters to another building in the Crystal Gateway complex, while remaining in Crystal City, Virginia , and did so in 2020, which included
24360-513: The situation that the soldiers were in and considered the possibility that this situation might have induced the behavior that they displayed. He began with the assumption that the abusers were not " bad apples " and were in a situation like that of the Stanford prison study, where physically and psychologically healthy people were behaving sadistically and brutalizing prisoners. Zimbardo became absorbed in trying to understand who these people were, asking
24528-481: The stability and consistency of individual personality, of character, and of morality." In The Journal of the American Medical Association , there are seven social processes that grease "the slippery slope of evil": Philip Zimbardo's research on the psychology of evil explores how situational and systemic factors can lead ordinary people to commit harmful or immoral acts, as demonstrated in studies on
24696-459: The student primarily as a practitioner for clinical practice (e.g., testing, psychotherapy), but also as a scholar that consumes research. Depending on the specialty (industrial/organizational, social, clinical, school, etc.), a PhD may be trained in clinical practice as well as in scientific methodology, to prepare for a career in academia or research. Both the PsyD and PhD programs prepare students to take
24864-551: The study, one inmate pretended to suffer from depression, uncontrolled rage and other mental dysfunctions. The prisoner was eventually released after screaming and acting in an unstable manner in front of the other inmates. He revealed later that he faked this "breakdown" to get out of the study early. This prisoner was replaced with one of the alternates. By the end of the study, the guards had won complete control over all of their prisoners and were using their authority to its greatest extent. One prisoner had even gone as far as to begin
25032-543: The suicide/massacre in the Guyana jungle in 1978, Zimbardo became fascinated with the uniquely intense psychological context and forces involved in cult recruitment, identification, and internalization, and how they could be resisted. The Lucifer Effect was written in response to the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse military scandal, which occurred during the United States' invasion of Iraq. With renewed global interest in how
25200-522: The title "psychologist" has been protected by law in Greece . It can only be used by people who hold a relevant license or certificate, which is issued by the Greek authorities, to practice as a psychologist. The minimum requirement is the completion of university training in psychology at a Greek university, or at a university recognized by the Greek authorities. Psychologists in Greece are legally required to abide by
25368-542: The title "psychologist" in all states and territories of Australia. However, the terms "psychotherapist", "social worker", and "counselor" are currently self-regulated, with several organizations campaigning for government regulation. Since 1933, the title "psychologist" has been protected by law in Belgium. It can only be used by people who are on the National Government Commission list. The minimum requirement
25536-527: The title-holder is registered and therefore qualified and competent to practice, and can be held accountable. The legislation does not include an exemption clause for any class of practitioner (e.g., academics, or government employees). In Norway, the title "psychologist" is restricted by law and can only be obtained by completing a six-year integrated program, leading to the Candidate of Psychology degree. Psychologists are considered health personnel, and their work
25704-438: The topic, Shyness: What It Is, What To Do About It , and The Shy Child co-authored with Shirley Radl. Zimbardo was intrigued by the question of how people who are functioning normally and effectively first begin to develop the symptoms of psychopathology. He was interested in understanding when, why, and how those experiences may eventually lead to psychiatric diagnosis. Using hypnosis as an experimental tool, he focused on
25872-424: The training requirements, psychologists take a state-run exam, which, upon successful completion (Approbation), confers the official title of "psychological psychotherapist" ( Psychologischer Psychotherapeut ). After many years of inter-professional political controversy, non-physician psychotherapy was given an adequate legal foundation through the creation of two new academic healthcare professions. Since 1979,
26040-679: The way that individuals experience significant “discontinuities” in their lives, and how these events can trigger a search for understanding (to be rational) and/or a search for social comparison with comparable others (to be normal). In 2008, Zimbardo published his work with John Boyd about Time Perspective Theory and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life . In 2009, he met Richard Sword and started collaborating to convert
26208-404: The whole experiment was faked and fraudulent; Bregman argued this experiment is often used as an example to show that people succumb easily to evil behavior, but Zimbardo was less than candid about the fact that he told the guards to act the way they did. More recently, an American Psychological Association (APA) psychology article reviewed this work in detail and concluded that Zimbardo encouraged
26376-419: Was a guest presenter at the Science of a Meaningful Life seminar: Goodness, Evil, and Everyday Heroism, along with Greater Good Science Center Executive Director Dacher Keltner . Zimbardo served as advisor to the anti-bullying organization Bystander Revolution and appeared in the organization's videos to explain the bystander effect and discuss the evil of inaction. Zimbardo was the founder and director of
26544-614: Was a highly impactful book, often referenced in psychological literature and widely read by individuals seeking help with social anxiety and shyness. This was followed by The Shy Child, co-authored with Shirley Radl in 1981. The Lucifer Effect , Zimbardo's firsthand account of the 1971 Stanford prison experiment (SPE), was the William James Book Award winner in psychology in 2008, and was on The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller list . The Time Paradox: The New Psychology That Will Change Your Life (2008, with Boyd, J.)
26712-461: Was added to Roku's live TV channel lineup in the United States on April 23, 2024, airing PBS Kids shows from the 70s, 80s and 90s. Even with its status as a non-profit and educational television network, PBS engages in program distribution, providing television content and related services to its member stations, each of which together cooperatively owns the network. Unlike the affiliates for commercial TV networks, each non-profit PBS member station
26880-400: Was co-authored by Philip Zimbardo and has been translated into various languages for international education. Shyness: What It is, What to Do About It was a bestselling book, exploring shyness with a deep understanding of the emotions at play. It offers practical advice, exercises, and motivational support to help shy individuals improve their social skills and boost their self-confidence. It
27048-572: Was established on November 3, 1969, by Hartford N. Gunn Jr. (president of WGBH ), John Macy (president of CPB ), James Day (last president of National Educational Television ), and Kenneth A. Christiansen (chairman of the department of broadcasting at the University of Florida ). It began operations on October 5, 1970, taking over many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET), which later merged with Newark, New Jersey station WNDT to form WNET . In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations . Around
27216-442: Was governed by various state and territorial Psychology Registration Boards. The Australian Psychology Accreditation Council (APAC) oversees education standards for the profession. The minimum requirements for general registration in psychology, including the right to use the title "psychologist", are an APAC approved four-year degree in psychology followed by either a two-year master's program or two years of practice supervised by
27384-551: Was honored for lifetime of research contributions to knowledge with the Havel Foundation Vision 97 Award, the foundation of former Czech president Vaclav Havel and his wife Dagmar, which presents an award for outstanding work in the world of science. The American Psychological Association awarded Zimbardo with an award for Distinguished Contributions in the Public Interest (2008), Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in
27552-406: Was largely funded by satellite provider DirecTV . The original channel ceased operations on September 26, 2005, in favor of PBS Kids Sprout , a commercial digital cable and satellite television channel originally operated as a joint venture between PBS, Comcast , Sesame Workshop and Apax Partners ( NBCUniversal , which Comcast acquired in 2011, later acquired the other partners' interests in
27720-753: Was recognized with numerous awards, including Distinguished Teaching Award, New York University (1965), Distinguished Teaching Award for Outstanding Contributions to Education in Psychology, American Psychological Foundation (1975), Phoenix Award for Outstanding Teaching, Stanford Psychology Department Faculty (1984), California Magazine , Best Psychology Teacher in California (1986), The Walter Gores Distinguished Teaching Award, Stanford University (1990), Bing Fellow Outstanding Senior Faculty Teaching Award, Stanford University (1994-1997), Outstanding Teaching Award, Western Psychological Association (1995), Distinguished Teaching Award, Phi Beta Kappa (1998), Robert S. Daniel Teaching Excellence Award, APA Division 2, Society for
27888-472: Was renamed " PBS America " on July 4, 2012. The channel has subsequently become available in other parts of Europe and Australia. On February 28, 2012, PBS partnered with AOL to launch Makers: Women Who Make America , a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in male-dominated industries such as war, comedy, space, business, Hollywood and politics. PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In
28056-486: Was the first member of his family to pursue a college degree. In 1954, Zimbardo completed his B.A. with a triple major in Psychology , Sociology, and Anthropology from Brooklyn College , where he graduated summa cum laude . He completed his M.S. (1955) and Ph.D. (1959) in psychology from Yale University , where Neal E. Miller was his advisor. While at Yale, he married fellow graduate student Rose Abdelnour ; they had
28224-493: Was widely known for popular introductory psychology courses. For decades he authored numerous editions of the introductory psychology textbook Psychology And Life and co-authored Psychology: Core Concepts , which have been foundational for many American undergraduate psychology courses. Throughout his career, he was committed to "giving psychology away" or making psychology accessible to the public, notably through his PBS television series titled Discovering Psychology , which
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