Magnavox ( Latin for "great voice", stylized as MAGNAVOX or sometimes Magnavox in Australia) is an American electronics company. It was purchased by North American Philips in 1974, which was absorbed into Dutch electronics company Philips in 1991. The predecessor to Magnavox was founded in 1911 by Edwin Pridham and Peter L. Jensen , co-inventors of the moving-coil loudspeaker at their lab in Napa, California , under United States Patent number 1,105,924 for telephone receivers. Six decades later, Magnavox produced the Odyssey , the world's first home video game console .
82-464: Magnavox Odyssey is the general brand name of Magnavox 's complete line of home video game consoles released from 1972 through 1978. The line includes the original Magnavox Odyssey console, the Magnavox Odyssey series of dedicated home video game consoles , and the Magnavox Odyssey 2 ROM cartridge -based video game console released in 1978. Philips Odyssey is the brand name that includes
164-459: A "low" and between 2.4 V and V CC for a "high", providing at least 0.4 V of noise immunity . Standardization of the TTL levels is so ubiquitous that complex circuit boards often contain TTL chips made by many different manufacturers selected for availability and cost, compatibility being assured. Two circuit board units off the same assembly line on different successive days or weeks might have
246-657: A British defense consortium named Ultra Electronics. The company is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Ultra, manufacturing water and acoustic sensing and communications devices for military and civil defense. Among the defense products Magnavox manufactured were the AN/ARC-164 UHF radio , AN/SSQ-53 series sonobuoys, AN/ALQ-128 EW equipment, AN/SSQ-62 series sonobuoys, and the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System ( AFATDS ). The brand also has worked with Funai with their televisions after
328-464: A Practice mode for solo-play against the computer. The console never was released commercially, and remained in development. Its prototype helped shape the next generation of Magnavox Odyssey home console, the Magnavox Odyssey 2 . Dutch TV manufacturer Philips purchased Magnavox in 1974, after which it began to release its own versions of the dedicated Odyssey consoles in Europe. The Philips Odyssey 200
410-432: A different mix of brands of chips in the same positions on the board; repair is possible with chips manufactured years later than original components. Within usefully broad limits, logic gates can be treated as ideal Boolean devices without concern for electrical limitations. The 0.4 V noise margins are adequate because of the low output impedance of the driver stage, that is, a large amount of noise power superimposed on
492-406: A few hundred transistors each. Functions within a single package generally range from a few logic gates to a microprocessor bit-slice . TTL also became important because its low cost made digital techniques economically practical for tasks previously done by analog methods. The Kenbak-1 , ancestor of the first personal computers , used TTL for its CPU instead of a microprocessor chip, which
574-420: A form of surface-mount package, with leads suitable for welding or soldering to printed circuit boards. Today , many TTL-compatible devices are available in surface-mount packages, which are available in a wider array of types than through-hole packages. TTL is particularly well suited to bipolar integrated circuits because additional inputs to a gate merely required additional emitters on a shared base region of
656-424: A fourth game, the remaining five possible game combinations were not advertised or documented. Odyssey 500 offers automatic serve, displays digital on-screen scores between plays, and provides manually adjustable ball speed control. As with all previous Odyssey units, power is delivered via an AC adapter or six "C" cell batteries. The Magnavox Odyssey 4305 (model number: 3616R061A) was released in 1976 or 1977 and
738-431: A launch price of $ 99.95, although pricing dropped quickly with pricing listed at $ 80 by June 1976 and by Christmas of 76 as low as $ 39.95. It uses a multi-chip discrete component design, which makes it much simpler than all later dedicated consoles Magnavox would eventually release. Magnavox already had a single-chip design in mind that year, but wanted to have a product they could release immediately if Texas Instruments ,
820-420: A standard TTL input while not allowing the voltage to rise to more than 0.4 volts. The output stage of the most common TTL gates is specified to function correctly when driving up to 10 standard input stages (a fanout of 10). TTL inputs are sometimes simply left floating to provide a logical "1", though this usage is not recommended. Standard TTL circuits operate with a 5- volt power supply. A TTL input signal
902-538: A total of six games (Tennis, Hockey, Soccer, Basketball, Smash and Gridball and includes a Practice mode for solo-play in Basketball and Smash). As with the Odyssey 3000, the Odyssey 4000 offers a skill switch for novice, semi-pro, and professional skill levels. Additional features include automatic serve and variable ball speeds. Unlike the Odyssey 3000, the Odyssey 4000 featured detachable joysticks . The AY-3-8615 chip enabled
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#1732872557507984-445: A unique method of non-digital on-screen scoring in which a white rectangle moved one space to the right each time a player scored a point. Like the Odyssey 100, the Odyssey 200 is powered by either six "C" batteries or a 9 volt AC adapter and uses three control dials for vertical and horizontal movement and ball "english." The Magnavox Odyssey 300 dedicated console, announced in May 1976, it
1066-697: A wide range of logic gates , flip-flops , counters, and other circuits. Variations of the original TTL circuit design offered higher speed or lower power dissipation to allow design optimization. TTL devices were originally made in ceramic and plastic dual in-line package (s) and in flat-pack form. Some TTL chips are now also made in surface-mount technology packages. TTL became the foundation of computers and other digital electronics. Even after Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) CMOS integrated circuit microprocessors made multiple-chip processors obsolete, TTL devices still found extensive use as glue logic interfacing between more densely integrated components. TTL
1148-649: Is Philips' version of the Magnavox Odyssey 4000, with differences in the games offered and the use of detachable paddles instead of joysticks. Released in 1977, the Philips Odyssey 2001 is based on the National Semiconductor MM-57105 chip, which plays Tennis, Hockey, and Squash, and allows full color and direct sound on the TV. The Philips Odyssey 2100 was released in 1978 and uses the same case design as
1230-464: Is a 19 inch color TV with a built-in Magnavox Odyssey 300 or 500. The label on the backside of the TV reads "October 1976". It was sold for US$ 499. Its two wired game controllers are very similar to those of the Ping-O-Tronic , with each containing one button and a paddle . It is extremely rare. The Magnavox Odyssey 2000 (model number: BH7510) dedicated console was released in 1977. The Odyssey 2000
1312-497: Is a common debug interface for embedded devices. Handheld devices such as graphing calculators and NMEA 0183 -compliant GPS receivers and fishfinders also commonly use UART with TTL. TTL serial is only a de facto standard: there are no strict electrical guidelines. Driver–receiver modules interface between TTL and longer-range serial standards: one example is the MAX232 , which converts from and to RS-232 . Differential TTL
1394-504: Is applied to many successive generations of bipolar logic, with gradual improvements in speed and power consumption over about two decades. The most recently introduced family 74Fxx is still sold today (as of 2019), and was widely used into the late 90s. 74AS/ALS Advanced Schottky was introduced in 1985. As of 2008, Texas Instruments continues to supply the more general-purpose chips in numerous obsolete technology families, albeit at increased prices. Typically, TTL chips integrate no more than
1476-406: Is buffered by a common emitter amplifier. Inputs both logical ones. When all the inputs are held at high voltage, the base–emitter junctions of the multiple-emitter transistor are reverse-biased. Unlike DTL, a small “collector” current (approximately 10 μA) is drawn by each of the inputs. This is because the transistor is in reverse-active mode . An approximately constant current flows from
1558-515: Is defined as "low" when between 0 V and 0.8 V with respect to the ground terminal, and "high" when between 2 V and V CC (5 V), and if a voltage signal ranging between 0.8 V and 2.0 V is sent into the input of a TTL gate, there is no certain response from the gate and therefore it is considered "uncertain" (precise logic levels vary slightly between sub-types and by temperature). TTL outputs are typically restricted to narrower limits of between 0.0 V and 0.4 V for
1640-732: Is owned by Osram . In the late 1980s, Magnavox sold the Magnavox/Philips VideoWriter with some success. Released in 1985, the VideoWriter was a standalone fixed-application word processing machine ( electronic typewriter ). Philips Computers , primarily based in Canada, sold its products in North America under the Magnavox brand with minor rebadging in logo and color scheme of computers, monitors, peripherals and manuals. Philips exited
1722-481: Is substantially slower. Designers can combine ECL and TTL devices in the same system to achieve best overall performance and economy, but level-shifting devices are required between the two logic families. TTL is less sensitive to damage from electrostatic discharge than early CMOS devices. Due to the output structure of TTL devices, the output impedance is asymmetrical between the high and low state, making them unsuitable for driving transmission lines. This drawback
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#17328725575071804-533: Is the same as its US released counterpart. Released across Europe in 1976, it was replaced by the Philips Odyssey 2000 in 1977. The Philips Odyssey 2000 is the same as its US released counterpart, with the exception that the European version features thin physical paddles while the American one has wide paddles. Released across Europe in 1977, it was replaced by the Philips Odyssey 2001 in 1977. The Philips Odyssey 2001
1886-462: Is the world's first commercial video game console . Designed by Ralph H. Baer and first demonstrated on a convention in Burlingame, California on May 24, 1972, it was sold by Magnavox and affiliates through 1975 . The Odyssey uses a type of removable printed circuit board card that inserts into a cartridge slot, allowing the player to select the unit's various games by connecting different paths along
1968-400: Is usually overcome by buffering the outputs with special line-driver devices where signals need to be sent through cables. ECL, by virtue of its symmetric low-impedance output structure, does not have this drawback. The TTL "totem-pole" output structure often has a momentary overlap when both the upper and lower transistors are conducting, resulting in a substantial pulse of current drawn from
2050-509: The DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse ; however some computer families were based on proprietary components (e.g. Fairchild CTL) while supercomputers and high-end mainframes used emitter-coupled logic . They were also used for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals, and as microprocessors became more functional for "glue logic" applications, such as address decoders and bus drivers, which tie together
2132-546: The Philips Odyssey series of dedicated home video game consoles. Magnavox sold a total of 1,773,918 units across the entire Odyssey brand between 1972 and 1981 with a total sales value of around $ 71,300,000.00. Nearly half of those sales occurred between August 1972 and September 1976 with total sales at that time being around $ 45,000,000.00 selling 800,000 units. The Magnavox Odyssey , released by Magnavox in September 1972,
2214-438: The "totem-pole" output stage is the decreased voltage level (no more than 3.5 V) of the output logical "1" (even if the output is unloaded). The reasons for this reduction are the voltage drops across the V 3 base–emitter and V 5 anode–cathode junctions. Like DTL, TTL is a current-sinking logic since a current must be drawn from inputs to bring them to a logic 0 voltage level. The driving stage must absorb up to 1.6 mA from
2296-461: The 1930s. The term "Commercial Wireless" had a different meaning in the early days of radio and telephone. Magnavox manufactured radios, TVs, and phonographs . In the 1960s, Magnavox manufactured the first plasma displays for the military and for computer applications. In 1972 Magnavox introduced the Odyssey , the first video game console . In 1974, North American Philips acquired a majority stake in
2378-406: The 1990s. Until the advent of programmable logic , discrete bipolar logic was used to prototype and emulate microarchitectures under development. TTL inputs are the emitters of bipolar transistors. In the case of NAND inputs, the inputs are the emitters of multiple-emitter transistors , functionally equivalent to multiple transistors where the bases and collectors are tied together. The output
2460-551: The 2001. Using the National Semiconductor MM-57186N chip, the Philips Odyssey 2100 plays 6 games with multiple variations: Wipe-Out (Breakout style, 7 variants), Flipper (7 variants), Tennis (2 variants), Handball (2 variants), Ice Hockey (2 variants), Football (3 variants). The Magnavox Odyssey 2 (stylized as Magnavox Odyssey² ) is a second-generation home video game console developed by Philips' Odyssey division subsequent to its purchase of Magnavox in 1974. It
2542-404: The 7401 and 7403 series. Open-collector outputs of some gates have a higher maximum voltage, such as 15 V for the 7426, useful when driving non-TTL loads. To solve the problem with the high output resistance of the simple output stage the second schematic adds to this a "totem-pole" (" push–pull ") output. It consists of the two n-p-n transistors V 3 and V 4 , the "lifting" diode V 5 and
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2624-557: The AY-3-8500, the 300 introduced digital on-screen scoring. The Magnavox Odyssey 400 dedicated console was released in 1976 for $ 100. The Odyssey 400 is an updated version of the Odyssey 200 with automatic serve and on-screen digital scoring features added. The console plays the same three games as the Odyssey 200—Squash (known as Smash), Tennis, and Hockey—and has the same three control dials for vertical movement, horizontal movement, and "english" control. An additional Texas Instruments chip
2706-781: The Commercial Wireless and Development Company in Napa, CA in 1911, moving to San Francisco, and then Oakland in 1916. In July 1917, a merger with The Sonora Phonograph Distributor Company was finalized and the Magnavox Company was born. Frank Morgan Steers was chosen as the company's first President. Jensen moved on to found the Jensen Radio Manufacturing Company in Chicago, in the late 1920s. Pridham stayed on with Magnavox, which moved manufacturing to Fort Wayne, Indiana by
2788-528: The Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union, GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania — for details see 7400 series ). Not only did others make compatible TTL parts, but compatible parts were made using many other circuit technologies as well. At least one manufacturer, IBM , produced non-compatible TTL circuits for its own use; IBM used the technology in the IBM System/38 , IBM 4300 , and IBM 3081 . The term "TTL"
2870-557: The MESC operation during the late 1980s and early 1990s were C-Cubed ( Command, Control, and Communication ), Electronic Warfare , and sonobuoys . When Hughes Electronics sold its aerospace and defense operations to Raytheon , the former Magnavox defense operations were transferred as well. Shortly thereafter, Raytheon spun off the sonobuoy operation to form Under Sea Systems Inc (USSI), in Columbia City, Indiana . In 1998, Raytheon sold USSI to
2952-580: The Magnavox Company, which became a wholly-owned subsidiary the following year. Philips acquired the similar-sounding company Philco in 1981, and Philips was able to freely use the Philips name, alternating with the Magnavox name for some electronics, with the personal care business continuing to use the Norelco name. In the late 1970s, Philips developed LaserDisc technology, producing an optically read, 12 inch disc that would contain recorded video material. In
3034-495: The Odyssey 2000 adds the Practice variation of one-player squash. Points scored during gameplay are shown at the top of the screen when each player scores and the winner is the first player to gain 15 points. Like earlier Odyssey models, the Odyssey 2000 is powered by either six "C" batteries or an optional AC adapter. The Odyssey 2000 has a built in speaker inside of it. The Magnavox Odyssey 3000 (model number: 7508) dedicated console
3116-466: The Odyssey 3000 features detachable game paddles (without any fire buttons). The Odyssey 3000 is powered by either six "C" batteries or an optional AC adapter. Magnavox concluded their line of dedicated video game consoles with the Magnavox Odyssey 4000 . The Odyssey 4000 (model number: 7511) dedicated console was released in 1977 . Based around the AY-3-8600 single-chip design, the Odyssey 4000 features
3198-399: The Odyssey 3000, Magnavox abandoned its old case design with one with a more contemporary style. The console itself is more angular and less rounded; two flat buttons are used for the serve and reset functions and the console settings knobs were reduced in size. The Odyssey 3000 uses a flat circular knob for selecting different games and unlike all previous Odyssey dedicated video game consoles,
3280-570: The Odyssey 4000 to display their games in color instead of black and white graphics. The 4000 is powered by an included AC adapter.It's unknown how many Magnavox's Odyssey's 4000 were sold. The Magnavox Odyssey 5000 would have contained two chips, National Semiconductor 's MM571068 and Signetics ' MUGS-1, and featuring a total of seven games (Tennis, Hockey, Volleyball, Basketball, Knockout, Tank, and Helicopter) which with variations could be expanded to twenty-four different gaming experiences. The unit would have allowed up to four players and included
3362-462: The Philips Magnavox name was popular. Magnavox also has a brand licensing deal where several of their consumer electronics are manufactured by Craig Electronics and sold under the Magnavox brand. In Australia, the rights to the Magnavox brand are not owned by Philips but by Mistral Ltd, a Hong Kong trading company that uses it to sell audio/video equipment of a different make. In Europe,
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3444-714: The Philips brand. The purchase agreement was terminated by Philips in October because of breach of contract and the consumer electronics operations remain under Philips. Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$ 200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of Philips, awarding compensation of € 135 million in the process. Magnavox brand name products are currently made by Funai and Craig Electronics under license from trademark owner Philips. Jensen and Pridham founded
3526-452: The bottom of the resistor and ground. If one input voltage becomes zero, the corresponding base–emitter junction of the multiple-emitter transistor is in parallel with these two junctions. A phenomenon called current steering means that when two voltage-stable elements with different threshold voltages are connected in parallel, the current flows through the path with the smaller threshold voltage. That is, current flows out of this input and into
3608-450: The brand Magnavox was briefly used in the 1990s by Philips on budget consumer electronics to replace traditional local brand names (such as Aristona , Erres, Hornyphon, Radiola, Siera). Since no one recognised the brand name, it was soon discontinued. Transistor%E2%80%93transistor logic Transistor–transistor logic ( TTL ) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors . Its name signifies that transistors perform both
3690-670: The company released the Odyssey² , in Europe also known as Philips Videopac G7000 . In the early 1980s, Philips merged Sylvania , Philco and Magnavox into one division headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee , with a manufacturing plant in Greeneville, Tennessee . The Sylvania plant in Batavia, New York , was closed and all operations moved to Greeneville. Philips also abandoned the Sylvania trademark which
3772-610: The consumer as to the difference between "Philips Magnavox" products and "Philips" products, resulting in Philips marketing the two brands separately again. The defense electronics group, centered in Fort Wayne, Indiana , remained independent under the Magnavox Electronic Systems name, first under Philips and later in the Carlyle Group , until it was acquired by Hughes Electronics in 1995. The three areas of business of
3854-623: The controls of the Phoenix missile . TTL became popular with electronic systems designers after Texas Instruments introduced the 5400 series of ICs, with military temperature range, in 1964 and the later 7400 series , specified over a narrower range and with inexpensive plastic packages, in 1966. The Texas Instruments 7400 family became an industry standard. Compatible parts were made by Motorola , AMD , Fairchild , Intel , Intersil , Signetics , Mullard , Siemens , SGS-Thomson , Rifa , National Semiconductor , and many other companies, even in
3936-424: The current-limiting resistor R 3 (see the figure on the right). It is driven by applying the same current steering idea as above. When V 2 is "off", V 4 is "off" as well and V 3 operates in active region as a voltage follower producing high output voltage (logical "1"). When V 2 is "on", it activates V 4 , driving low voltage (logical "0") to the output. Again there is a current-steering effect:
4018-436: The digital domain but would not ordinarily be used where analog amplification is the primary purpose. TTL inverters can also be used in crystal oscillators where their analog amplification ability is significant. A TTL gate may operate inadvertently as an analog amplifier if the input is connected to a slowly changing input signal that traverses the unspecified region from 0.8 V to 2 V. The output can be erratic when
4100-784: The diode. However, this technique actually converts the sophisticated "totem-pole" output into a simple output stage having significant output resistance when driving a high level (determined by the external resistor). Like most integrated circuits of the period 1963–1990, commercial TTL devices are usually packaged in dual in-line packages (DIPs), usually with 14 to 24 pins, for through-hole or socket mounting. Epoxy plastic (PDIP) packages were often used for commercial temperature range components, while ceramic packages (CDIP) were used for military temperature range parts. Beam-lead chip dies without packages were made for assembly into larger arrays as hybrid integrated circuits. Parts for military and aerospace applications were packaged in flatpacks ,
4182-553: The early 1980s, Philips worked with Sony to create a standard for optical audio discs (CDs), using the technology developed for the LaserDisc. Teamed with Sony , Philips used the Magnavox brand name to introduce the CD-DA standard and equipment for consumer audio with the Magnavox player sold in department stores while the Sony CDP-101 went to high-end audio stores. During the late 1970s
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#17328725575074264-414: The equivalent TTL component and with the same pinouts . For example, the 74HCT00 series provides many drop-in replacements for bipolar 7400 series parts, but uses CMOS technology. Successive generations of technology produced compatible parts with improved power consumption or switching speed, or both. Although vendors uniformly marketed these various product lines as TTL with Schottky diodes , some of
4346-497: The function blocks realized in VLSI elements. The Gigatron TTL is a more recent (2018) example of a processor built entirely with TTL integrated circuits. While originally designed to handle logic-level digital signals, a TTL inverter can be biased as an analog amplifier. Connecting a resistor between the output and the input biases the TTL element as a negative feedback amplifier . Such amplifiers may be useful to convert analog signals to
4428-505: The input is in this range. A slowly changing input like this can also cause excess power dissipation in the output circuit. If such an analog input must be used, there are specialized TTL parts with Schmitt trigger inputs available that will reliably convert the analog input to a digital value, effectively operating as a one bit A to D converter. TTL serial refers to single-ended serial communication using raw transistor voltage levels: "low" for 0 and "high" for 1. UART over TTL serial
4510-685: The input transistor. If individually packaged transistors were used, the cost of all the transistors would discourage one from using such an input structure. But in an integrated circuit, the additional emitters for extra gate inputs add only a small area. At least one computer manufacturer, IBM, built its own flip chip integrated circuits with TTL; these chips were mounted on ceramic multi-chip modules. TTL devices consume substantially more power than equivalent CMOS devices at rest, but power consumption does not increase with clock speed as rapidly as for CMOS devices. Compared to contemporary ECL circuits, TTL uses less power and has easier design rules but
4592-648: The logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"), as opposed to earlier resistor–transistor logic (RTL) and diode–transistor logic (DTL). TTL integrated circuits (ICs) were widely used in applications such as computers , industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics, and synthesizers . After their introduction in integrated circuit form in 1963 by Sylvania Electric Products , TTL integrated circuits were manufactured by several semiconductor companies. The 7400 series by Texas Instruments became particularly popular. TTL manufacturers offered
4674-509: The military-specification temperature range of −55 to +125 °C. Special quality levels and high-reliability parts are available for military and aerospace applications. Radiation-hardened devices (for example from the SNJ54 series) are offered for space applications. Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of minicomputer and midrange mainframe computers, such as
4756-461: The output is needed to drive an input into an undefined region. In some cases (e.g., when the output of a TTL logic gate needs to be used for driving the input of a CMOS gate), the voltage level of the "totem-pole" output stage at output logical "1" can be increased closer to V CC by connecting an external resistor between the V4 collector and the positive rail. It pulls up the V 5 cathode and cuts-off
4838-449: The output is not loaded. A common variation omits the collector resistor of the output transistor, making an open-collector output. This allows the designer to fabricate wired logic by connecting the open-collector outputs of several logic gates together and providing a single external pull-up resistor . If any of the logic gates becomes logic low (transistor conducting), the combined output will be low. Examples of this type of gate are
4920-423: The output stage. The main advantage of TTL with a "totem-pole" output stage is the low output resistance at output logical "1". It is determined by the upper output transistor V 3 operating in active region as an emitter follower . The resistor R 3 does not increase the output resistance since it is connected in the V 3 collector and its influence is compensated by the negative feedback. A disadvantage of
5002-425: The positive rail, through the resistor and into the base of the multiple emitter transistor. This current passes through the base–emitter junction of the output transistor, allowing it to conduct and pulling the output voltage low (logical zero). An input logical zero. Note that the base–collector junction of the multiple-emitter transistor and the base–emitter junction of the output transistor are in series between
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#17328725575075084-510: The power supply. These pulses can couple in unexpected ways between multiple integrated circuit packages, resulting in reduced noise margin and lower performance. TTL systems usually have a decoupling capacitor for every one or two IC packages, so that a current pulse from one TTL chip does not momentarily reduce the supply voltage to another. Since the mid 1980s, several manufacturers supply CMOS logic equivalents with TTL-compatible input and output levels, usually bearing part numbers similar to
5166-542: The proprietary personal computer business in 1992. Philips sold the Greenville plant in 1997. In the 1990s, several Magnavox branded CD-i players were marketed by Philips. Starting in the early 1990s, some Philips electronics were marketed under the brand name "Philips Magnavox", in an attempt to increase brand awareness of the Philips name in the United States. While it did work to a degree, it also caused confusion to
5248-417: The resistor R 3 limits the current flowing directly through the series connected transistor V 3 , diode V 5 and transistor V 4 that are all conducting. It also limits the output current in the case of output logical "1" and short connection to the ground. The strength of the gate may be increased without proportionally affecting the power consumption by removing the pull-up and pull-down resistors from
5330-432: The same three games as the Odyssey 200, although, owing to its usage of the AY-3-8500, their gameplay more closely resembles Atari's Pong than Magnavox's previous games; horizontal control was absent, ball angle was automated, and the games are controlled with a single dial instead of three. Unlike the 200, the Odyssey 300 console has three difficulty levels: Novice, Intermediate, and Expert. Also owing to its implementation of
5412-405: The series combination of V 2 's C-E junction and V 4 's B-E junction is in parallel with the series of V 3 B-E, V 5 's anode-cathode junction, and V 4 C-E. The second series combination has the higher threshold voltage, so no current flows through it, i.e. V 3 base current is deprived. Transistor V 3 turns "off" and it does not impact on the output. In the middle of the transition,
5494-406: The squash player graphics with the hockey playing field. Unlike the Odyssey 400, however, the 500 does not support four onscreen "players." The Odyssey 500's manual acknowledged that the player graphics, being of different sizes, essentially represented different difficulty options. Interestingly, while Magnavox exploited the "mismatching" of players and playfields to market the Odyssey 500 as having
5576-452: The standard paddles with sprites representing the athletes of its various games: a tennis player, a squash player, and a hockey player. The three players and three playfields were each chosen by separate toggle switches; games were thus selected by matching the player to its appropriate playfield. In addition to the Smash, Hockey, and Tennis games, Odyssey 500 featured a fourth game, Soccer, by using
5658-518: The supplier of their single video game chips, was unable to deliver in a timely manner. The Odyssey 100 was designed around four Texas Instruments chips. It has two games (Tennis and Hockey). Neither game had on-screen scoring and the system used a crude buzzer for sound. The Odyssey 100 is powered by either six "C" batteries or a 9 volt AC adapter. Each player had three knobs for horizontal movement, vertical movement and ball trajectory adjustment ("English"). The Magnavox Odyssey 200 dedicated console
5740-414: The transition over a diode input structure. The main disadvantage of TTL with a simple output stage is the relatively high output resistance at output logical "1" that is completely determined by the output collector resistor. It limits the number of inputs that can be connected (the fanout ). Some advantage of the simple output stage is the high voltage level (up to V CC ) of the output logical "1" when
5822-556: The underlying circuits, such as used in the LS family, could rather be considered DTL . Variations of and successors to the basic TTL family, which has a typical gate propagation delay of 10ns and a power dissipation of 10 mW per gate, for a power–delay product (PDP) or switching energy of about 100 pJ , include: Most manufacturers offer commercial and extended temperature ranges: for example Texas Instruments 7400 series parts are rated from 0 to 70 °C, and 5400 series devices over
5904-504: The unit's internal logic circuitry. They do not contain any programming. There are eight dedicated home video game consoles and one TV with a built-in game console in the Odyssey series. All of these consoles were released in the US by Magnavox after its purchase by Philips in 1974 . The Magnavox Odyssey 100 dedicated console was announced in the Spring of 1975 with first shipments on October 30 and
5986-430: The zero (low) voltage source. As a result, no current flows through the base of the output transistor, causing it to stop conducting and the output voltage becomes high (logical one). During the transition the input transistor is briefly in its active region; so it draws a large current away from the base of the output transistor and thus quickly discharges its base. This is a critical advantage of TTL over DTL that speeds up
6068-427: Was also the first dedicated system to feature an option for four on-screen paddles instead of the customary two. The game manual, as well as Magnavox's service documentation describe this as an option for two or four "players," although the console itself can only be physically operated by two persons; consequently, the 200 is frequently and erroneously described as a "four-player" console today. The Odyssey 200 also added
6150-474: Was basically an updated version of the Odyssey 300. Like the 300, the Odyssey 2000 uses the AY-3-8500 single-chip design (which is also used in the Odyssey 3000). The Odyssey 2000 is set up for two players and uses a single rotating knob for each player's game control instead of the three knobs used by earlier Magnavox dedicated video game consoles. In addition to the Tennis, Hockey, and Squash ("Smash") game variations,
6232-492: Was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW , which declared it "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design technology." The original name for TTL was transistor-coupled transistor logic (TCTL). The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family (SUHL). The Sylvania parts were used in
6314-451: Was not available in 1971. The Datapoint 2200 from 1970 used TTL components for its CPU and was the basis for the 8008 and later the x86 instruction set. The 1973 Xerox Alto and 1981 Star workstations, which introduced the graphical user interface , used TTL circuits integrated at the level of arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and bitslices, respectively. Most computers used TTL-compatible " glue logic " between larger chips well into
6396-437: Was released in 1975 as a deluxe companion of the Odyssey 100. Marketed at the same time as the Odyssey 100, it began shipping units on November 12, 1975 at $ 129.95. Using the same TI multi-chip design, but adding 2 chips, the console improved on the Odyssey 100 in several areas. In addition to Tennis and Hockey, the Odyssey 200 featured a third game variation called "Smash" (essentially, the sport known as Squash ). The Odyssey 200
6478-427: Was released in 1977. The Odyssey 3000 features the same game variations as the Odyssey 2000 (Tennis, Hockey, Smash, Practice). The unit is set up for two players but a solo-play Practice mode for Smash is also available. A three-position handicap switch allows players to set skill level, and additional controls allow players to select automatic or manual serve, ball speed, and ball deflection angle (20 or 40 degrees). With
6560-477: Was released in 1978. Magnavox On January 29, 2013, it was announced that Philips had agreed to sell its audio and video operations to the Japan-based Funai Electric for €150 million, with the audio business planned to transfer to Funai in the latter half of 2013, and the video business in 2017. As part of the transaction, Funai was to pay a regular licensing fee to Philips for the use of
6642-580: Was released in October for US$ 69. Unlike Magnavox's previous two dedicated console products, the Odyssey 300 was meant to compete directly with the Coleco Telstar . Like the Telstar, the Odyssey 300 uses the AY-3-8500 chip as its logic and was among the first dedicated consoles to use a single IC chip as the focus of its design rather than multiple computer chips or transistor–transistor logic . The Odyssey 300 has
6724-444: Was used to implement on-screen scoring; the mechanical score sliders of the 200 were dispensed with. The Magnavox Odyssey 500 (model number: 7520) was released in 1976 for $ 130 as Magnavox's high-end companion to the Odyssey 300 and Odyssey 400 systems. The Odyssey 500 is essentially a deluxe version of the Odyssey 400 with several crucial improvements. The 500 featured color graphics (the first Odyssey game unit to do so) and replaced
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