129-554: Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The history of the Philippines dates from the earliest hominin activity in the archipelago at least by 709,000 years ago. Homo luzonensis , a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of Luzon at least by 134,000 years ago. The earliest known anatomically modern human was from Tabon Caves in Palawan dating about 47,000 years. Negrito groups were
258-639: A pontifical university , the Faculty of Sacred Theology, Faculty of Philosophy, and the Faculty of Canon Law or the UST Faculties of Ecclesiastical Studies are also governed by the apostolic constitution Veritatis gaudium that was issued by Pope Francis on December 8, 2017. UST has three basic education schools, the Junior High School , the Education High School which serves as a laboratory for
387-746: A taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae (hominines). They comprise two extant genera: Homo ( humans ) and Pan ( chimpanzees and bonobos ), and in standard usage exclude the genus Gorilla ( gorillas ), which is grouped separately within subfamily Homininae. The term Hominini was originally introduced by Camille Arambourg (1948), who combined the categories of Hominina and Simiina pursuant to Gray 's classifications (1825). Traditionally, chimpanzees , gorillas and orangutans were grouped together, excluding humans, as pongids . Since Gray's classifications, evidence accumulating from genetic phylogeny confirmed that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas are more closely related to each other than to
516-434: A "proto-human" or "pre-human" lineage separate from Pan appears to have been a process of complex speciation - hybridization rather than a clean split, taking place over the period of anywhere between 13 Mya (close to the age of the tribe Hominini itself) and some 4 Mya. Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times, with broad-scale hybridization activity occurring between the two emerging lineages as late as
645-884: A building near the Dominican church and convent in the walled city of Intramuros in Manila for the college. The authorities took the example of universities in Spain, such as the University of Salamanca , and in Spanish America, such as the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico , to become a model for the university. UST was first called the College of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary ( Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario ), and in 1619, it
774-465: A certain enrollment threshold, it becomes a separate college, independent of its faculty or parent college. The College of Information and Computing Sciences was founded as an institute when it separated from the Faculty of Engineering in 2014. It was elevated to the status of a college in 2021. The UST Central Seminary and the UST Hospital have separate statutes but are still under the university. As
903-402: A class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen called " alipin " or "oripun." Among the members of the nobility class were leaders who held the political office of " Datu ," which was responsible for leading autonomous social groups called " barangay " or "dulohan". Whenever these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance group,
1032-484: A culture that is predominantly Hindu and Buddhist, they were also good agriculturists, and lived through farming and aquaculture . During its existence, it grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in precolonial Philippines due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan. Due to its very good relations with Japan, the Japanese called Tondo as Luzon , even
1161-735: A customs inspector in Fukien province, China wrote the Zhufan Zhi ("Description of the Barbarous Peoples"). William Henry Scott said, that unlike other Philippine kingdoms or polities which needed backing from the Chinese Imperial Court to attract commerce, the Polity of Ma-i was powerful enough to have no need to send tributes to the Chinese throne. Hominini The Hominini (hominins) form
1290-601: A faculty, college, school, or institute, depending on when the academic unit was founded. The faculties , such as the Faculty of Civil Law, are formed during the Spanish colonial period, while colleges and schools , such as the College of Education and the Graduate School have been used since the American period. Institutes are adjuncts or naturally separate units of a specific faculty or college. Once an adjunct institute reaches
1419-665: A famous Japanese merchant, Luzon Sukezaemon , went as far as to change his surname from Naya to Luzon. Japan 's interaction with Philippine states have precedence in the 700s when Austronesian peoples like the Hayato and Kumaso settled in Japan and culturally mediated with the locals and their Austronesian kin to the south, served at the Imperial court and sometimes waged battles in Japan. Japan also imported Mishima ware manufactured in Luzon. In 900 CE,
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#17330857580021548-749: A new definition, Sa Huỳnh culture should be geographically restricted across Central Vietnam between Hue City in the north and Nha Trang City in the south. Recent archeological research reveals that the potteries in Kalanay Cave are quite different from those of the Sa Huỳnh but strikingly similar to those in Hoa Diem site, Central Vietnam and Samui Island, Thailand. New estimate dates the artifacts in Kalanay cave to come much later than Sa Huỳnh culture at 200–300 CE. Bio-anthropological analysis of human fossils found also confirmed
1677-511: A new seal was made after the Roman Curia suggested uniformity in the titles and the name of UST. The university's Council of Regents decided to include UST's name in the new seal and drop the titles of Royal and Pontifical because they are not part of the official name of the university. The controversial seal was revised a month after. The Council of Regents reverted to the previous seal and included UST's honorific titles Pontifical and Royal, and
1806-553: A relationship. Considerable evidence exists, on the other hand, for extensive trade with the Majapahit empire. The exact scope and mechanisms of Indian cultural influences on early Philippine polities are still the subject of some debate among Southeast Asian historiographers, but the current scholarly consensus is that there was probably little or no direct trade between India and the Philippines, and Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, filtered in during
1935-622: A scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered early states . This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such as Manila , Tondo , Pangasinan , Cebu , Panay , Bohol , Butuan , Cotabato , Lanao , Zamboanga and Sulu as well as some polities , such as Ma-i , whose possible location is either Mindoro or Laguna. These polities were influenced by Islamic , Indian , and Chinese cultures. Islam arrived from Arabia , while Indian Hindu - Buddhist religion , language , culture , literature and philosophy arrived through expeditions such as
2064-581: A single site in Batangas . The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies. Throughout history, the Maritime Jade Road has been known as one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in
2193-608: A single wave and diverged subsequently, or through two separate waves. This likely occurred sometime after 46,000 years ago. Another Negrito migration entered Mindanao sometime after 25,000 years ago. Two early East Asian waves were detected, one most strongly evidenced among the Manobo people who live in inland Mindanao, and the other in the Sama-Bajau and related people of the Sulu archipelago, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in
2322-563: A tributary-state, and it also traded with Japan. Arab chronicler Al Ya'akubi, had written that in the 800s, the kingdoms of Muja (Then Pagan/Hindu Brunei) and Mayd (Ma-i) militarily competed with the Chinese Empire. Volume 186 of the official history of the Song dynasty describes the polity of Ma-i ( c. before 971 – after 1339 ). Song dynasty traders visited Ma-i annually, and their accounts described Ma-i's geography, trade products, and
2451-568: A tributary-state, and it also traded with Japan. Chinese records of this kingdom, named Feng-chia-hsi-lan (Pangasinan), began when the first tributary King (Wang in Chinese), Kamayin, sent an envoy offering gifts to the Chinese Emperor. The state occupies the current province of Pangasinan . It was locally known the Luyag na Kaboloan (also spelled Caboloan ), with Binalatongan as its capital, existed in
2580-586: Is Sivapithecus , consisting of several species from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It differs from orangutans in dentition and postcranial morphology. In the following cladogram, the approximate time the clades radiated newer clades is indicated in millions of years ago (Mya). Hylobatidae (gibbons) Ponginae (orangutans) Gorillini (gorillas) Panina (chimpanzees) Ardipithecus (†) Praeanthropus (†) Australopithecus/ Paranthropus robustus (†2) Australopithecus garhi (†2.5) Homo (humans) Both Sahelanthropus and Orrorin existed during
2709-618: Is also some Papuan migration to Southeast Mindanao as Papuan genetic signatures were detected in the Sangil and Blaan ethnic groups. By 1000 BCE, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas , Hanunoo , Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter-gathering and were concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as
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#17330857580022838-506: Is built in 1952 and designed by Julio Victor Rocha. It initiated the application of the Niemeyer -inspired brise soleil in local buildings. The Quadricentennial Pavilion was the venue of the CNN Philippines vice-presidential debates in 2016, senatorial debates in 2019, and vice-presidential and presidential debates in 2022. The Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati Building is located across
2967-683: Is home to the Faculty of Arts and Letters and the College of Commerce and Business Administration . Built in 1952, the Bauhaus -inspired San Martin de Porres Building houses the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , the College of Nursing, and the College of Rehabilitation Sciences. The UST Hospital complex comprises the main St. Vincent Building, the Benavides Cancer Institute, the St. John Paul II Building, and
3096-502: Is included in the subtribe Hominina (see below ). The alternative convention uses "hominin" to exclude members of Panina: for Homo; or for human and australopithecine species. This alternative convention is referenced in e.g. Coyne (2009) and in Dunbar (2014). Potts (2010) in addition uses the name Hominini in a different sense, as excluding Pan , and uses "hominins" for this, while a separate tribe (rather than subtribe) for chimpanzees
3225-463: Is introduced, under the name Panini. In this recent convention, contra Arambourg, the term "hominin" is applied to Homo , Australopithecus , Ardipithecus , and others that arose after the split from the line that led to chimpanzees (see cladogram below); that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of the split, as "hominins", from those on the chimpanzee side, as "not hominins" (or "non-hominin hominids "). This cladogram shows
3354-695: Is named after an alumnus and Jollibee Foods Corporation founder Tony Tan Caktiong , and it will be an annex of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)-TOMASInno Center. UST operates under the Code of Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church , the apostolic constitution Ex corde Ecclesiae , the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines supplementary ordinances of the Ex corde Ecclesiae , and laws of
3483-609: Is the first structure on the campus and once served as the Kilometer Zero of Manila. It houses the Faculty of Civil Law , the Faculty of Pharmacy , the College of Science, the Museum of Arts and Sciences , and the administrative offices. The northeast quadrant of the campus includes the St. Raymund Penafort Building and the health and medical buildings. St. Raymund de Peñafort Building is built in International Style in 1955 and
3612-642: Is the largest university in the city of Manila . Located on España Boulevard in the Sampaloc district, it is spread over an almost perfect square of 21.5 hectares. The university is part of the University Belt . In 1927, the university transferred to its present campus when the Dominicans deemed the Intramuros campus inadequate for the university's growing population. The architectural style of buildings within
3741-470: Is the main campus of the University of Santo Tomas System that is run by the Order of Preachers . UST was granted the title Royal by King Charles III of Spain in 1785. Pope Leo XIII made UST a pontifical university in 1902. Pope Pius XII bestowed the title of The Catholic University of the Philippines in 1947. The university houses the first and oldest engineering, law, medical, and pharmacy schools in
3870-506: The Colegio de Santo Tomas in Avila, Spain. In 1609, permission to open the college was requested from King Philip III of Spain , which only reached Manila two years later. The university was founded on April 28, 1611. The act of foundation was signed by frays Baltasar Fort, Bernardo Navarro, and Francisco Minayo. Bernardo de Santa Catalina carried out the wishes of Benavides and was able to secure
3999-755: The Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal suggest the presence of human settlement before the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people . The Callao Man remains and 12 bones of three hominin individuals found by subsequent excavations in Callao Cave were later identified to belong in a new species named Homo luzonensis . For modern humans , the Tabon Man remains are the still oldest known at about 47,000 years. The Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in
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4128-401: The Faculty of Canon Law ( Facultad de Cánones ) and the Faculty of Civil Law ( Facultad de Derecho ) were established. The Royal Decree of May 20, 1865, from Queen Isabella II of Spain gave power to UST for the supervision of all secondary schools. Being the only institution of higher learning at that time, UST acted as the Department of Education of the country. After five years,
4257-787: The Hemudu , its successor the Liangzhu and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China. The most widely accepted theory of the population of the islands is the "Out-of-Taiwan" model that follows the Austronesian expansion during the Neolithic in a series of maritime migrations originating from Taiwan that spread to the islands of the Indo-Pacific ; ultimately reaching as far as New Zealand , Easter Island , and Madagascar . Austronesians themselves originated from
4386-483: The Imperial Japanese forces converted UST into an internment camp for enemy aliens, mostly Americans living in the Philippines. Their secret police division, known as Kenpeitai , turned the original Intramuros campus into a garrison and torture chamber, destroying it by fire in 1944. Over 3,700 internees were freed, 2,870 of whom were Americans, and over 600 were either killed or died from sickness or starvation in
4515-544: The Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon ; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-island maritime trade. It was also during the first millennium BCE that early metallurgy
4644-798: The Main Building , the Quadricentennial Square, the Miguel de Benavides Library , the Tan Yan Kee Student Center, and the upcoming Henry Sy Sr. Hall. Erected around 1680, the Arch of the Centuries served as the main entrance to the first campus in Intramuros . It transferred to its present site in 1954. The Main Building, designed by the priest and engineer Roque Ruaño, was built from 1924 to 1927. It
4773-730: The Malagasy people . Aside from language and genetics, they also share common cultural markers like multihull and outrigger boats , tattooing , rice cultivation , wetland agriculture , teeth blackening , jade carving, betel nut chewing , ancestor worship , and the same domesticated plants and animals (including dogs, pigs, chickens, yams, bananas, sugarcane, and coconuts). A 2021 genetic study examining representatives of 115 indigenous communities found evidence of at least five independent waves of early human migration. Negrito groups, divided between those in Luzon and those in Mindanao, may come from
4902-580: The Ming dynasty , Majapahit and Brunei or rebelling and waging war against them. The first recorded visit by Europeans is Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition, which landed in Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar, on March 17, 1521. They lost a battle against the army of Lapulapu , chief of Mactan , where Magellan was killed. The Spanish Philippines began with the Pacific expansion of New Spain and
5031-550: The Northern Mariana Islands by around 1500 BCE. They assimilated the earlier Australo-Melanesian Negritos, resulting in the modern Filipino ethnic groups that all display various ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups. Before the expansion out of Taiwan, archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such as
5160-463: The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila or colloquially as Ustê ( pronounced [usˈtɛʔ] ), is a private , Catholic research university in Manila , Philippines . Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Miguel de Benavides , third Archbishop of Manila , it has the oldest extant university charter in Asia and is one of the world's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus. It
5289-406: The Rajahnate of Maynila over the trade of Ming dynasty products throughout the archipelago. This trade was significant enough that the Yongle Emperor appointed a Chinese governor named Ko Ch'a-lao to oversee it. Since at least the year 900, this thalassocracy centered in Manila Bay flourished via an active trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and various other peoples in Asia. Tondo thrived as
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5418-483: The South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I . Some polities were Sinified tributary states allied to China . These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium. These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states. These small states alternated from being part of or being influenced by larger Asian empires like
5547-507: The clade of superfamily Hominoidea and its descendant clades, focused on the division of Hominini (omitting detail on clades not ancestral to Hominini). The family Hominidae ("hominids") comprises the tribes Ponginae (including orangutans ), Gorillini (including gorillas ) and Hominini, the latter two forming the subfamily of Homininae. Hominini is divided into Panina ( chimpanzees ) and Australopithecina (australopithecines). The Hominina ( humans ) are usually held to have emerged within
5676-419: The football field . BGPOP, also known as the Thomasian Alumni Center, sits on the site of the old UST Gymnasium. The Art Deco facade of the old gymnasium is preserved for its historical significance. The Beato Angelico Building occupies the site of the old UST Press, which was constructed in 1953. The College of Architecture and the College of Fine Arts and Design transferred from the Roque Ruano Building to
5805-421: The "Sa Huỳnh-Kalanay" pottery complex sites were dated 400BCE–1500 CE. The Maitum anthropomorphic pottery in the Sarangani Province of southern Mindanao is c. 200 CE. Ambiguity of what is Sa Huỳnh culture puts into question its extent of influence in Southeast Asia. Sa Huỳnh culture is characterized by use of cylindrical or egg-shaped burial jars associated with hat-shaped lids. Using its mortuary practice as
5934-566: The 10th through the early 14th centuries, through early Philippine polities' relations with the Hindu Majapahit empire. The Philippine archipelago is thus one of the countries, (others include Afghanistan and Southern Vietnam) just at the outer edge of what is considered the " Greater Indian cultural zone". The early polities of the Philippine archipelago were typically characterized by a three-tier social structure. Although different cultures had different terms to describe them, this three-tier structure invariably consisted of an apex nobility class,
6063-500: The 1935–1938 seal, the coat of arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines replaced the coat of arms of the Spanish East Indies. A fourth oval was added in the 1937–1946 seal to include the Spanish East Indies. The 1957–1983 seal replaced the coat of arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with the coat of arms of the Philippines . In June 2011, a new seal was unveiled, but due to its typeface and color selections, it garnered critical reaction on social media. The sudden change for
6192-575: The Aquinas University of Legazpi, is located in Legazpi, Albay . It is the biggest catholic university in the Bicol Region , offering courses in the fields of law, medical, architecture, engineering, accountancy, teacher education, and arts and sciences. The university also has its own hospital. UST General Santos is an 80-hectare campus in southern Philippines that will initially offer programs in agricultural and fishery research, arts and humanities, business and accountancy, engineering and technology, and pharmaceutical sciences. The university acquired
6321-500: The Australopithecina (which would roughly correspond to the alternative definition of Hominini according to the alternative definition which excludes Pan ). Genetic analysis combined with fossil evidence indicates that hominoids diverged from the Old World monkeys about 25 million years ago (Mya), near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae lived about 15 million years ago. The best-known fossil genus of Ponginae
6450-417: The Beato Angelico Building in 2003. The southeast quadrant comprises the Alfredo M. Velayo College of Accountancy and Multi-Deck Carpark Building, the Albertus Magnus Building, the Roque Ruaño Building, and the Quadricentennial Pavilion complex. The Albertus Magnus Building houses the College of Education and the Conservatory of Music . The Roque Ruaño Building, which houses the Faculty of Engineering ,
6579-403: The Beato Angelico Building, the Thomas Aquinas Research Complex, and the hospital buildings, have adopted the capital and column of the UST Main Building, one of the university's iconic symbols. Seven buildings are also named after beatified Dominicans and Dominican saints . The central axis of the campus comprises the Arch of the Centuries , the Plaza Benavides , the Benavides Monument ,
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#17330857580026708-425: The College of Education, and the Senior High School . The UST Elementary School used to offer primary education for children in the K-12 levels, but stopped accepting applications for the K-level sometime in the 2010s. UST offers over 63 undergraduate programs in over 100 undergraduate specializations, three professional programs, over 50 master programs, and over 20 doctorate programs enrolling 41,554 students in
6837-416: The Dominican hound carrying a flaming torch are perched atop the shield. Directly below is the sun of Thomas Aquinas, whose rays extend throughout the whole seal. The seal depicts three or four ovals bearing different coats of arms. In the 1868–1935 seal, the left oval contains the Papal insignia symbolizing the apostolic concession by which the college was raised to be a university. The right oval contains
6966-443: The Minister of Overseas Colonies Segismundo Moret issued a decree that converted Real y Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomas into Real y Pontificia Universidad de Filipinas . In 1871, the Superior Gobierno de Filipinas issued a decree that established the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy ( Facultad de Medicina y Farmacia ). UST was allowed to grant a licentiate degree in medicine. From 1877 to 1901, 329 students were granted
7095-531: The Neolithic rice-cultivating pre-Austronesian civilizations of the Yangtze River delta in coastal southeastern China pre-dating the conquest of those regions by the Han Chinese . This includes civilizations like the Liangzhu culture , Hemudu culture , and the Majiabang culture . It connects speakers of the Austronesian languages in a common linguistic and genetic lineage, including the Taiwanese indigenous peoples , Islander Southeast Asians , Chams , Islander Melanesians , Micronesians , Polynesians , and
7224-428: The Philippine Revolution against Spain, and from 1942 to 1945, during the Japanese occupation of the country. On December 1, 2010, the House of Representatives passed Resolution No. 51, "Resolution Congratulating the University of Santo Tomas on the occasion of its Quadricentennial Anniversary in 2011," which read "founded on April 28, 1611, by Archbishop Miguel de Benavides" and "has the oldest extant university charter in
7353-414: The Philippine government. The executive authorities of the university are the chancellor, the vice-chancellor, the rector, and the vice-rector. The ex-officio chancellor is the Master of the Order of Preachers . He appoints the rector of the university upon the approval of the Holy See. Currently, Filipino-Dominican priest Gerard Timoner III holds the position. The ex-officio vice-chancellor of
7482-486: The Philippines and have won the overall championships more than any other university. The foundation of the university is attributed to the Spanish friar Miguel de Benavides . He came to the Philippines with the first Dominican mission in 1587. He went on to become bishop of Nueva Segovia and was promoted to become the third archbishop of Manila in 1601. Upon his death on July 26, 1605, Benavides bequeathed his library and personal property worth ₱1,500 to be used as
7611-416: The Philippines (FAAP). The university has the highest number of Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities' Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA)-accredited programs in the country, with 59. The main campus is the largest university in the city of Manila and is home to 22 degree-granting colleges , a parish church , and a teaching hospital . The National Museum of the Philippines declared four of
7740-429: The Philippines and Asia." In the second term of 2023–2024, 33,407 students were enrolled in the university's undergraduate and graduate programs, while 7,250 were enrolled in basic education. The oldest seal used by the university is first seen in an examination book Libros de piques that is found in the UST Archives. The university seal from 1868 to 1983 is set in a cardioid shield. The globus cruciger and
7869-419: The Philippines as "Panyupayana" (The lands surrounded by water). By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had emerged as trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes. The Barangic Phase of history can be noted for its highly mobile nature, with barangays transforming from being settlements and turning into fleets and vice versa, with the wood constantly re-purposed according to
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#17330857580027998-434: The Philippines has not been reliably dated. They were followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , a branch of the Austronesian language family . The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at 3000–2200 BCE, settling the Batanes Islands and northern Luzon . From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia , as well as voyaging further east to reach
8127-416: The Philippines that led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms . The date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , is 900 CE. From the details of the document, written in Kawi script , the bearer of a debt, Namwaran, along with his children Lady Angkatan and Bukah, are cleared of a debt by the ruler of Tondo . It is the earliest document that shows
8256-421: The Philippines. In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was set up with popular elections. The U.S. promised independence in the Jones Act . The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence. However, in 1942 during World War II, Japan occupied the Philippines . The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945. The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established
8385-557: The Sama people indicates a relationship with the Htin and Mlabri people of mainland Southeast Asia, both peoples being speakers of an Austroasiatic language and reflects a similar genetic signal found in western Indonesia. These happened sometime after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively, around the time the last glacial period was coming to an end. Austronesians, either from Southern China or Taiwan, were found to have come in at least two distinct waves. The first, occurring perhaps between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, brought
8514-415: The Santísimo Rosario Parish and the Ecclesiastical Faculties . The Botanical Garden was established in 1932 and continues to serve students in the research of Philippine flora and medicinal plants. TARC is home to the Graduate School . The southwest quadrant includes the Buenaventura Garcia Paredes, O.P. Building (BGPOP), the swimming pool, the UST Publishing House , the Beato Angelico Building, and
8643-575: The Spanish conquest. In the sixteenth century Pangasinan was called the "Port of Japan" by the Spanish. The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners, which were likened to that of animals. Also, used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese-style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in
8772-434: The UST Hospital Clinical Division. The St. John Paul II Building was inaugurated in 2019 and serves as the extension of the UST Hospital. The northwest quadrant comprises the Central Seminary, the Botanical Garden, the Benavides Building, the Central Laboratory Building, and the Thomas Aquinas Research Complex (TARC). The Central Seminary , built in 1933, is designed by Fernando Ocampo in Art Deco style. It also houses
8901-531: The UST System in 2017. UST Angelicum College is located in the Santo Domingo Church complex in Quezon City . It offers basic education programs, a home study program , and undergraduate programs. The campus was founded as the Angelicum School in 1972 by Rogelio Alarcon. The school changed its name to Angelicum College in 1996 after offering undergraduate courses in 1995. It offers programs in communication, entrepreneurship, human resource management, and information technology. UST-Legazpi , formerly known as
9030-402: The University of Santo Tomas Entrance Test (USTET) annually. The results are released on January 28, the feast of day of St. Thomas Aquinas . In 2020 and 2021, the USTET was replaced by the UST Admission Rating (USTAR) because of the COVID-19 situation in the country. The USTAR is a score that computes several parameters obtained primarily from the academic records of the applicant. In 2020,
9159-408: The X chromosome in the ancestral populations prior to the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA). Most DNA studies find that humans and Pan are 99% identical, but one study found only 94% commonality, with some of the difference occurring in non-coding DNA . It is most likely that the australopithecines, dating from 4.4 to 3 Mya, evolved into the earliest members of genus Homo . In
9288-435: The adjectival term "hominin" (or nominalized "hominins") refers to the tribe Hominini, whereas the members of the subtribe Hominina (and thus all archaic human species) are referred to as "homininan" ("homininans"). This follows the proposal by Mann and Weiss (1996), which presents tribe Hominini as including both Pan and Homo , placed in separate subtribes. The genus Pan is referred to subtribe Panina , and genus Homo
9417-630: The ancestors of indigenous groups that today live around the Cordillera Central mountain range. Later migrations brought other Austronesian groups, along with agriculture, and the languages of these recent Austronesian migrants effectively replaced those existing populations. In all cases, new immigrants appear to have mixed to some degree with existing populations. The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities. There
9546-459: The animist indigenous peoples between the Philippines and Taiwan, and later expanded to cover Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and other countries. Artifacts made from white and green nephrite have been discovered at a number of archeological excavations in the Philippines since the 1930s. The artifacts have been both tools like adzes and chisels , and ornaments such as lingling-o earrings, bracelets and beads. Tens of thousands were found in
9675-422: The area. In exchange for these goods, traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves, but also for deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China, they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south. In northern Luzon, Caboloan (Pangasinan) ( c. 1406–1576 ) sent emissaries to China in 1406–1411 as
9804-556: The arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi 's expedition on February 13, 1565, from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu . Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines . Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law , and the oldest modern university in Asia . The Philippines
9933-504: The campus is influenced by the construction period, resulting in a significant variation. The designs of early structures are done by university priests and professors who used styles from the Renaissance Revival , Art Deco , Bauhaus , to International Style . The Sampaloc campus saw an extensive redevelopment at the turn of the century as 12 out of the 24 major buildings were constructed from 2002 to 2023. Several buildings, such as
10062-513: The capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom, which was led by kings under the title "Lakan" that belongs to the caste of the Maharlika , who were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society. At its height, they ruled a large part of what is now known as Luzon from Ilocos to Bicol from possibly before 900 CE to 1571, becoming the largest precolonial state . The Spaniards called them Hidalgos . The people of Tondo had developed
10191-536: The city itself was encased by Bamboo thickets. By the time of Spanish contact, it was ruled by a native Chief named Gat Maitan. Namayan, also a Pasig river polity, arose as a confederation of local barangays . Local tradition says that it achieved its peak in 1175. Archeological findings in Santa Ana have produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the Pasig-river polities, pre-dating artifacts found within
10320-488: The coat of arms similar to the coat of arms of Spain used in 1700-1868 and 1834–1930 to indicate the protection which Philip IV of Spain vouchsafed to the university. The center oval contains the cross of the Dominican order , which is surrounded by a rosary, crowned by the star of Saint Dominic , and flanked below by a palm branch (representing martyrdom) to its left and white lilies to the right. The inner lower border of
10449-468: The colonization of Vietnam by Austronesian people from insular Southeast Asia in, e.g., the Hoa Diem site. Also known to a lesser extent as the Pre-Philippines period, is a pre-unification period characterized by many independent states known as polities each with its own history, cultures, chieftains, and governments distinct from each other. According to sources from Southern Liang, people from
10578-556: The corporate name of Real y Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomas de Manila . With the growing student population, the Dominicans were given a 21.5-hectare plot of land at the Sulucan Hills in Sampaloc, Manila and built its new campus. In 1924, it began accepting female enrollees. All courses and departments moved to the new campus, with the exception of medicine and civil law, both of which stayed in Intramuros. During World War II ,
10707-567: The country. The university offers programs in over 180 undergraduate and graduate specializations. It has 26 programs recognized by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development, ranking second in the country and first among private educational institutions. It is awarded institutional accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of
10836-510: The early 10th–14th centuries and the Calatagan pot with baybayin inscription, dated to not later than early 16th century. In the years leading up to 1000, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under
10965-461: The estimated duration of the ancestral chimpanzee–human speciation events, within the range of eight to four million years ago (Mya). Very few fossil specimens have been found that can be considered directly ancestral to genus Pan . News of the first fossil chimpanzee, found in Kenya, was published in 2005. However, it is dated to very recent times—between 545 and 284 thousand years ago. The divergence of
11094-606: The fertile Agno River valley. It flourished around the same period, the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires arose in Indonesia which had extended their influence to much of the Malay Archipelago . The Luyag na Kaboloan expanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces of Zambales , La Union , Tarlac , Benguet , Nueva Ecija , and Nueva Vizcaya . Pangasinan enjoyed full independence until
11223-662: The first inhabitants to settle in the prehistoric Philippines. These were followed by Austroasiatics , Papuans , and South Asians . By around 3000 BCE, seafaring Austronesians, who form the majority of the current population, migrated southward from Taiwan. By 2000 BCE the archipelago was the crux of a trans-oceanic Philippine jade culture . Scholars generally believe that these ethnic and social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization , social stratification , and political organization . Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas) achieved such
11352-456: The first term of the academic year 2023–2024. The Faculty of Engineering received the most freshmen with 4,239 students and the Faculty of Art and Letters followed with 3,600. In 2018, there were 371 foreign students, majority were from Asian countries. The UST Hospital, which serves as the training hospital of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, offers 21 residency training programs. The university produced 8,131 graduates in 2022. UST holds
11481-545: The gold and blue as Pantone 213 C and Pantone 298 C, respectively. The Tongues of Fire is the logo of the UST Quadricentennial Celebration . It features the outline of the UST Main Building tower and four flames that spell out UST. The tongues of fire reference the future of the university and are reminiscent of the stripes of a tiger. It is designed by alumnus Francisco Doplon. The UST main campus
11610-533: The historical sites of Maynila and Tondo . Places in Pangasinan like Lingayen Gulf were mentioned as early as 1225, when Lingayen as known was Li-ying-tung had been listed in Chao Ju-kua's Chu Fan Chih (An account of the various barbarians) as one of the trading places along with Mai (Mindoro or Manila). In northern Luzon, Caboloan (Pangasinan) ( c. 1406–1576 ) sent emissaries to China in 1406–1411 as
11739-533: The independent Philippine Republic. Stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains discovered in Rizal, Kalinga are evidences of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years. Researchers found 57 stone tools near rhinoceros bones bearing cut marks and some bones smashed open, suggesting that the early humans were after the nutrient-rich marrow. A 2023 study dated the age of fossilized remains of Homo luzonensis of Cagayan at about 134,000 years. This and
11868-471: The internment camp for 37 months from January 1942 until February 11, 1945, when the camp was liberated by General Douglas MacArthur . UST was given the title " Royal " by King Charles III of Spain in 1785, in recognition of the university's loyalty in defending Manila against the British troops. In 1974, then prince King Juan Carlos I of Spain visited UST and was conferred doctor of laws honoris causa and
11997-421: The kingdom of Langkasuka in present-day Thailand were wearing cotton clothes made in Luzon, Philippines as early as 516–520 CE. The British Historian Robert Nicholl citing Arab chronicler Al Ya'akubi, had written that on the early years of the 800s, the kingdoms of Muja (Then Pagan Brunei ) and Mayd ( Kedatuan of Madja-as or Ma-i ) waged war against the Chinese Empire. Medieval Indian scholars also referred to
12126-408: The land of the new campus in 1997, but the construction was stalled by land classification problems and local politics. In 2013, the local city council approved the rezoning of the university site to institutional from agricultural. The consultation and public hearing for the first phase of the establishment of the new campus was conducted in 2017. The construction broke ground on April 20, 2018, and
12255-457: The licentiate degree. José Rizal studied medicine at the university from 1878 to 1882, where he was granted the rare privilege of studying simultaneously the preparatory course of medicine and the first year of medicine. The university began granting the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1902 during the new American system . The university was registered on January 13, 1908, as a non-stock, non-profit educational institution under Act 1459 with
12384-516: The lord-minister Jayadewa presented a document of debt forgiveness to Lady Angkatan and her brother Bukah, the children of Namwaran. This is described in the Philippines' oldest known document, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . The Chinese also mention a polity called "Luzon." This is believed to be a reference to Maynila since Portuguese and Spanish accounts from the 1520s explicitly state that "Luçon" and "Maynila" were "one and
12513-602: The main campus and is connected by the UST Link Bridge. The Frassati Building houses the Senior High School, the College of Information and Computing Sciences, the DOST-TOMASInno Center, and several administrative offices. At its completion in 2019, it became the tallest educational building in the Philippines with 23 floors. A stormwater drainage system that would help in mitigating UST's seasonal flood problem
12642-421: The more senior or respected among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu", variedly called a Lakan, Sultan, Rajah, or simply a more senior Datu. Eventually, by the 14th to 16th century, inter-kingdom warfare escalated and population densities across the archipelago was low. During the period of the south Indian Pallava dynasty and the north Indian Gupta Empire , Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia and
12771-462: The name of the university. The current seal of the university is set in a modern French shield quartered by the Dominican Cross. The surrounding inscription reads the full name of UST: Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila, and the foundation year, 1611. The symbols are set on a field of Marian blue. The colors, as officially defined by the university's identity guidelines, define
12900-563: The northern part of the Pasig River delta. The earliest historical record of local polities and kingdoms, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , indirectly refers to the Tagalog polity of Tondo ( c. before 900 –1589) and two to three other settlements believed to be located somewhere near Tondo, as well as a settlement near Mt. Diwata in Mindanao, and the temple complex of Medang in Java. Although
13029-740: The only extant species in the Australopithecine branch (subtribe), which also contains many extinct close relatives of humans. Concerning membership, when Hominini is taken to exclude Pan , Panini ("panins") may refer to the tribe containing Pan as its only genus. Or perhaps place Pan with other dryopithecine genera, making the whole tribe or subtribe of Panini or Panina together. Minority dissenting nomenclatures include Gorilla in Hominini and Pan in Homo (Goodman et al. 1998), or both Pan and Gorilla in Homo (Watson et al. 2001). By convention,
13158-498: The onset of martial law in the Philippines in 1972, he issued guidelines from a Department Order about the Marcos martial law and sought the help of the faculty members for the maintenance of discipline imposed by the government. The Varsitarian continued to operate during martial law, even when several national newspapers were shut down. The UST administration cautioned The Varsitarian against publishing anti-government sentiments, but
13287-400: The orangutan. The orangutans were reassigned to the family Hominidae ( great apes ), which already included humans; and the gorillas were grouped as a separate tribe (Gorillini) of the subfamily Homininae. Still, details of this reassignment remain contested, and of publishing since (on tribe Hominini), not every source excludes gorillas and not every source includes chimpanzees. Humans are
13416-654: The peaceful situation of the islands. Burials with violent proof were only found from burials beginning in the 15th century, likely due to the newer cultures of expansionism imported from India and China. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they recorded some warlike groups, whose cultures have already been influenced by the imported Indian and Chinese expansionist cultures of the 15th century. The Sa Huỳnh culture centered on present-day Vietnam, showed evidence of an extensive trade network. Sa Huỳnh beads were made from glass, carnelian , agate , olivine , zircon , gold and garnet ; most of these materials were not local to
13545-421: The period 6.3 to 5.4 Mya, according to Patterson et al. (2006), This research group noted that one hypothetical late hybridization period was based in particular on the similarity of X chromosomes in the proto-humans and stem chimpanzees, suggesting that the final divergence was even as recent as 4 Mya. Wakeley (2008) rejected these hypotheses; he suggested alternative explanations, including selection pressure on
13674-427: The pope four times since 1970, Pope Paul VI in 1970, Pope John Paul II in 1981 and 1995, and by Pope Francis in 2015. During the quadricentennial year in 2011, Pope Benedict XVI sent a special envoy and gave a video message. In 1947, Pope Pius XII bestowed the appellate name The Catholic University of the Philippines . UST's first Filipino rector was Leonardo Legaspi , who served UST from 1971 to 1977. At
13803-406: The precise political relationships between these polities is unclear in the text of the inscription, the artifact is usually accepted as evidence of intra- and inter-regional political linkages as early as 900 CE. By the arrival of the earliest European ethnographers during the 1500s, Tondo was led by the paramount ruler called a " Lakan ". It had grown into a major trading hub, sharing a monopoly with
13932-414: The prehistoric world, existing for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. The operations of the Maritime Jade Road coincided with an era of near absolute peace which lasted for 1,500 years, from 500 BCE to 1000 CE. During this peaceful pre-colonial period, not a single burial site studied by scholars yielded any osteological proof for violent death. No instances of mass burials were recorded as well, signifying
14061-496: The publication still urged the students to resist the dictatorship. The student council from the Faculty of Arts and Letters became the first legitimate student government in the country since martial law was declared. UST's recognition as the oldest extant university in the Philippines was disputed by the University of San Carlos . Since its establishment, the UST's academic life has been interrupted only twice; from 1898 to 1899, during
14190-563: The region, and were most likely imported. Han dynasty -style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huỳnh sites. Conversely, Sa Huỳnh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand , Taiwan (Orchid Island), and in the Philippines, in the Palawan , Tabon Caves . One of the great examples is the Kalanay Cave in Masbate ; the artefacts on the site in one of
14319-537: The same", although some historians argue that since none of these observers actually visited Maynila, "Luçon" may simply have referred to all the Tagalog and Kapampangan polities that rose up on the shores of Manila Bay. Cainta was a fortified upriver polity in present-day Rizal province that occupied both shores of an arm of the Pasig River . The river bisected it in the middle, a moat surrounded its log walls and stone bulwarks armed with native cannons ( Lantakas ) and
14448-512: The seal is lined with the Latin name of the university Pontificia et Regalis S(ancti) Thomæ Aquinatis Universitas Manilana . The upper half of the seal is flanked by laurel leaves on both sides and the lower half by a collar similar to the insignia used the by the Order of the Golden Fleece . The 1935–1938, 1937–1946, and 1957–1983 versions had changes depending on the government of the country. In
14577-469: The seed fund for the establishment of an institution of higher learning. Two days before, he made a testament in the presence of Dominican priests Domingo de Nieva and Bernardo de Santa Catalina, who were the executors of his last will. In June 1606, Bishop Diego de Soria wrote a letter to King Philip III of Spain informing him of the plans of founding a colegio. He also added that the colegio be given authorization to grant academic degrees similar to those of
14706-404: The situation. Politics during this era was personality-driven and organization was based on shifting alliances and contested loyalties set in a backdrop of constant inter-polity interactions, both through war and peace. Legendary accounts often mention the interaction of early Philippine polities with the Srivijaya empire, but there is not much archaeological evidence to definitively support such
14835-522: The sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus , wangs, rajahs , sultans or lakans . or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". A number of states existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan . These included: Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Brunei . Tondo was a major trade hub on Luzon island in
14964-471: The title Royal Patron, as a revival of the tradition dating back to 1680 when King Charles II of Spain was named the first patron. Queen Sofía of Spain , who visited with her husband in 1974, came back in 2012. In 1902, UST was officially declared a pontifical university by the Quae Mari Sinico , an apostolic constitution signed by Pope Leo XIII . As a pontifical university, UST has been visited by
15093-450: The trade behaviors of its rulers. Chinese merchants noted that Ma-i's citizens were honest and trustworthy. Because the descriptions of Mai's location in these accounts are unclear, there is dispute about Mai's location, with some scholars believing it was located in Bay, Laguna , and others believing it was on the island of Mindoro . The Buddhist polity traded with Ryukyu and Japan. Chao Jukua ,
15222-746: The university is the Prior Provincial of the Dominican Province of the Philippines. The rector serves as the university's chief executive officer. He is assisted by a council of regents, an academic senate and an economic council. A dean heads an academic unit while being assisted by a faculty council and a regent, who is a member of the Order of Preachers. UST Manila has 19 civil colleges, three ecclesiastical colleges, and three basic education schools. These are academic units that are organically interdependent with one another. A college may be referred to as
15351-598: The university's structures and the UST Baybayin Documents as National Cultural Treasures . UST alumni and faculty include 30 Catholic saints , four presidents of the Philippines , 17 senators , nine chief justices , 20 national artists , a national scientist , and five billionaires. The athletic teams are the Growling Tigers , who are members of the University Athletic Association of
15480-827: The university's structures were also declared National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum namely, the Arch of the Centuries , Main Building , the Central Seminary , and the university's open spaces. The UST in Manila is the main campus of the University of Santo Tomas System , which comprises three other existing campuses and one upcoming UST campus in Santa Rosa , Laguna . UST Angelicum College in Quezon City and University of Santo Tomas–Legazpi in Legazpi, Albay integrated with
15609-400: The use of mathematics in precolonial Philippine societies. A standard system of weights and measures is demonstrated by the use of precise measurement for gold, and familiarity with rudimentary astronomy is shown by fixing the precise day within the month in relation to the phases of the moon. From the various Sanskrit terms and titles seen in the document, the culture and society of Manila Bay
15738-800: The year 2000, the discovery of Orrorin tugenensis , dated as early as 6.2 Mya, briefly challenged critical elements of that hypothesis, as it suggested that Homo did not in fact derive from australopithecine ancestors. All the listed fossil genera are evaluated for two traits that could identify them as hominins: Some, including Paranthropus , Ardipithecus , and Australopithecus , are broadly thought to be ancestral and closely related to Homo ; others, especially earlier genera, including Sahelanthropus (and perhaps Orrorin ), are supported by one community of scientists but doubted by another. Extant species are in bold. University of Santo Tomas The University of Santo Tomas ( UST ; Filipino : Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas ), officially
15867-586: Was completed in 2021. The underground system covers seven street zones that can hold 11.25 million liters of water. As part of the celebration of the 2022 Thomasian Welcome Walk, the new UST block letters and the Bengal Tiger statue were unveiled at the Plaza Mayor. The campus was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2011. Four of
15996-612: Was delayed for several years by changes in the administration, the Quadricentennial Celebration from 2009 to 2012, and prioritization of the construction projects in the main campus. On September 10, 2017, a second groundbreaking ceremony was held and led by then university rector Herminio Dagohoy . The construction of the first building in the campus, the UST–Dr. Tony Tan Caktiong Innovation Center, began in December 2020. The center
16125-458: Was headed by then university rector Herminio Dagohoy . The campus opened on April 11, 2024. UST Santa Rosa is a 40-hectare campus in Laguna that will offer undergraduate programs in science and engineering. The campus first broke ground on April 19, 2006, which was led by then university rector Tamerlane Lana and attended by UST board member and tycoon Lucio Tan . The development of the campus
16254-448: Was renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas in honor of the Dominican theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas . On November 20, 1645, Pope Innocent X issued the papal bull In Supereminenti , which elevated the Colegio de Santo Tomas to a university and placed it under papal authority. Following the royal decree of King Philip V of Spain in 1733 and bull Dudum emanarunt of Pope Clement XII in 1734,
16383-665: Was ruled under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain . After this, the colony was directly governed by Spain, following Mexico's independence. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War . The Philippines then became a territory of the United States. U.S. forces suppressed a revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo . The United States established the Insular Government to rule
16512-456: Was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with India Around 300–700 CE, the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism . The Maritime Jade Road was initially established by
16641-548: Was that of a Hindu – Old Malay amalgamation, similar to the cultures of Java , Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra at the time. There are no other significant documents from this period of precolonial Philippine society and culture until the Doctrina Christiana of the late 16th century, written at the start of the Spanish period in both native Baybayin script and Spanish. Other artifacts with Kawi script and baybayin were found, such as an Ivory seal from Butuan dated to
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