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36-509: Phan Châu Trinh was born in Tây Lộc village, Hà Đông district, Thăng Bình fu (now is Tam Lộc commune, Phú Ninh district ) of Quảng Nam province in 1872. He was the third son of a rich and famous scholar, who joined and became an official in the Cần Vương association of Quảng Nam in 1885. Trinh stopped studying and followed his father for hunting and military training at age of 14. In 1887, his father

72-591: A democratic republic. Having earlier met Phan Bội Châu ( Sào Nam ) in 1903, in early March 1906, he went to British Hong Kong then Guangdong to meet with him again at Liu Yongfu ( ông Lưu )'s house. He made his way there disguised as a disheveled common laborer. He then went to Japan with Sào Nam as part of the Đông-Du movement. They stayed in Yokohama , where they had set up a two-story Japanese house to teach students, which they called Bính-Ngọ-Hiên ( Fire Horse Lodge). In early May 1906, they went to Tokyo to inspect

108-541: A patriotic modern school in Hanoi for young Vietnamese men and women. The school was called Tonkin Free School (Vietnamese: Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục ), used new translated books like Kang Youwei 's Datong Shu and Liang Qichao 's Ice-Drinker's studio Collection (Vietnamese: Lương Khải Siêu – Đại đồng Thư, Khang Hữu Vi – Ẩm Băng thất Tùng thư ) . He was a lecturer at the school, and Sào Nam's writings were also used. Lương Văn Can

144-581: A road and a ward named after Phan Châu Trinh in its central district – Hoàn Kiếm . In 2006, Madame Bình – a granddaughter of Phan Châu Trinh – and her associates, formed a Cultural Foundation named after him to "Import, Revive, Initiate, Preserve & Spread of quintessential cultural values to contribute to the renewal of Vietnamese culture in the 21st century". Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him. Fu (administrative division) Fu ( Chinese : 府 ; pinyin : fǔ )

180-677: A secretary and librarian with the Research Institute of the French School of the Far East until 1940." A romanization system for Mandarin was developed by the EFEO. It shares a few similarities with Wade-Giles and Hanyu Pinyin . In modern times, it has been superseded by Hanyu Pinyin. The differences between the three romanization systems are shown in the following table: The catalog of EFEO Publications, of some 600 titles, includes works on

216-660: A whole Duy Tân Movement  [ vi ] with slogan "Broaden the People’s Mind, Invigorate the People’s Spirit, then Enrich the People’s Well-being" (Vietnamese: Khai dân trí, chấn dân khí, hậu dân sinh ). By the end of the year 1906, he wrote a letter titled Đầu Pháp Chính phủ thư to the governors-general of French Indochina Paul Beau. He asked the French to live up to their civilising mission. He blamed them for

252-593: Is a traditional administrative division of Chinese origin used in the East Asian cultural sphere , translated variously as commandery , prefecture , urban prefecture, or city. They were first instituted as a regular form of administrative division of China 's Tang Empire , but were later adopted in Vietnam , Japan and Korea . At present, only two fu still remain: the prefectures of Kyoto and Osaka in Japan . The term fu

288-582: Is currently also used in Chinese to translate the provinces of Thailand , but not those of mainland China , Taiwan or other countries. Fu (府) means an office or a command institution. The character appears in the Chinese words for "government" (政府, zhėngfǔ ) or "official's residence" (府邸, fǔdǐ ), and names of official institutions such as the " Imperial Household Department " (內務府, Nèiwùfǔ ) in China or " Office of

324-636: Is so high, and the level of our people is so low! How could we not become slaves? That some students now can enter Japanese schools has been your great achievement. Please stay on in Tokyo to take a quiet rest and devote yourself to writing, and not to making appeals for combat against the French. You should only call for 'popular rights and popular enlightenment.' Once popular rights have been achieved, then we can think about other things." Sào Nam commented: "Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and our opinions were diametrically opposed. That

360-488: Is to say, he wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nation's independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and

396-537: The Second Sino-Japanese War , the Japanese government wished to tighten control of the local autonomy of the different areas of Tokyo. The Home Ministry published a plan to rename Tokyo to a metropolis ( 都 , to ) , but the special wards of Tokyo (35 in 1938) objected to the plan. In 1943 the plan was implemented, and Tokyo-fu and Tokyo-shi were merged to become the current Tokyo Metropolis . This brought

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432-520: The Tiến sĩ (doctorate) title, and Nguyễn Sinh Sắc got the Phó bảng title. In 1903, Phan was appointed Thừa-biện (a mid-ranking official) of Ministry of Rites . In 1905, Phan resigned from his post in the mandarin bureaucracy. He had become strongly opposed to the monarchy , traditional Chinese Confucian-influenced Vietnamese court and mandarin system. He called for an end to the monarchy and its replacement with

468-597: The Trung Kỳ Brotherhood Association and Phan's family built a temple for him in Đa Kao . In 1933, the old temple was dismantled, instead, a new temple dedicated to Phan was built near his tomb in Tân Bình , Saigon. Nowadays, the Phan Châu Trinh memorial site covers 2,500 square meters, including his temple, his tomb and an artifacts gallery. The site became a national relic since 1994. Hanoi city also has

504-475: The provinces of Japan were named kokufu ( 国府 , "province capitals") . The fu character is an element still found in several Japanese city names, such as Dazaifu ( 太宰府 ) , Fuchū ( 府中 ) , Hōfu ( 防府 ) , Kōfu ( 甲府 ) , Rifu ( 利府 ) and the old name for Shizuoka , Sunpu ( 駿府 ) . During the Meiji Restoration , the newly formed Meiji government enacted Fuhanken Sanchisei in 1868, splitting

540-515: The Commander-Governor"), which were border prefectures with a more powerful governor. Zhou was the more common name for an inland prefecture. Dudu Fu was shortened to Fu and the convention developed that larger prefectures would be named fu , while smaller prefectures would be called zhou . One of the earliest cities to be called a fu was Jingzhao -fu ( 京兆府 ), which including the capital city Chang'an and Henan -fu, which including

576-574: The Far East The French School of the Far East ( French : École Française d'Extrême-Orient , pronounced [ekɔl fʁɑ̃sɛːz dɛkstʁɛm ɔʁjɑ̃] ; also translated as The French School of Asian Studies ), abbreviated EFEO , is an associated college of PSL University dedicated to the study of Asian societies. It was founded on 20 January 1900 with headquarters in Hanoi in what was then Tonkin protectorate of French Indochina . After

612-414: The Japanese education and political system. Phan disagreed with Sào Nam's early ideas of asking for military assistance from Japan, as he didn't trust Japan's militarism . He also had other disagreements with Sào Nam's philosophy. Therefore, they had a friendly argument for a few weeks before he returned to Vietnam. Back in Vietnam he continued to receive letters from Sào Nam arguing about his opposition to

648-709: The Japanese government: Kaesong and Hamhung in 1930, followed by Daejeon , Jeonju and Gwangju in 1935, Rason (1936), Haeju (1938), Jinju (1939), Kimchaek (1941) and Hungnam (1944). After the Potsdam Declaration in 1945 and Japan's defeat in World War II , as well as the division of Korea , the term has no longer been in use. The word was borrowed in Sino-Vietnamese as phủ (府), and used as an administrative unit in 15–19th-century Vietnam . Administrative division of new frontier territories into phủ

684-522: The President " (總統府, Zǒngtǒngfǔ ) in Taiwan . The Japanese language uses the Chinese character: (i) as a part of words, such as government ( 政府 , seifu ) , shogunate ( 幕府 , bakufu ) , Cabinet Office ( 内閣府 , naikakufu ) , and legislature ( 立法府 , rippō-fu ) , or (ii) as the name of a category of prefectures. One of the earlier uses of fu as part of the name of an administrative division

720-693: The capitals of each district, and also included rural areas. A year later in August 1896, these districts were replaced by 13 new provinces, using the previous word do (도; 道). After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 and the occupation of Korea by Japan , many areas were renamed and local government was reorganised. On 1 April 1914, twelve bu were created: Seoul (then Gyeongseong-bu ( 京城府 , Keijō-fu ) ), Incheon , Gunsan , Mokpo , Daegu , Busan , Masan , Pyongyang , Chinnampo , Sinuiju , Wonsan and Chongjin . Between 1930 and 1944, 10 more were added by

756-907: The city of Seoul as Hanseong-bu (漢城府) and Kaesong as Kaesong-bu. In the 17th century, additional areas were designated bu , including Ganghwa-bu , Suwon-bu and Gwangju-bu . In 1895 after the Donghak Peasant Revolution and the Treaty of Shimonoseki , a series of wide changes called the Gabo Reform were enacted. One of these changes was to split the Eight Provinces of Korea into 23 bu : Andong , Chuncheon , Chungju , Daegu , Dongnae , Gangneung , Gongju , Haeju , Hamhŭng , Hanseong , Hongju , Incheon , Jeju , Jeonju , Jinju , Kaesŏng , Kanggye , Kapsan , Kyŏngsŏng , Naju , Namwon , P'yŏngyang and Ŭiju . The districts were named after

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792-593: The country into three varieties of prefecture. One of these were fu , used for urban prefectures as opposed to rural prefectures ( 県 , ken ) . The first two urban prefectures ( 府 , fu ) were created on 14 June 1868: Kyoto -fu and Hakodate -fu. By the end of 1868, 10 fu had been established: Kyoto, Hakodate, Osaka , Nagasaki , Edo (later Tokyo), Kanagawa , Watarai , Nara , Echigo (later Niigata) and Kōfu . Due to some prefectures gaining non-urban land or being amalgamated into other territories in 1869, three remained: Kyoto-fu, Osaka-fu and Tokyo-fu. During

828-553: The end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Republic of China abolished fu in order to streamline administrative divisions, recategorizing them into counties or cities. The People's Republic of China inherited these divisions of mainland China in 1949 and did not reinstate the fu . Many former fu have become prefecture-level cities . As part of the Taika Reform in (645), the capitals of

864-448: The exploitation of the countryside by Vietnamese collaborators. He called on France to develop modern legal, educational, and economic institutions in Vietnam and industrialise the country, and to remove the remnants of the mandarin system. The letter was originally written in Chinese, then translated to French and published on the bulletin of French School of the Far East . In 1907, he and associates Lương Văn Can , Nguyễn Quyền opened

900-406: The independence of Vietnam, its headquarters were transferred to Phnom Penh in 1957, and subsequently to Paris in 1975. Its main fields of research are archaeology , philology and the study of modern Asian societies. Since 1907, the EFEO has been in charge of conservation work at the archeological site of Angkor . Paul Mus was a member of EFEO since 1927, and "returned to Hanoi in 1927 as

936-505: The masses. It also offered the peasants a modern education. After peasant tax revolts erupted in 1908, Phan was arrested, and his school was closed. He was sentenced to death, but it was commuted to life imprisonment after his progressive admirers in France intervened. He was sent to Côn Đảo . In 1911, after three years, he was pardoned and sentenced to house arrest. He said he would rather return to prison than have partial freedom. So instead he

972-619: The monarchy and his belief that the French could be used. Phan continued to campaign with slogans like "Up with Democracy, Out with Monarchy", and "Making Use of the French in the Quest for Progress". This made Sào Nam quite upset and worried that the movement was fragmenting and that fundraising efforts would fail. In the summer of 1906, Phan Châu Trinh returned Vietnam, along with Huỳnh Thúc Kháng , Trần Quý Cáp continued renovation campaign, not only in Quảng Nam but also in neighboring provinces, made it

1008-502: The name Nguyễn Ái Quốc which Hồ Chí Minh later used, "on behalf of the Group of Vietnamese Patriots". He worked as a photograph retoucher to support himself while he was in France. He returned to Saigon in 1925, where he died on 24 March 1926, aged 53. His funeral was attended by over 60,000 people and caused big protests across the country demanding the end of French colonial occupation. In Tokyo, Phan told Sào Nam: "The level of their people

1044-566: The number of fu in Japan to its current number of two: Kyoto-fu and Osaka-fu. There is currently a plan which will turn Osaka to a metropolis, which would leave the amount of urban prefectures to one if successful. Bu (부, 府) has been used in Korea since the Goryeo dynasty as a suffix designating a city. The city of Kaesong was designated Kaesong-bu in 995. The 1485 code of law Gyeongguk daejeon designates

1080-434: The same goal, but our means were considerably different. He wished to start by relying on the French to abolish the monarchy, but I wished to start by driving out the French to restore Vietnam – That was the difference. However, even though his political view was the opposite of mine, he liked me personally a great deal and we roomed together for several weeks. Then all of a sudden he decided to return to our country." In 1930,

1116-564: The secondary capital Luoyang during the Tang dynasty . By the time of the 14th–century Ming dynasty , the term had become common across provinces: typically, each prefecture under province was called a fu . Fu of Ming and Qing dynasty are sometimes translated as "prefectures", Shuntian Prefecture for instance. Sub-prefectures, such as that which administered Macao 's inner harbor from Qianshan , were called "military/civil fu" ( t   軍民府 , s   军民府 , jūnmínfǔ ). After

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1152-413: Was deported to France with his son, where the French continued to monitor him. He went to Paris in 1915 to get the support of progressive French politicians and Vietnamese exiles. There he worked with Phan Văn Trường , Nguyễn An Ninh , Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn Thế Truyền in "The Group of Vietnamese Patriots". The group was based at 6 Villa des Gobelins. There they wrote patriotic articles signed with

1188-539: Was killed by the other leaders on suspicion. After that, Cần Vương association of Quảng Nam was also eliminated, Trinh came back home at age of 16. His older brother covered him to continue Confucian studying. In 1900, he obtained a Cử nhân (舉人 senior bachelor) degree in the regional exam. One year later, he got Phó bảng  [ vi ] (sub table, under doctorate table) title in the national examination . A total of 22 candidates passed that exam, including two who later became Phan's close companions: Ngô Đức Kế got

1224-575: Was particularly used as the Vietnamese expanded southwards and inland. The administrative reorganization by Minh Mạng along Chinese models following the death of his father in 1832, fixed the position of the phủ as an intermediary administrative division between the new larger unit of the tỉnh province, and the existing local huyện sub-prefecture or district, and power was concentrated with provincial governors. The position of local prefects and district heads remained unaffected. French School of

1260-688: Was the Protectorate of the Western Regions (西域都護府, Xīyù Dūhù Fǔ ) of the Han Empire in 60 BC. Duhu Fu , usually translated as "protectorate", literally meant "Office of the Commander-Protector". In 627, the second emperor of the Tang dynasty , Emperor Taizong ( r.  626−649), reorganized political divisions by setting up 10 circuits overseeing the Chinese prefectures, including 43 commanderies ( 都督府 , dūdū fǔ , literally "Office of

1296-454: Was the headteacher, Nguyễn Quyền was the school supervisor. Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh , Phạm Duy Tốn were responsible for applying for the open license of school. The purpose of Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục is "broaden the people’s mind without taking money". Its ideas attacked the brutality of the French occupation of Vietnam, but also wanted to learn modernisation from the French. The school required scholars to renounce their elitist traditions and learn from

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