Misplaced Pages

#670329

110-871: The Peuzelaarsteeg is a narrow lane in Haarlem , the Netherlands , that connects the Grote Houtstraat to the Frankestraat. The lane is famous as the former living quarters of Frans Hals and other Haarlem artists, though it was changed unrecognizably when the Mennonite church was built there in the 17th century. 52°22′47″N 4°38′05″E  /  52.3796°N 4.6347°E  / 52.3796; 4.6347 Haarlem Haarlem ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦaːrlɛm] ; predecessor of Harlem in English )

220-450: A "Hollandification" of the other provinces and a more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. In the early decades of the uprising, a great number of refugees from Flanders and Brabant settled in the big cities of Holland. They had a Frankish influence on the new dialect of urban Holland (that earlier had more Frisian influences) that in later centuries became the standard language of

330-545: A bedroom community as the increasingly dense population of Amsterdam caused the canals to smell in the summer. Many well-to-do gentlemen moved their families to summer homes in the Spring and commuted between addresses. Popular places for summer homes were along the Spaarne in southern Haarlem. Pieter Teyler van der Hulst and Henry Hope built summer homes there, as well as many Amsterdam merchants and councilmen. Today, boat travel along

440-537: A castle at Silva Meriwido , the future Vlaardingen. From this castle, he forced merchants that travelled per ship from Tiel to England to pay toll. The Bishop of Utrecht, Adalbold and the merchants of Tiel complained against this piracy at the Reichstag of Nijmegen in 1018, the merchants of Tiel effectively pointing out that the emperor was losing tax revenue when he allowed the Tiel merchants to being plundered by Dirk III. It

550-519: A confederation between the seven liberated provinces. From then on, the executive and legislative power would again rest with the States of Holland and West Friesland , which were led by a political figure who held the office of Grand Pensionary . The county, now a sovereign state within this larger confederation, became the cultural, political and economic centre of the Dutch Republic , in the 17th century,

660-403: A considerable amount of independence from Holy Roman Empire leadership in the 10th and 11th centuries. Until at least the second half of the 10th century, Holland's leadership valued secular principles, a contrast to the nearby Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht . The count of Holland was in this period more of a military commander who had to resist Viking raids, and be subject to the authority of

770-671: A forest and field between the mouth of the Old Rhine (and presumably Bennebroek ), Suithardeshaga, the border between the former Frankish counties of Rijnland and Kennemerland. A line of Gerulf's descendants became the Counts of Holland. King Charles the Simple gave the church in Egmond and its possessions to Count Dirk I of Holland in 922 in gratitude for Dirk's support in the Battle of Soissons to suppress

880-484: A major trading centre for tulips, and it was at the epicentre during tulip mania , when outrageous prices were paid for tulip bulbs. From the opening of the Leiden-Haarlem canal Leidsevaart in 1656, it became popular to travel from Rotterdam to Amsterdam by passenger boat rather than by coach. The canals were dug for passenger service only, and were comfortable though slow. The towpath led these passengers through

990-436: A new government, the economy would improve and that export-oriented economic activities, such as the textile industry, would recover. In the beginning of the 19th century, the defense walls had lost their function, and architect Zocher Jr. planned a park on the location of the former defense line. The city walls and gates were demolished, and the bricks were reused for construction of factories and workers' homes . Haarlem became

1100-566: A rebellion of his West Frankish vassals. The West Frankish king was able to do this because the lands and churches he granted to Dirk were outside his jurisdiction; Egmond was just north of possessions which Dirk had received from Gerulf and was a good match. He then founded Egmond Abbey , Holland's oldest monastery. When Charles the Simple was deposed in 923, King Henry the Fowler of East Francia allied with Count Gilbert of Hainaut (son of Duke Reginar of Lorraine ) and re-conquered Lotharingia. By 925,

1210-623: A revolt that by severe mismanagement by Philip II and his governor the Duke of Alva turned into the Eighty Years' War . As a consequence, Holland and the other six allied provinces became an independent nation called the Republic of the Seven United Provinces . Over William of Orange Blum says, "His patience, tolerance, determination, concern for his people, and belief in government by consent held

SECTION 10

#1733092851671

1320-458: A sand dune: 'elevated place'. The name Haarlem or Haarloheim would therefore mean 'home on a forested dune'. There was a stream called "De Beek", dug from the peat grounds west of the river Spaarne as a drainage canal. Over the centuries the Beek was turned into an underground canal, as the city grew larger and the space was needed for construction. Over time it began to silt up and in the 19th century it

1430-474: A series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of count, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland . The Hook faction consisted of a large part of the conservative noblemen. Some of

1540-505: A system of inheritance. This informal rule became more widespread and in 877 was legalised in the Capitulary of Quierzy . Upon the death of a king, the Frankish kingdom was frequently divided among his heirs. The system of partible inheritance often caused internal strife, which made centralized government problematic. The Viking raids further undermined centralized government. At the end of

1650-617: A thin strip of land above sea level known as the strandwal ( beach ridge ), which connects Leiden to Alkmaar . The people on this narrow strip of land struggled against the waters of the North Sea from the west, and the waters of the IJ and the Haarlem Lake from the east. Haarlem became wealthy with toll revenues that it collected from ships and travellers moving on this busy north–south route. As shipping became increasingly important economically,

1760-443: A war broke out, in which it is not clear whether it was against Brabant , Utrecht or Liège. During this war, Floris was ambushed while relaxing too much and in too small a company when he was raiding in the former Teisterbant county, now Utrechtian territory. He was killed by either Utrechtian or Gueldrian troops. His son Dirk V was still a minor, so his mother Gertrude of Saxony became regent. Gertrude remarried in 1063 with Robert

1870-550: Is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the capital of the province of North Holland . Haarlem is situated at the northern edge of the Randstad , one of the more populated metropolitan areas in Europe; it is also part of the Amsterdam metropolitan area . Haarlem had a population of 162,543 in 2021. Haarlem was granted city status or stadsrechten in 1245, although

1980-420: Is located on the river Spaarne , giving it its nickname Spaarnestad (Spaarne city). It is situated about 20 km (12 mi) west of Amsterdam and near the coastal dunes . Haarlem has been the historical centre of the tulip bulb-growing district for centuries and bears its other nickname Bloemenstad (flower city) for this reason. Haarlem has a rich history dating back to pre-medieval times, as it lies on

2090-559: Is probably for that reason the most notable Dutch history books from the Dutch Golden Age period were published in Haarlem; by Hadrianus Junius (Batavia), Dirck Volkertszoon Coornhert (Works), Karel van Mander (Schilderboeck), Samuel Ampzing (Description and Ode to Haarlem), Petrus Scriverius (Batavia Illustrata), and Pieter Christiaenszoon Bor (Origin of the Dutch wars). Beer brewing

2200-509: The Bishopric of Utrecht . In 985, King Otto III , at the request of his mother Theophanu , granted the ownership ( proprium ) of a number of lands to count Dirk II. These lands had already been given in loan ( beneficium ). This was the area between the rivers Loira or Lier and Hisla (a gouw called Masaland ), villa Sunnimeri (on the Zeelandish island of Schouwen), the area between

2310-510: The Book of Trades document created by Jan Luyken and his son. In 1632 a tow canal between Haarlem and Amsterdam, the Haarlemmertrekvaart was opened, the first tow canal in the country. The empty areas in the city that were a result of the fire of 1576 were filled with new houses and buildings. Even outside the city wall buildings were constructed—in 1643 about 400 houses were counted outside

SECTION 20

#1733092851671

2420-481: The Dutch Golden Age , the wealthiest nation in the world. The largest cities in the republic were situated in the province of Holland, such as Amsterdam , Rotterdam , Leiden , Alkmaar , Delft , Dordrecht , Haarlem , and the nation's capital, The Hague . From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over Europe , and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in

2530-661: The Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands . The County of Holland was the first Holy Roman county in the area to reach the level of economic, cultural, military, and technological development it did, having had time to undergo this development before

2640-616: The Sint-Bavo Church . However, the terms of the treaty were not kept, with the Spanish soldiery plundering the townspeople's property. Despite Haarlem's ultimate fall, the fact that the Haarlemers had been able to stand for seven months against the whole Spanish array inspired the rest of Holland to resist the invaders, and their prolonged resistance allowed the Prince of Orange to prepare and arm

2750-571: The Swabia . Lotharingia had considerable self-determination ; this became clear when Louis the Child , East Francia's last Carolingian , died in 911. Although the stem duchies flocked to Duke Conrad I of Franconia , Lotharingia chose the Carolingian king of West Francia , Charles the Simple . In Frisia, the situation was complex. Power was in the hands of Rorik's successor, Godfrid , who became embroiled in

2860-595: The ringvaart or the North Sea Canal . Pleasure boating in the summer has become an important Haarlem tourist attraction, though it is not possible to travel all of the original canals as in Amsterdam. The creation of new land in the Haarlemmermeer polder from 1852 onwards meant that the city could no longer refresh the water in its canals from the Spaarne river. The increase in industry worsened water quality. In 1859,

2970-528: The (now defunct) municipality of Schoten was incorporated in 1884 because the council of Haarlem wanted to have the hospital ( Het Dolhuys ) inside the municipal borders. This hospital was situated at "het bolwerk" on Schoten's territory. County of Holland The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands , from 1482 part of

3080-553: The 11th century the 'Great Reclamation' started, under the control of the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht. Until the 13th century, large amounts of land were reclaimed between the IJ bay in the north, the dunes in the west, the Lek and Waal rivers in the south and the Old Rhine in the east. Before the Great Reclamation, the borders between the county of Holland and the bishopric of Utrecht were unclear, and there existed

3190-565: The 1560s, the Protestant community had become a significant influence in the county, although it clearly formed a minority then. In a society dependent on trade, freedom and tolerance were considered essential. Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor Philip II felt it was their duty to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to

3300-619: The Bishopric of Utrecht. After the death of Henry II in 1024, Dirk III supported the candidature of Conrad II in an attempt to reconcile with the imperial authorities, so as to keep the lands he had acquired or expand them even further. Emperor Conrad II died during a stay in Utrecht in 1039 during the rule of bishop Bernold , after which his organs were interred in the Cathedral of Utrecht . His son and successor, Henry III , granted numerous favors to

3410-691: The Dutch government levied heavy taxes on foreign cotton producers this was a profitable business for the NHM-factories, especially for export to the Dutch East Indies . The programme started in the 1830s, and was initially successful. However, after 1839 when Belgium split away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the protectionist measures for the Dutch East Indian market were removed, and

Peuzelaarsteeg - Misplaced Pages Continue

3520-512: The Dutch together and kept alive their spirit of revolt." The main breakthrough came when Holland, along with Zeeland, was conquered in 1572 and following years by the Watergeuzen , a somehow effective maritime force of mainly Calvinists who turned pirate and pirates who turned Calvinist. The States General of the Netherlands signed the Act of Abjuration , deposing Philip as Count of Holland and forming

3630-645: The Frisian , a younger brother of the count of Flanders , Baldwin VI and a grandson of a former French king, Robert II , who also acted as regent for Dirk V. In 1064, Emperor Henry IV donated lands belonging to the county of Holland, 'west of the Vlie and around the banks of the Rhine' (the gouw of Westflinge), to William, Bishop of Utrecht , on whose support the Emperor could count. Dirk V

3740-422: The Frisian managed however against some odds to become count of Flanders in 1076 when in the battle of Cassel he managed to beat a grand coalition of Hainaut, French and Normandian forces. Being now the count of Flanders he was able to assist his stepson to reclaim the county of Holland. The pair started by taking out their most dangerous adversary. Godfrey IV was killed at night while defecating. Shortly afterwards

3850-613: The Lotharingian nobles accepted his rule and Lotharingia (with the Frisian lands) became a fifth German stem duchy. Henry's power was limited by his vassal, Gilbert (Duke of Lotharingia), whose power was limited to his own counties. The rising status of the House of Holland was shown when in 938 Count Dirk II , probably the grandson of Count Dirk I, married at the age of 8 with Hildegard of Flanders, daughter of Count Arnulf I of Flanders . The County of Holland and other nearby territories had

3960-530: The Manpad where they were decisively defeated. On 13 July 1573, after seven months of siege, the city surrendered. Many defenders were slaughtered; some were drowned in the Spaarne river. Governor Ripperda and his lieutenant were beheaded. The citizens were allowed to buy freedom for themselves and the city for 240,000 guilders and the city was required to host a Spanish garrison. Don Fadrique thanked God for his victory in

4070-483: The Netherlands . Holland was divided into the present provinces North Holland and South Holland in 1840. The county covered an area roughly corresponding to the current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland , as well as the northwestern part of the current province of North Brabant (roughly between the towns of Willemstad , Geertruidenberg and Werkendam ), and the islands of Terschelling , Vlieland , Urk and Schokland , though it did not include

4180-569: The Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium. Nominally, the County of Holland formally came to an end in 1795, when the Batavian Revolution ended the republic and reformed it as the Batavian Republic . The territory of the former county was divided between the departments of the Amstel , Delf , Texel , and Schelde en Maas . After 1813, Holland was restored as a province of the United Kingdom of

4290-589: The Oude Gracht canal stank so badly in the summer that it not only forced visitors away, but posed a public health threat due to cholera outbreaks. It was filled in to create a new street called the Gedempte Oude Gracht. The periodic cholera outbreaks had not been new, but they had been increasing. In 1591, the city fathers had ordered excavation to build the Verwulft, a wide bridge over the Oude Gracht connecting

4400-506: The Spaarne is still possible and has become a popular form of tourism in the summer. In the 18th century, Haarlem became the seat of a suffragan diocese of the Old Catholic Church of Utrecht . At the end of the 18th century, a number of anti-Orange commissions were founded. On 18 January 1795 the "Staatse" army was defeated near Woerden . During the night preceding 19 January, the same night that stadtholder William V of Orange fled

4510-421: The Spanish army, and on 1 December the city of Naarden suffered the same fate. On 11 December 1572 the Spanish army besieged Haarlem; the city's defenses were commanded by city-governor Wigbolt Ripperda . Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer , a powerful widow, helped defend the city together with some three hundred other women. During the first two months of the siege, the situation was in balance. The Spanish army

Peuzelaarsteeg - Misplaced Pages Continue

4620-459: The architect Lieven de Key and Jan Steen who made many paintings in Haarlem. The Haarlem councilmen became quite creative in their propaganda promoting their city. On the Grote Markt, the central market square, there's a statue of Laurens Janszoon Coster who is allegedly the inventor of the printing press . This is the second and larger statue to him on the square. The original stands behind

4730-407: The area became classed as a county. The oldest sources refer to the not clearly defined county as Frisia , west of the Vlie (also known as West Frisia ). Before 1101, sources talk about Frisian counts, but in this year Floris II, Count of Holland , is mentioned as Florentius comes de Hollant (Floris, Count of Holland). Another early usage of the word is a deed dated 1083 in which Dirk V used

4840-563: The area living at the east side of North Holland, also confusingly known as "West-Frisians". It was not until 1289 that Count Floris V was able to bring this long war to an end and subjugate these West Frisians, this only after the St. Lucia's flood in 1287 had completely devastated nearly all the lands of the West-Frisians. After this, the county was officially known until 1795 as the county of Holland and West Friesland. The Hook and Cod Wars were

4950-571: The beer it produced was consumed in North Holland . During the Spanish siege, there were about 50 breweries in the city. In 1620, the city had about one hundred breweries. There was another epidemic of the Black Death in 1657, which took a heavy toll in the six months it ravaged the city. From the end of the 17th century, the economy in the city worsened for a long time. In 1752, only seven breweries remained, and by 1820 no breweries were registered in

5060-626: The bishop of Cologne and the Emperor), which outsmarted Godfrid and the Danes. The chief conspirator in the murder was Everard Saxo , count of Hamaland . One of those who profited most from the power vacuum was the Frisian Gerolf , comes Fresonum (count of Frisia), from Westergo in the present-day province of Friesland . Gerolf, Godfrid's former envoy to the emperor, demanded lands in the Moselle valley from

5170-477: The bishopric of Utrecht. In this way, the Oversticht was assigned to the bishopric in 1040. Though the count of Holland had been reconciled with the emperor, Henry III still decided to punish the count. In 1046 the emperor forced Dirk IV to relinquish the lands he had conquered. However, the emperor was not able to maintain himself in the area and was forced to retreat, after which Dirk IV started to raid and plunder

5280-501: The bishoprics of Utrecht and Liège. Moreover, Dirk signed treaties with Godfrey the Bearded , duke of Lower Lorraine, as well as the counts of Flanders and Hainaut . The Emperor responded with a second punitive expedition in which Vlaardingen and the castle at Rijnsburg were taken from Dirk IV. The castle was completely destroyed. However, the emperor suffered heavy losses during his retreat, upon which Dirk's allies openly revolted against

5390-409: The bulb fields south of Haarlem. Haarlem was an important stopover for passengers from the last half of the 17th century and through the 18th century until the building of the first rail tracks along the routes of former passenger canal systems. As Haarlem slowly expanded southwards, so did the bulb fields. Today, rail passengers between Rotterdam and Amsterdam in spring can see blooming bulb fields on

5500-699: The business began to flounder. When the American Civil War reduced the import of raw cotton significantly after 1863, the business went sour. Only Prévinaire was able to survive through specialisation with his "Turkish Red" dye. The Prévinaire "toile Adrinople" was popular. Prévinaire's son went on to create the Haarlemsche Katoenmaatschappij, which made a kind of imitation batik cloth called "La Javanaise" that became popular in Belgian Congo . In England in 1804, Richard Trevithick designed

5610-448: The city gained the right to collect tolls, including ships passing the city on the Spaarne river. At the end of the Middle Ages , Haarlem was a flourishing city with a large textile industry, shipyards and beer breweries. Around 1428, the city was put under siege by the army of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut . Haarlem had taken side with the Cods in the Hook and Cod wars and thus against Jacoba of Bavaria. The entire Haarlemmerhout wood

SECTION 50

#1733092851671

5720-412: The city grew, and the situation became so tense that on 27 May many (Spanish-loyal) prisoners were taken from the prison and murdered; the Spaniards had previously gibbeted their own prisoners of war. In the beginning of July the Prince of Orange assembled an army of 5,000 soldiers near Leiden to free Haarlem. However, he was prevented from accompanying them in person and the Spanish forces trapped them at

5830-407: The city hall in the little garden known as the Hortus (where today the Stedelijk Gymnasium school is located). Most scholars agree that the scarce evidence seems to point to Johann Gutenberg as the first European inventor of the printing press, but Haarlem children were taught about "Lau", as he is known, well into the 20th century. This legend served the printers of Haarlem well, however, and it

5940-442: The city of Amsterdam became the main Dutch city of North Holland during the Dutch Golden Age . The town of Halfweg became a suburb, and Haarlem became a quiet bedroom community , and for this reason Haarlem still has many of its central medieval buildings intact. Many of them are now on the Dutch Heritage register known as Rijksmonuments . The list of Rijksmonuments in Haarlem gives an overview of these per neighbourhood, with

6050-445: The city was rebuilt quickly, an indication of the wealth of the city in those years. The Black Death came to the city in 1381. According to an estimate by a priest from Leiden the disease killed 5,000 people, about half the population at that time. In the 14th century, Haarlem was a major city. It was the second largest city in historical Holland after Dordrecht and before Delft , Leiden, Amsterdam, Gouda and Rotterdam . In 1429

6160-404: The city. In the 1990s, the Stichting Haarlems Biergenootschap revived some old recipes under the Jopen beer brand that is marketed as a "Haarlem bier." In 2010, Jopen opened a brewery in a former church in central Haarlem called the Jopenkerk. In 2012, Haarlem gained another local brewery with Uiltje Brewing in the Zijlstraat , which specializes in craft beer. Since the 1630s, Haarlem has been

6270-416: The count in this southern part of the later county of Holland are known. As a result of a promise he had made during the Frisian rebellion, Dirk III went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When he returned, the northern side of his county had become unsafe, so he travelled south and started granting rights to reclaim lands from nature around present-day Vlaardingen in order to cultivate these lands. He also built

6380-458: The country, the various commissions gathered and implemented a revolution. The commissions changed the city's administrators in a bloodless revolution, and the next morning the city was "liberated" of the tyranny of the House of Orange. The revolution was peaceful, and the Orange-loyal people were not harmed. The Batavian Republic was then proclaimed. The French army entered the liberated city two days later, on 20 January. An army of 1,500 soldiers

6490-482: The destroyed city walls. Just like the rest of the country, the Golden Age in the United Provinces had started. The new citizens had a lot of expertise in linen and silk manufacture and trading, and the city's population grew from 18,000 in 1573 to around 40,000 in 1622. At one point, in 1621, over 50% of the population was Flemish-born. Haarlem's linen became notable and the city flourished. Today an impression of some of those original textile tradesmen can be had from

6600-405: The duke of Lower Lorraine, when Godfrey was on the verge of being killed. So as not to weaken the protection the county of Holland offered against the Viking raids, King Henry II decided to let the matter rest, though he did strengthen the position of the Bishop of Utrecht, the nominal feudal lord of the counts of Holland. Nonetheless, Dirk managed to expand his territory to the east at the cost of

6710-487: The economy and attract workers for the brewing and bleaching businesses (Haarlem was known for these, thanks to the clean water from the dunes), the Haarlem council decided to promote the pursuit of arts and history, showing tolerance for diversity among religious beliefs. This attracted a large influx of Flemish and French immigrants (Catholics and Huguenots alike) who were fleeing the Spanish occupation of their own cities. Expansion plans soon replaced plans of rebuilding

SECTION 60

#1733092851671

6820-406: The effects of this can be seen in the Haarlem railway station , now a rijksmonument. Instead of more than two hours, Amsterdam was now only 30 minutes away. The old passenger service by trekschuit along the Haarlemmertrekvaart was quickly taken out of service in favour of the train service, which was quicker and more reliable. In 1878, a Beijnes-made horse tram started servicing passengers from

6930-549: The emperor to provoke a war. After the elimination of a large portion of the Danish population, Gerulf controlled a large Frisian part of the later county of Holland. This fait accompli was recognised when Gerolf was given lands in full ownership on 4 August 889 by the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia , who needed strong warlords in the delta region to keep the Danes and other Vikings out. The lands in question included an area outside Gerulf's county, in Teisterbant, which included Tiel , Aalburg and Asch . It also involved

7040-447: The emperor. In 1049 Dirk IV was lured into a trap and killed by assassins hired by the bishops of Metz , Liège and Utrecht. Dirk died young, unmarried and childless. He was succeeded by his brother Floris I . Floris I managed to expand his territory with a small area within the Rijnland Gouw, an area called Holtland ("Woodland"), or Holland . It is most likely that this name soon became synonymous with Floris' whole territory. In 1061

7150-480: The expanded city, and at the end of the 14th century a 16½-metre high wall was built, complete with a 15-metre wide canal circling the city. In 1304 the Flemish threatened the city, but they were defeated by Witte van Haemstede at Manpad . All the city's buildings were made of wood, and fire was a great risk. In 1328 nearly the whole city burnt down. The Sint-Bavokerk was severely damaged, and rebuilding it would take more than 150 years. Again on 12 June 1347 there

7260-459: The fire: a wide strip through the city was destroyed. The combined result of the siege and the fire was that about a third of the city was destroyed. The fire and the long siege had taken their toll on the city. The Spanish left in 1577 and under the Agreement of Veere , Protestants and Catholics were given equal rights, though in government the Protestants clearly had the upper hand and Catholic possessions once seized were never returned. To restore

7370-399: The first city walls were not built until 1270. The modern city encompasses the former municipality of Schoten as well as parts that previously belonged to Bloemendaal and Heemstede . Apart from the city, the municipality of Haarlem also includes the western part of the village of Spaarndam . Newer sections of Spaarndam lie within the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer . Haarlem

7480-430: The first locomotive. The government of the Netherlands was relatively slow to catch up, even though the king feared competition from newly established Belgium if it would construct a railway between Antwerp and other cities. The Dutch parliament balked at the high level of investment needed, but a group of private investors started the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij on 1 June 1836. It took three years to build

7590-399: The first track on the railway, between Haarlem and Amsterdam along the old tow canal called the Haarlemmertrekvaart . The ground there was wet and muddy. On 20 September 1839, the first train service in the Netherlands started. The train had a speed of about 40 km/h (25 mph). The train service gave the Beijnes company, and indirectly the whole economy of Haarlem, a strong boost, and

7700-406: The formidable bishop William of Utrecht also died. After this Robert I and his stepson Dirk V besieged the new Utrecht/Lotharingian castle at a strategic place at the delta in IJsselmonde , where the Hollandse IJssel (still existing) joined the Merwede (not existing any more in the form of 1000 years ago) . In the battle of IJsselmonde they managed to capture the new bishop Conrad of Swabia , who

7810-407: The island of Goeree-Overflakkee . In the early Middle Ages, large parts of the area covered by the present-day Netherlands were covered by peat bogs . These bogs limited the size of arable land in the Netherlands, but also proved to be a good source of fuel. Around 950, small-scale reclamation was started on the enormous bogs in Holland and Utrecht, probably set in motion by the minor nobility. In

7920-523: The last count, Philip II of Spain , only mentioned them halfway through his long list of titles. Around 800, under Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire covered much of Europe. In much of this empire, an important unit of regional administration (corresponding roughly to a shire or county in England) was the gau ( Frankish ) or pagus (Latin). A comes ( count ) ruled one or more gaue . Because of

8030-518: The low volume of trade, the negative trade balance with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim states and the disappearance of currency, the economy was more or less reduced to barter . The king's vassals could be rewarded only with land ( beneficium or, from the tenth century, feodum ) and usufruct , and feudalism developed from that. The vassals, who were generally appointed by the king, strove for

8140-584: The main figures in this multi-generational conflict were William IV , Margaret , William V , William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut , John and Philip the Good. Perhaps the most well known, however, is Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut . By the end of the Hook and Cod Wars, Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy , had taken control of Holland. Leading noblemen in Holland had invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical claim to it. Some historians say that

8250-415: The majority in the old city centre. The oldest mention of Haarlem dates from the 10th century. The name probably comes from "Haarlo-heim". This name is composed of three elements: haar , lo and heim . In Old Dutch toponyms lo always refers to 'forest' and heim ( heem , em or um ) to 'home' or 'house'. Haar , however, has several meanings, one of them corresponding with the location of Haarlem on

8360-470: The north and south portions of the Grote Houtstraat . Such "overclosures" can still be seen in other Dutch cities, such as the Nieuwmarkt in Amsterdam. From 1879, the population of the city almost doubled in thirty years, from 36,976 to 69,410 in 1909. Not only did the population grow, but the city was expanding rapidly, too. The Leidsebuurt district was incorporated into Haarlem in the 1880s. A small part of

8470-671: The numerous cities had their own legal rights and local governments, usually controlled by the merchants, On top of this, however, the Burgundians had imposed an overall government, the Estates General of the Netherlands, with its own officials and courts. During the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation rapidly gained ground in northern Europe, especially in its Lutheran and Calvinist forms. Protestants in Holland, after initial repression, were tolerated by local authorities. By

8580-476: The owner in 1506, but in 1515 he left to become king of Spain and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice rule was exercised by mostly French speaking Burgundians he controlled. Holland retained its own governments and court, controlled by the local nobility, and its own traditions and rights ("liberties") dating back centuries. Likewise

8690-411: The politics of the Frankish empire and was allied with the children of Lothair II. Danish rule ended in 885 with the murder of Godfrid at Herispijk , and all Danes east of the coastal areas of West Frisia were killed or driven out in what must have been a complex, successful conspiracy. Henry of Franconia led a coalition of Babenberg Franks, Hamaland Saxons and Teisterbant Frisians (in cooperation with

8800-477: The primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital to the people of Holland, because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained. Charles (1500–58) became

8910-455: The provincial capital of North Holland province in the early 19th century. In the mid-19th century, the city's economy slowly started to improve. New factories opened, and a number of large industrial companies were founded in Haarlem by Thomas Wilson, Guillaume Jean Poelman, J.B.T. Prévinaire , J.J. Beijnes , Hendrik Figee , Gerardus Johannes Droste , and G.P.J. Beccari. The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM or Dutch Trade Company)

9020-538: The quality of that water was not good enough either. From the 17th century, a canal (Santvaert) was used to transport water from the dunes to the city. The water was transported in barrels on ships. The location where the water was taken is called the Brouwerskolkje, and the canal to there still exists, and is now called the Brewers' Canal (Brouwersvaart). Haarlem was a major beer producer in the Netherlands. The majority of

9130-556: The railway station to the Haarlemmerhout woodland park, and in 1894, the Eerste Nederlandsche Electrische Tram Maatschappij (ENET) was founded with cars built by Beijnes and became the first Dutch electric tram, which ran in Haarlem from 1899 onwards. Though the old trekvaart was closed for water traffic after railway development, it is still possible to travel by boat from Amsterdam to Haarlem, via

9240-545: The reign of Emperor Louis the Pious , royal power had weakened by the flood of 838 and by infighting between the king's sons. After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor Lothair I , who was king of Middle Francia , rewarded the Danish Viking brothers Rorik and Harald with Frisia in an attempt to resist Viking attacks. When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia was awarded to his second son, Lothair II , and

9350-422: The rest of the country for war. Some 12,000 of the Spanish army had fallen during the siege. The city suffered a large fire in the night from 22 to 23 October 1576. The fire started in brewery het Ankertje, near the weighhouse at the Spaarne, which was used by mercenaries as a guarding place. When they were warming themselves at a fire it got out of control. The fire was spotted by farmers, who sailed their ships on

9460-453: The right to bear the Count's sword and cross in its coat of arms . On 23 November 1245 Count Willem II granted Haarlem city rights . This implied a number of privileges, among which the right for the sheriff and magistrates to administer justice, instead of the Count. This allowed for a quicker and more efficient judiciary system, more suited to the needs of the growing city. After a siege from

9570-401: The river. However, the soldiers turned down all help, saying that they would put out the fire themselves. This failed, and the fire destroyed almost 500 buildings, among them St-Gangolf's church and St-Elisabeth's hospital . Most of the mercenaries were later arrested, and one of them was hanged on the Grote Markt in front of a large audience. Maps from that era clearly show the damage done by

9680-559: The rivers Medemelaka and Chinnelosara gemerchi ( Kinheim ) and the gouw Texla . In 993, count Arnulf of Ghent was killed in a battle against Frisian land reclaimers who did not want to pay their due to the count. It is unknown where this battle took place but it was probably in the Rijnland or in the Maas estuary. Arnulf's son, count Dirk III of Holland was too young to rule, so his mother Lutgardis of Luxemburg acted as regent. In 1005 Dirk

9790-454: The route between Leiden and Haarlem. As the centre of trade gravitated towards Amsterdam, Haarlem declined in the 18th century. The Golden Age had created a large upper middle class of merchants and well-to-do small business owners. Taking advantage of the reliability of the trekschuit connection between Amsterdam and Haarlem, many people had a business address in Amsterdam and a weekend or summer home in Haarlem. Haarlem became more and more

9900-524: The ruling class in Holland wanted Holland to integrate with the Flemish economic system and adopt Flemish legal institutions. Under the Burgundians, Holland's trade developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became

10010-519: The stability of the whole hierarchical political system. The Catholic Spanish responded with harsh persecution and introduced the Spanish Inquisition . Calvinists rebelled. First, there was the iconoclasm in 1566, which was the systematic destruction of statues of saints and other Catholic devotional depictions in churches. After 1566 William the Silent , more or less by accident became the leader of

10120-551: The surrounding area of Kennemerland in 1270 a defensive wall was built around the city. Most likely this was an earthen wall with wooden gates. Originally the city started out between Spaarne, Oudegracht, Ridderstraat, Bakenessergracht and Nassaustraat. In the 14th century the city expanded, and the Burgwalbuurt, Bakenes and the area around the Oudegracht became part of the city. The old defenses proved not to be sufficiently strong for

10230-564: The term "Count of Holland" for himself. Holland is probably from the Old Dutch holt lant , literally "wood land". The counts of Holland generally kept to this single title until 1291, when Floris V, Count of Holland decided to call himself Count of Holland and Zeeland, lord of Friesland . This title was also used after Holland was united with Hainault , Bavaria-Straubing , and the Duchy of Burgundy . The titles eventually lost their importance, and

10340-414: The wall. Having buildings outside the city walls was not a desirable situation to the city administration. Not only because these buildings would be vulnerable in case of an attack on the city, but there was also less control over taxes and city regulations outside the walls. Therefore, a major project was initiated in 1671: expanding the city northwards. Two new canals were dug, and a new defensive wall

10450-508: The warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of the United Provinces first as "Holland" rather than as the "Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands". A strong impression of "Holland" was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to

10560-492: Was a fire in the city. A third large fire, in 1351, destroyed many buildings including the Count's castle and the city hall. The Count did not need a castle in Haarlem because his castle in The Hague (Den Haag) had taken over all functions. The count donated the ground to the city and later a new city hall was built there. The shape of the old city was square—this was inspired by the shape of ancient Jerusalem. After every fire

10670-444: Was a very important industry in Haarlem. Until the 16th century, the water for the beer was taken from the canals in the city. These canals were connected to seawater, via the Spaarne and the IJ. However, the canal water was getting more and more polluted and less suitable for brewing beer. A place 1.5 km (0.9 mi) south-west of the city was then used to take fresh water in. However,

10780-567: Was burnt down by the enemy. When the city of Brielle was conquered by the Geuzen revolutionary army, the municipality of Haarlem started supporting the Geuzen. King Philip II of Spain was not pleased, and sent an army north under the command of Don Fadrique (Don Frederick in Dutch), son of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba . On 17 November 1572 all citizens of the city of Zutphen were killed by

10890-607: Was called Lotharingia . Rorik was granted the right to rule Kennemerland in 862. The 880 Treaty of Ribemont added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the Low Countries ) to East Francia , which attempted to integrate it. However, there were no strong political connections like those between the four German stem duchies of east Francia: Franconia , the Saxony , the Bavaria and

11000-593: Was constructed (the current Staten en Prinsenbolwerk). Two old city gates, the Janspoort and Kruispoort, were demolished. The idea that a city had to be square-shaped was abandoned. After the fall of Antwerp, many artists and craftsmen migrated to Haarlem and received commissions from the Haarlem council to decorate the city hall. The paintings commissioned were meant to show Haarlem's glorious history as well as Haarlem's glorious products. Haarlem's cultural life prospered, with painters like Frans Hals and Jacob van Ruisdael ,

11110-440: Was decided to act against Dirk III. An army led by Godfrey II Duke of Lower Lorraine , consisting of a fleet with soldiers from the bishops of Utrecht , Cologne , Cambrai and Liège was however surprisingly ambushed in a swamp and nearly annihilated by Dirk III Frisian subjects in what was called the Battle of Vlaardingen , Dirk III himself playing a coordinating role, only to appear from his castle to officially take prisoner

11220-522: Was digging tunnels to reach the city walls and blow them up; the defenders dug in turn and undermined the Spaniards' tunnels. The situation worsened on 29 March 1573: the Amsterdam army, faithful to the Spanish king, controlled Haarlemmermeer lake, effectively blocking Haarlem from the outside world. An attempt by the Prince of Orange to destroy the Spanish navy on the Haarlemmermeer had failed. Hunger in

11330-481: Was filled in. The village had a good location: by the river Spaarne, and by a major road going south to north. By the 12th century it was a fortified town, and Haarlem became the residence of the Counts of Holland . In 1219 the knights of Haarlem were laurelled by Count Willem I , because they had conquered the Egyptian port of Damietta (or Damiate in Dutch, present-day Dimyat ) in the fifth crusade . Haarlem received

11440-620: Was founded by King Willem I to create employment opportunities. As one of the cities in the western part of the Netherlands with the worst economic situation, three cotton mills were created in Haarlem under the NHM-program in the 1830s. These were run by experts from the Southern Netherlands, whom the NHM considered better at mechanical weaving through the local expertise of Lieven Bauwens . The contract winners were Thomas Wilson, whose factory

11550-401: Was now forced to return the lands to Dirk V's control. In 1101, the name "Holland" first appears in a deed. Holland's influence continued to gradually grow over the next two centuries. The counts of Holland were able to conquer most of Zeeland , to diminish the power of bishops of Utrecht and from the start of the 12th until the 13th century fight a 150-year-long war against the inhabitants of

11660-594: Was old enough to rule in his own name, but he still made thankful use of the good connections that his mother had made. According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II , who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen ) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count. This expedition appears to have been successful since after 1005 no revolts against

11770-456: Was only allowed to keep the gouw of Masaland. Through battles in 1071 and 1072, William of Utrecht, with support from the highly competent Duke Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine, managed to gain actual central control over nearly the entire later county of Holland for the first time. Robert the Frisian and Dirk V had to flee to Ghent . This could have been the end of the Gerulfingian dynasty. Robert

11880-478: Was provided with food and clothing by the citizens. The new national government was strongly centralised, and the role and influence of the cities was reduced. The Batavian Republic signed a mutual defense pact with France and was thus automatically at war with England. The strong English presence at sea severely reduced trading opportunities, and the Dutch economy suffered accordingly. The textile industry, which had always been an important pillar of Haarlem's economy,

11990-611: Was situated north of what is today the Wilsonplein, Guillaume Jean Poelman, who was in business with his nephew Charles Vervaecke from Ghent and had a factory on what today is the Phoenixstraat, and Jean Baptiste Theodore Prévinaire , who had a factory on the Garenkokerskade and whose son Marie Prosper Theodore Prévinaire created the Haarlemsche Katoenmaatschappij in 1875. These cotton factories produced goods for export, and because

12100-464: Was suffering at the beginning of the 19th century. Strong international competition and revolutionary new production methods based on steam engines already in use in England dealt a striking blow to Haarlem's industry. In 1815, the city's population was about 17,000 people, many of whom were poor. The foundation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in that year gave hope to many who believed that under

#670329