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125-641: In 1872, German immigrant J. H. C. Petersen and his three sons opened a store in a 20-by-50-foot (6 by 15 m) storefront in downtown Davenport, Iowa . The store eventually expanded and moved into their flagship store, the Redstone Building at 2nd and Main Streets in Davenport. In 1916, J.H.C. Petersen's son, William D. Petersen, sold the family store to a partnership of R.H. Harned, C.J. von Maur, and Cable von Maur. C.J. von Maur, who came from Austria, established

250-569: A referendum on whether to remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This condition, however, was never fulfilled by Prussia. During the decades of Prussian rule within the German Empire , authorities attempted a Germanisation policy in the northern part of Schleswig, which remained predominantly Danish. The period also meant increased industrialisation of Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Kiel and Flensburg as important Imperial German Navy locations. The northernmost part and west coast of

375-883: A 140,000 sq ft (13,000 m) store in Phase II of The Greene , a project of Steiner Associates in Dayton, OH . The 24th store at the Corbin Park Lifestyle Center in Overland Park, Kansas, had its soft opening on Monday, November 3, 2008, and the grand opening on Saturday, November 8, 2008. Today, the privately held company remains under the leadership of the Von Maur family, including co-chairmen Charles R. von Maur and Richard B. von Maur, as well as president James D. von Maur. Von Maur offers free gift wrapping year-round as well as free shipping year-round. Von Maur caters to

500-483: A 2013 article, "those who feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone may feel doing something such as a school shooting will make sure they are remembered and listed in the history books." In a 2019 op-ed for the Los Angeles Times , Jillian Peterson and James Densley of The Violence Project think tank presented a new, hopeful framework to understand mass shootings. Based on

625-942: A 20x50 rented storefront in Downtown Davenport. William D. Petersen would sell his Davenport store called J.H.C Petersen's Sons to the Von Maur family. They rebranded as Petersen Harned Von Maur in 1928 after combining Petersen's and Harned & Von Maur, with Dry Goods USA serving as a subsidiary. In 1989, they rebranded once more to simply Von Maur, with Dry Goods USA still a subsidiary. As of 2024, Dry Goods USA has 82 locations in 22 states, with an 83rd location expected to open in Delaware, their 23rd state. Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein ( German: [ˌʃleːsvɪç ˈhɔlʃtaɪn] ; Danish : Slesvig-Holsten [ˌsle̝ːsvi ˈhʌlˌste̝ˀn] ; Low German : Sleswig-Holsteen ; North Frisian : Slaswik-Holstiinj )

750-570: A chance in such a scenario. Therefore, they pressured the Prime Minister to call for new elections , where the Liberal Party did not secure enough votes to form a government. The Social Democrats won the election with a minority government and could not gather a strong enough mandate for the incorporation of South Schleswig. This outcome created outrage within the Danish population and was considered

875-404: A defensive infrastructure to combat terrorism are constructive, they do not address the greater issue, which is "we have a lot of really angry young men in our country and in the world." Author Dave Cullen , in his 2009 book Columbine on the 1999 Columbine High School massacre and its perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , described Harris as an "injustice collector." He expanded on

1000-476: A duke within the Holy Roman Empire. Both were ruled for several centuries by the kings of Denmark. In 1721, all of Schleswig was united into a single duchy under the king of Denmark, and the great powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future kings of Denmark should automatically become dukes of Schleswig: consequently, Schleswig would always follow the order of succession that applied in

1125-479: A mass shooting can be averted. In considering the frequency of mass shootings in the United States, criminologist Peter Squires says that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries, noting that many other countries where gun ownership is high, such as Norway, Finland, Switzerland and Israel...tend to have more tight-knit societies where

1250-500: A mass shooting. It is common for mass shooting survivors to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and survivors guilt . In 2019, Sydney Aiello and Calvin Desir, both survivors of the Parkland high school shooting , committed suicide as a result of survivors guilt. Meadow Pollack was killed in the shooting and was friends with Aiello. The overwhelming majority of mass shooters in

1375-837: A member of the German Confederation . These demands were rejected by the Danish government in 1848, and the Germans of Holstein and Southern Schleswig rebelled. This began the First Schleswig War (1848–51). Against unbelievable odds, Denmark emerged victorious, managing to politically outmaneuver the German alliance by garnering support from the British Empire , the Russian Empire and the Second French Empire while defeating

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1500-483: A mix of profound hopelessness and deep-seated resentment." Jillian Peterson , an assistant professor of criminology at Hamline University who is participating in the construction of a database on mass shooters, noted that two phenomena surface repeatedly in the statistics: hopelessness and a need for notoriety in life or in death. Notoriety was first suggested as a possible motive and researched by Justin Nutt. Nutt stated in

1625-817: A natural decrease of −8,459. The region has been strongly Protestant since the time of the Protestant Reformation . It is proportionally the most Protestant of the sixteen modern states. In 2018, members of the Protestant Church in Germany make up 44.6% of the population, while members of the Catholic Church comprise 6.1%. 49.3% either adhere to other religions or disclaim any practising religious identity. Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2023 Schleswig-Holstein combines Danish, Frisian and German aspects of culture. The castles and manors in

1750-539: A period from 1982 to 2019 involved white shooters (who are 65% of the population). According to a database compiled by Mother Jones magazine, the race of the shooters is approximately proportionate to the overall U.S. population, although Asians are overrepresented and Latinos underrepresented. In a study of 55 mass shooters from Mother Jones' mass shooting database, researchers found that 87.5 percent of perpetrators had misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated or undiagnosed and untreated psychiatric illnesses. According to

1875-610: A populated area", while the Gun Violence Archive's definition counts incidents where at least four people (excluding the perpetrator) were shot, but not necessarily killed. Mass shootings (that occur in public locations) are usually committed by deeply disgruntled individuals who are seeking revenge as a motive , for failures in school, career, romance, or life in general. Homicide Studies, Vol 8(1), pp 125–145.</ref> Additionally, or alternately, they could be seeking fame or attention, and at least 16 mass shooters since

2000-746: A populated area", while the Gun Violence Archive's definition counts incidents where at least four people (excluding the perpetrator) were shot, but not necessarily killed. In a 2016 study published by criminologist Adam Lankford, it was estimated that 31 percent of all public mass shooters from 1966 to 2012 attacked in the United States, although the U.S. had less than five percent of the world's population. The study concludes that "The United States and other nations with high firearm ownership rates may be particularly susceptible to future public mass shootings, even if they are relatively peaceful or mentally healthy according to other national indicators." Criminologist Gary Kleck criticized Lankford's findings, stating

2125-654: A print shop. In 1989, Von Maur purchased stores vacated by Carson Pirie Scott at Hickory Point Mall in Forsyth and College Hills Mall in Normal . Von Maur successfully entered the Chicago market in 1994 with a 207,000-square-foot (19,200 m) flagship store at Yorktown Center in Lombard, Illinois . Von Maur currently has 7 stores in Illinois , more than any other state. From there,

2250-438: A result, Danish students, future administrators, clergy, and educators were taught in German and continued to use the language throughout their professional lives. In 1814, mandatory schooling was instituted, and was taught in German. This created generations of Danish children who learned German from an early age. Their schooling was conducted in German, they heard sermons in German, and when they grew up, their interactions with

2375-504: A scandal. Due to the forced migrations of Germans between 1944 and 1950 , Schleswig-Holstein took in almost a million refugees after the war, increasing its population by 33%. A pro-Danish political movement arose in Schleswig, with transfer of the area to Denmark as an ultimate goal. This was supported neither by the British occupation administration nor the Danish government. In 1955,

2500-740: A store at Polaris Fashion Place in Columbus, Ohio , the 23rd store in the chain. On January 31, 2007, Von Maur closed its store at Westdale Mall in Cedar Rapids, Iowa , which brought the store count down to 22. On December 5, 2007, the Von Maur location in Westroads Mall in Omaha, Nebraska , was the site of a mass shooting when a mentally ill teenager entered the store with an assault rifle, killing 8 and injuring six more before killing himself . On Saturday, September 13, 2008, Von Maur opened its 23rd store,

2625-473: A strong social bond supports people through crises, and mass killings are fewer. He is an advocate of gun control, but contends there is more to mass shootings than the prevalence of guns. The Italian Marxist academic Franco Berardi argues that the hyper-individualism , social alienation and competitiveness fomented by neoliberal ideology and capitalism creates mass shooters by causing people to "malfunction." A noteworthy connection has been reported in

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2750-509: A study by The Violence Project, 42 percent of all mass shooters experienced physical or sexual abuse, parental suicide, or were victims of bullying. They also found that 72 percent of perpetrators were suicidal. In a study of 171 mass shooters who attacked in the United States from 1966 to 2019, researchers Adam Lankford and Rebecca Cowan found that although the vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent, "almost all public mass shooters may have mental health problems." They suggest

2875-615: A study funded by the National Institute of Justice , Peterson and Densley found mass shooters had four things in common: This new framework highlights the complexity of the pathway to a mass shooting, including how each one can be "socially contagious," but also provides a blueprint to prevent the next mass shooting. Each one of the four themes represents an opportunity for intervention. By mitigating contagion (validation), training in crisis intervention de-escalation (crisis), and increasing access to affordable mental healthcare (trauma),

3000-458: A third zone covering a southern area, but zone III was cancelled again and never voted, as the Danish government asked the commission not to expand the plebiscite to this area. In zone I covering Northern Schleswig (10 February 1920), 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In zone II covering central Schleswig (14 March 1920), the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark. Only minor areas on

3125-510: A toll station. Danish chieftains would collect fees from traders, merchants, and peasants traveling along the Hærvejen (Heerweg/Armyway), the main trade route running through the peninsula. Saxons, Wagrians, and Danes alike used the Hærvejen to trade goods such as honey, furs, amber, glass, metalwork, and other commodities, such as livestock, with cattle and oxen being particularly important. Especially

3250-404: Is a major industry and the basis of its distinctive unique local cuisine. It is a popular tourist destination for Germans and visitors from across the globe. The term "Holstein" derives from Old Saxon Holseta Land, ( Holz means wood in modern Standardized German; holt is a now-archaic English word for woods.) Originally, the term referred to the central of the three Saxon tribes north of

3375-593: Is an annual event, except for 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID19-Pandemic . It took place again in June 2022. The annual Wacken Open Air festival is considered to be the largest heavy metal rock festival in the world. The coat of arms shows the symbols of the two duchies united in Schleswig-Holstein, i.e., the two lions for Schleswig and the leaf of nettle for Holstein. Supposedly, Otto von Bismarck decreed that

3500-504: Is believed to have been used only for the inner Slien (the Great and Little Bay near the city of Schleswig). The word is thought to be related to Slæ, which means reeds and aquatic plants found in this area. The Duchy of Schleswig , or Southern Jutland, was originally an integral part of Denmark, but in medieval times was established as a fief under the control of the Kingdom of Denmark, having

3625-532: Is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed upon definition. In the United States, there were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the FBI 's definition, and 706 deaths using the Gun Violence Archive 's definition. The FBI's definition refers to "active shooter incidents" defined as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in

3750-653: Is elected by the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein . State elections were held on 8 May 2022 . The current government is a coalition of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and The Greens , led by Minister-President Daniel Günther . Schleswig-Holstein has an aging population. Since 1972 there has been a decrease in the natural rate of population change. In 2016 the total fertility rate reached 1.61, highest value in 40 years (the average value being 1.4). In 2016 there were 25,420 births and 33,879 deaths, resulting in

3875-563: Is in Denmark ( South Jutland County , Region of Southern Denmark ). The state of Schleswig-Holstein further consists of Holstein, as well as Lauenburg and the formerly independent city of Lübeck. Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark ( Southern Denmark ) to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony , Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to

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4000-586: Is increasing or decreasing over time, for the same reason. In addition, there is a large impact from random chance, outliers , and the specific time frame chosen for analysis. The United States has had the most mass shootings of any country in the world. There were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the FBI 's definition, and 706 deaths using the Gun Violence Archive 's definition. The FBI's definition refers to "active shooter incidents" defined as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in

4125-889: Is not the sole cause of mass shootings and many other factors play an important role in perpetrators' decisions to attack. Criminologist James Allen Fox said that most mass murderers do not have a criminal record, or involuntary incarceration at a mental health centre, although an article in The New York Times in December 2015 about 15 recent mass shootings found that six perpetrators had had run-ins with law enforcement, and six had mental health issues. Mass shootings can be motivated by religious extremism , political ideologies (e.g., neo-Nazism , terrorism , white supremacism ), racism , misogyny , homophobia , mental illness , and revenge against bullying , among other reasons. Forensic psychologist Stephen Ross cites extreme anger and

4250-627: Is now home to the River Music Experience . Petersen Harned Von Maur shortened its name to Von Maur in 1989 to reflect the von Maur family's management of the company. One year later, it moved its corporate headquarters and executive offices from the Redstone Building to a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m) building on Brady Street (near the interchange with Interstate 80 ) in Davenport. The company distributes all of its merchandise from this building using its own fleet of semi-trucks. It also has its own credit union and credit department as well as

4375-404: Is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany , comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig . Its capital city is Kiel ; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg . It covers an area of 15,763 km (6,086 sq mi), making it the 5th smallest German federal state by area (including the city-states). Historically,

4500-774: Is the Bungsberg at 168 metres or 551 feet) and many lakes are found, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holstein Switzerland and the former Duchy of Lauenburg ( Herzogtum Lauenburg ). The longest river besides the Elbe is the Eider . Schleswig-Holstein has the lowest quota of forest covered area, it is only 11.0% (national average 32.0%), which is even lower than in the city-states of Hamburg and Bremen . The German Islands of Sylt , Föhr , Pellworm , Amrum , Heligoland and Fehmarn are part of Schleswig-Holstein, with

4625-453: Is typically defined as terrorist when it "appears to have been intended" to intimidate or to coerce people; although a mass shooting is not necessarily an act of terrorism solely by itself. The perpetrator is typically but not always excluded from the body count . The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed definition. It is also difficult to determine whether their frequency

4750-516: The New York Daily News ' front-page headline "God isn't fixing this" was accompanied by "images of tweets from leading Republicans who shared their 'thoughts' and 'prayers' for the shooting victims." Since the 2014 Isla Vista killings , satirical news website The Onion has repeatedly republished the story "No Way to Prevent This", Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens with minor edits after major mass shootings, to satirise

4875-495: The American Psychological Association published a press release , claiming that mass shooting contagion does exist and that news media and social media enthusiasts should withhold the name(s) and face(s) of the victimizer(s) when reporting a mass shooting to deny the fame the shooter(s) want to curb contagion. Some news media have weighed in on the gun control debate. After the 2015 San Bernardino attack ,

5000-526: The Columbine massacre have cited fame or notoriety as a motive. Fame-seekers average more than double the body counts , and many articulate a desire to surpass "past records". There are a variety of definitions of a mass shooting: There are also different definitions of the term mass killing: The lack of a single definition can lead to alarmism in the news media, with some reports conflating categories of different crimes. An act of mass shooting

5125-605: The German Confederation , invoking the Treaty of Ribe stating that the two duchies should stay "Forever Undivided". The Danes on the other hand, furthered the Eider Policy ( da:Ejderpolitikken ), stating that the natural Danish border was the Eider (river) as first recognised in the Treaty of Heiligen . Therefore, the Danes sought to reintegrate Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark , reversing

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5250-497: The Gun Violence Archive , define mass shootings as involving "four or more shot (injured or killed) in a single incident, at the same general time and location, not including the shooter". Mother Jones magazine defines mass shootings as indiscriminate rampages killing three or more individuals (not including the perpetrator), and excluding gang violence and armed robbery. An Australian study from 2006 specifies five individuals killed. The number of people killed in mass shootings

5375-501: The Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 defines " mass killings " as three or more killings in a single incident. In its definition, a Congressional Research Service report from 2013 specifies four or more killings on indiscriminate victims, while excluding violence committed as a means to an end, such as robbery or terrorism . Media outlets such as CNN , and some crime violence research groups such as

5500-554: The Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting wrote about his reaction to other mass shooting incidents. The father of a victim in a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado , wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son. The survivors of the 2011 Norway attacks recounted their experience to GQ magazine. In addition, one paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to

5625-633: The Limes Saxoniae as a border with the Obotrites. This agreement established firm boundaries between the Franks, Obotrites, and Danes, securing peace in the region. Between 500 and 1200, Schleswig was an integral part of Denmark, but during the 12th century, Duke Abel of Schlewig came into conflict with his brother King Eric IV . Abel managed to gain autonomy from his brother, making Schleswig an autonomous duchy. Later, Abel had Eric assassinated and seized

5750-636: The Quad Cities area at Valley West Mall in West Des Moines, Iowa . The company continued to open new stores in shopping malls throughout Iowa and Illinois during the late 1970s and 1980s; along the way it acquired two former Killian's department stores in Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Iowa , in 1981. As the company shifted its focus to malls, the Petersen Harned Von Maur flagship store in downtown Davenport closed in 1986. The Redstone Building

5875-697: The River Elbe : Tedmarsgoi ( Dithmarschen ), Holstein and Sturmarii ( Stormarn ). The area inhabited by the tribe of the Holsts lay between the Stör River and Hamburg ; after Christianization , their main church was in Schenefeld . Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne 's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. Beginning in 811, the northern border of Holstein (and thus of

6000-631: The Saxon Wars . In retaliation for the raid on the church in Deventer, Charlemagne ordered his troops to destroy the holy pillar Irminsul , near Paderborn in either 772 or 773—a notorious act that sent shockwaves throughout the Germanic pagan world. It has been postulated that Irminsul symbolised Yggdrasil Ash - the world tree. Charlemagne then destroyed all Saxon settlements up to the Wesser river. After defeating

6125-601: The Treene River and extending to the Schlei Bay . This fortification served to deter Saxon and Wagrian raids while enabling the Danes to launch their own raids into southern territories. It would remain in use until 1864, being expanded and adapted to the changing military needs of the Danes multiple times. The establishment of the Danevirke not only helped to prevent Saxon and Wagrian raids into Danish territory but also served as

6250-691: The 1852 London Protocol. This left Denmark politically isolated and led to the Second Schleswig War , with Prussia and Austria invading once again. This was the Second War of Schleswig . Denmark achieved some initial victories at the Battles of Mysunde , and Sankelmark , but these successes were short-lived. The Austrians defeated the Danes at the Königshügel and Vejle . However, it was the Prussians who decided

6375-434: The 1997 Firearms Amendment Acts, which restricted or made illegal many handguns. Since then, there have been only a handful of mass shootings in the country with relatively few fatalities. The UK has also banned the private ownership of semi-automatic and automatic weapons, and introduced stringent checks before issuing permits to private citizens to own single and low cartridge shotguns. There have been two mass shootings since

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6500-581: The 4th and early 5th centuries, a significant migration saw the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons depart from their homelands to settle in the British Isles . This mass exodus left much of the Jutland Peninsula sparsely populated, allowing the Danes from southern Scandinavia and the islands of Zealand , Funen , and other smaller Danish isles to migrate into the peninsula. They gradually settled the region, integrating

6625-421: The Boston Store (later renamed Harned & Von Maur) in downtown Davenport in 1887. Despite the common ownership, Petersen's and Harned & Von Maur continued to operate as separate stores for twelve years, even after C.J. von Maur died in 1926. On May 7, 1928, Harned & Von Maur merged with the Petersen's store in what is now known as the Redstone Building. The store was renamed Petersen Harned Von Maur, which

6750-421: The Danes developed a thriving livestock breeding industry, driving large herds along the Hærvejen to sell on the continent. This trade gave the route its alternative names, such as "Studevejen" (Cattle Way) in Danish and "Ochsenweg" (Oxen Way) in German. Therefore control of the Danevirke, through which the Hærvejen ran, was of immense financial significance. Whoever controlled the gates of Danevirke also controlled

6875-406: The Danish South Schleswig Association had sent the government a formal request for incorporation. However, the dominating Social Liberal Party feared that Denmark might again face destructive wars like the two Schleswig Wars once Germany recovered from World War II. Given that the Germans had conquered Denmark in six hours during the German invasion of Denmark , they believed Denmark would not stand

7000-522: The Danish language in Schleswig (the dominant language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the 19th century). A liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen , since it was well known that the political élite of Holstein were more conservative than Copenhagen's. Representatives of German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners demanded that Schleswig and Holstein be unified and allowed its own constitution and that Schleswig join Holstein as

7125-407: The Danish state or to forcibly expel them from South Schleswig, as was being done to Germans in Eastern Europe . Denmark's then Prime Minister, the Liberal Party's Knud Kristensen , enthusiastically accepted the offer of South Schleswig reunification with Denmark. A survey showed that 75% of the Danish population supported the incorporation, 500,000 signatures had been collected in support of it and

7250-428: The Empire) was the River Eider . The term "Schleswig" originally referred to the city of Schleswig . The word Schleswig is a German transliteration of the Danish word Slesvig, which consists of two words: Schlei and vig. The Schlei refers to the river at which the city lies, and vig means " inlet " or bay. Schleswig therefore means (in Danish): "The bay at the river Schlei". The Schlei is known as Slien in Danish and

7375-449: The Franks had spent nearly 20 years, from the late 600s to the early 700s, subjugating and converting the Frisian Kingdom . Their primary opponent was the formidable Frisian king Redbad , who fiercely resisted the Franks until his death. Now, the Frisians' neighbors, the Saxons, faced Frankish expansion. The casus belli was a Saxon raid on the church in Deventer in January of 772. This conflict, fueled by Charlemagne 's desire to conquer

7500-418: The Frisian and Dutch coasts, supplying high-quality salt, fish, and other maritime goods. Moreover, they were particularly active in trade with East Anglia in England , where pottery was exchanged in large quantities. Normalcy in the area vanished with the expansion of the Frankish Empire into Saxony from 772 to 804, triggering a generational war on an unprecedented scale for the region. Prior to this,

7625-524: The German and Danish governments issued the Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations confirming the rights of the ethnic minorities on both sides of the border. Conditions between the nationalities have since been stable and generally respectful. Schleswig-Holstein lies on the base of Jutland Peninsula between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea . Strictly speaking, "Schleswig" refers to the German Southern Schleswig (German: Südschleswig or Landesteil Schleswig , Danish : Sydslesvig ), whereas Northern Schleswig

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7750-429: The Germans at the Battles of Bov , the Dybbøl , the Fredericia and Isted . However, under pressure from the Great Powers , led by Tsar Alexander III , who had forced Prussia and Austria out of Denmark, the Danes were not permitted to reintegrate Schleswig into Denmark. Alexander thereby sought to preserve the existing European order,in accordance with the principles established by the Concert of Europe . This led to

7875-421: The Jutish coastline. These areas eventually became known as North Frisia , though historically, the region was referred to as Uthlande (Outland). In these settlements, the Frisians established fishing and trading stations. The local Danes soon became a minority and, over time, assimilated into the Frisian population. The Frisians contributed to the broader Hærvejen trade network, with sea routes extending along

8000-452: The King of Denmark ruled both Schleswig and Holstein as their duke. Schleswig was still part of Denmark, while Holstein remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the 19th century, Danes and Germans each believed they had a claim to Schleswig-Holstein, the population of which was majority ethnic German. The resulting long-term political and territorial dispute was known as the Schleswig-Holstein Question . In 1848, Denmark tried to formally annex

8125-520: The Kingdom of Denmark. Following the Protestant Reformation, German was established as the language of commerce, administration, education, and clergy in Schleswig despite the population being ethnically Danish. This was because Schleswig were managed by the German Chancellery, in Kiel, which was later renamed the Schleswig-Holstein Chancellery in 1806. Therefore, Danes were sent to Kiel for their education instead of Copenhagen, where they received their education in German rather than their native Danish. As

8250-499: The Name of the agency using the logo is shown or the motto "Der echte Norden" (Germany's true North). Mass shooting Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction A mass shooting is a violent crime in which one or more attackers kill or injure multiple individuals simultaneously using a firearm . There is no widely accepted definition, and different organizations tracking such incidents use different criteria. Mass shootings are often characterized by

8375-403: The Obotrites and later Frankish Frisia. But he was slain, either by one of his huscarls or possibly his own illegitimate son, on the Frisian campaign. The new Danish king, Hemming , Gudfred's nephew, initiated peace talks, which resulted in the Treaty of Heiligen in 810. The treaty established the Danish border at the Eider River. Charlemagne retained Saxony, including Holstein, and established

8500-446: The Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation . On 23 August 1946, the military government abolished the province and reconstituted it as a separate Land . On 9 September 1946, the British and Soviets offered Denmark South Schleswig, in the Septembernote  [ de ] . In this note, they gave Denmark carte blanche on how to deal with the German-speaking South Schleswigers, whether to integrate them into

8625-424: The Saxon portion of Holstein. This alliance with Charlemagne shifted the balance of power in the region. In 782, after another defeat of the Saxons, Charlemagne ordered the mass execution of 4,500 Saxons, an atrocity that became known as the Massacre of Verden . Following this brutal act, Charlemagne was nicknamed the "Butcher of Saxons" or "Saxonslaughterer." In 796, despite Saxony being fully under Frankish rule,

8750-435: The Saxons and convert them from their belief in the Germanic pantheon to Christianity , used the Deventer raid as a pretext to wage a war that would ultimately reshape the political and cultural landscape of what would later become Holstein forever. Over the course of 18 campaigns, carried out in three phases over 32 years, Charlemagne aimed to subdue the Saxons and forcibly convert them to Christianity, in what became known as

8875-477: The Saxons and securing hostages , he turned his attention to northern Italy . For centuries, the Danes and Saxons had regarded each other as kindred peoples, sharing the same belief in the Germanic pantheon and frequently intermarrying, especially among the elite. Thus, the defeated Saxon warleader Widukind sought refuge with his father-in-law, Danish king Sigfred . The Royal Frankish Annals mention that Widukind received substantial aid from Sigfred, though

9000-550: The Saxons rose up once more, supported by the Danes. The rebellion was triggered by forced conscription of Saxons for the Frankish wars against the Avars . Moreover, Charlemagne, in alliance with the Obotrites, planned to subjugate the Danes, now led by King Gudfred Sigfredson . However, Gudfred struck first. He expanded the Danevirke, assembled a fleet, mustered an army, and launched attacks on

9125-780: The Southeast in the Atlanta suburb of Alpharetta . The regional flagship store would convert a former location previously occupied by Lord & Taylor , then Belk , at the North Point Mall into a much larger anchor. The store opened in early November 2011. In March 2011, it was reported Von Maur would enter the Wisconsin market with a store in the Milwaukee area at a new lifestyle shopping center in Brookfield named The Corners. The proposed store

9250-401: The U.S. are male, with some sources showing males account for 98 percent of mass shooters. According to Sky News, male perpetrators committed 110 out of 114 school shootings (96%) in the period 1982–2019, compared to homicides in general in the United States, where 85.3 percent of homicides were committed by males. A study by Statista showed that 65 out of 116 (56%) U.S. mass shootings in

9375-574: The U.S. between mass shootings and domestic or family violence, with a current or former intimate partner or family member killed in 76 of 133 cases (57%), and a perpetrator having previously been charged with domestic violence in 21. Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents. In response to this, some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events to avoid giving them notoriety. The effects of messages used in

9500-747: The United Kingdom , which has some of the strictest gun laws in the world. As a result of the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford , England, and the Dunblane school massacre in Stirling, Scotland , the United Kingdom enacted tough gun laws and a buyback program to remove specific classes of firearms from private ownership. They included the Firearms Amendment Act 1988, which limited rifles and shotguns; and

9625-586: The United Kingdom. China's strict gun control laws have prohibited private ownership of firearms since 1951. Japan has as few as two gun-related homicides per year. These numbers include all homicides in the country, not just mass shootings. While gun violence is relatively uncommon in India due to strict gun control laws, incidents of mass shootings and violent attacks continue to occur. Mass shootings are relatively rare in Russia, but they have occurred sporadically over

9750-714: The United States. That represents 29.7 percent. Because America had in those years approximately 4.5 percent of the world's population (according to Lott and Moody's calculations), this indicates that based on their data, the United States had more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone (29.7/4.5 = 6.6). In a subsequent study, Lankford criticized Lott and Moody for including "attacks by terrorist organizations, genocidal militias, armed rebel groups, and paramilitary fighters" in their data and suggested they "misrepresent approximately 1,000 foreign cases from their own dataset" in other ways. Mass shootings have also been observed to be followed by an increase in

9875-579: The administration and business were conducted in German. Additionally, if Danes didn't learn German, they couldn't communicate with the administration, which often cared little if the citizens were able to understand them. Therefore, if the Danes weren't able to speak German, they were effectively frozen out of any official matters. As a result, a language shift slowly began forming in South Schleswig and gradually spread north, which alarmed Copenhagen. The Danish authorities started taking countermeasures to halt

10000-536: The area. Prussia responded by invading, thus beginning the First Schleswig War , which ended in a victory for Denmark. But in the Second Schleswig War (1864), Prussia and Austria won and the territory was absorbed into Prussia in 1867. After the German defeat in World War I, the Allies required that the question of sovereignty over the territory be submitted to plebiscites (the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites ), which resulted in

10125-486: The borderlands was a hostile and unsafe area to inhabit. In response to these threats, the Danes began constructing the Danevirke . Originally built as a dyke, it was gradually expanded into a 30-kilometer earthwork with a palisade fortification, forming a barrier between the Danes and their southern neighbors. The Danevirke was strategically positioned at the most narrow point of the peninsula, with its eastern end beginning at

10250-568: The company announced that it would open a second store in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The two-story, 140,000-square foot store at Rosedale Center opened on October 13, 2018, joining the existing store at Eden Prairie Center . In February 2017, It was announced that the longstanding Sears store at Woodland Mall in the Grand Rapids suburb of Kentwood, Michigan , would close and will reopen as Von Maur in 2019 along with other additions to

10375-613: The company expanded its geographic reach into Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Minnesota , and Nebraska during the late 1990s and early 2000s while closing stores in Bettendorf, Iowa and Muscatine, Iowa , during this period. In 2004 Von Maur expanded into Michigan by taking over two mall locations of the defunct Jacobson's chain (The Briarwood Mall in Ann Arbor, Michigan , and Laurel Park Place in Livonia, Michigan ). In late 2005 it opened

10500-620: The company's president said that he would like to have four or five stores in the market during this time. The three-story, 240,000-square-foot (22,000 m) store opened on November 10, 2012. On November 2, 2013, the chain opened its first store in Alabama, at the Riverchase Galleria in the Birmingham suburb of Hoover . The store is located in the space first occupied by Macy's , then Proffitt's , and later Belk . On February 27, 2013, it

10625-579: The concept in a 2015 New Republic essay on injustice collectors, identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including Christopher Dorner , Elliot Rodger , Vester Flanagan , and Andrew Kehoe . Likewise, mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler Mary O'Toole also uses the phrase "injustice collector" in characterizing motives of some mass shooting perpetrators. In relation, criminologist James Alan Fox contends that mass murderers are "enabled by social isolation" and typically experience "years of disappointment and failure that produce

10750-706: The countryside are the best example for this tradition; some dishes like Rødgrød (German: Rote Grütze , literal English "red grits " or "red groats ") are also shared, as well as surnames such as Hansen . The most important festivals are the Kiel Week, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival , an annual classic music festival all over the state, and the Lübeck Nordic Film Days , an annual film festival for movies from Scandinavian countries, held in Lübeck. The Kiel Week

10875-629: The coverage of mass shootings have been studied. Researchers studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for gun control policies. In 2015, a paper written by a physicist and statistician, Sherry Towers , along with four colleagues was published, which proved that there is indeed mass shooting contagion using mathematical modeling . However, in 2017, Towers said in an interview that she prefers self-regulation to censorship to address this issue, just like years ago major news outlets successfully prevent copycat suicide . In 2016,

11000-534: The division did not last long, since Prussia annexed Holstein in 1867, after its victory in the Austro-Prussian War . Contrary to the hopes of German Schleswig-Holsteiners, the area did not gain its independence, but was annexed as a province of Prussia in 1867. Also following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stipulated that the people of Northern Schleswig would be consulted in

11125-555: The duchy of Holstein to the head of the (German-oriented) branch of the Danish royal family, the House of Augustenborg , was more controversial. The separation of the two duchies was challenged by the Augustenborg heir, who claimed, as in 1848, to be rightful heir of both Schleswig and Holstein. A common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig was promulgated in November 1863, which was a breach of

11250-460: The exact nature of this aid is not explicitly stated. However, the chronicles do note that Sigfred and Charlemagne brokered a peace agreement some years later, indicating that Sigfred, upon hearing Widukind's plea, may have mustered his army and joined the war on the side of the Saxons. In response to the Danes' involvement in the war, Charlemagne seems to have recruited the Obotrites by promising them

11375-564: The first century, served as the boundary between the Jutes in the north and the Angles in the south. This dyke lost its relevance in the 200s when the Angles expanded northward, leading to the establishment of a new dyke called the Wendish Dyke  [ da ] . The southern border of the Angles was marked by the marshes surrounding the Eider , that combined with the dense old-growth forrest to

11500-421: The frequency of mental health problems among mass shooters is sometimes underestimated because "many perpetrators have never been formally evaluated by a psychiatrist or mental health practitioner...and others deliberately avoid doctors, conceal their mental health problems, or lie about their symptoms due to shame, stigma, or fear of other consequences." However, Lankford and Cowan also emphasize that mental illness

11625-414: The indiscriminate targeting of victims in a non-combat setting, and thus the term generally excludes gang violence , shootouts and warfare . Mass shootings may be done for personal or psychological reasons, but have also been used as a terrorist tactic. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an active shooter . In the United States, the country with the most mass shootings,

11750-503: The island of Föhr showed a Danish majority, and the rest of the Danish vote was primarily in the town of Flensburg. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. The Danish/German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I that was never challenged by Adolf Hitler . In 1937, the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act ( Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz ), where

11875-466: The language shift by banning German in all official matters in Schleswig, which only served to create tensions between Danes and Germans. This language strife significantly contributed to shaping the inhabitants' national sentiments during a time of national unrest in Europe. It is also during this period that we see surname changes, such as from Jørgensen to Jürgensen or Nielsen to Nilsen, in South Schleswig. By

12000-415: The latter being the largest and the only Island of Schleswig-Holstein located on the east coast. Heligoland is Germany's only high-sea island. Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 11 Kreise (Districts) and four Kreisfreie Städte (Urban Districts). Schleswig-Holstein has its own parliament and government which are located in the state capital Kiel. The Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein

12125-578: The mall. In February 2018, the company announced it would open a store at the Jordan Creek Town Center in West Des Moines, Iowa . That store opened in 2022 and replaced the Valley West location. In August 2022, the company announced it would open a store at South Hills Village in suburban Pittsburgh, the first store in the state of Pennsylvania. Dry Goods USA is a subsidiary of Von Maur. The company started as Von Maur Dry Goods in 1872 with

12250-565: The name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig; now part of the Region of Southern Denmark ) in Denmark . Schleswig was under Danish control during the Viking Age , but in the 12th century it became a duchy within Denmark. It bordered Holstein, which was a part of the Holy Roman Empire . Beginning in 1460,

12375-538: The nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formerly belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck ), the 711-year-long independence of the Hansestadt Lübeck came to an end, and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein. After World War II ,

12500-542: The notion of working for a cause – rather than mental illness – as primary explanations. A study by Vanderbilt University researchers found that "fewer than five percent of the 120,000 gun-related killings in the United States between 2001 and 2010 were perpetrated by people diagnosed with mental illness." John Roman of the Urban Institute argues that, while better access to mental health care, restricting high powered weapons, and creating

12625-521: The past decade. Most of the incidents involve lone gunmen, although there have been a few cases involving multiple shooters. Mass shootings have become a common occurrence in Mexico, particularly in recent years. The country has been plagued by violence from drug cartels, which have been responsible for many of the deadliest mass shootings in Mexico's history . Brazil has one of the highest rates of gun violence in

12750-527: The popular consensus that there is a lack of political power in the United States to prevent mass shootings. Responses to mass shootings take a variety of forms, depending on the country and political climate. After the 1996 Port Arthur massacre , Australia changed its gun laws . In the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings , New Zealand announced a ban on almost all semiautomatic military-style weapons. Mass shootings are extremely rare in

12875-542: The province saw a wave of emigration to America, while some Danes of North Schleswig emigrated to Denmark. Following the defeat of Germany in World War I , the Allied powers arranged a plebiscite in northern and central Schleswig . The plebiscite was conducted under the auspices of an international commission which designated two voting zones to cover the northern and south-central parts of Schleswig. Steps were taken to also create

13000-568: The purchase of weapons, but this does not seem to create an increased feeling of needing guns in either gun owners or non-owners. Even though the global COVID-19 pandemic reduced public gatherings from March 2020 onward, the number of mass shootings increased significantly over that period. It "even doubled in July 2020 compared to a year earlier". Mass shootings (and firearm deaths in general) virtually never happen in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and

13125-469: The remaining Jutes and Angles who had not left for Britain. By the mid 5th century, the Danes had established settlements from Grenen in the north to just north of the Eider River and its marshes. Their southernmost settlements being around Schwansen , Hedeby and Husum , mirroring the same southern border as their Angle predecessors. As raiding was a frequent practice among the Danes, Saxons, and Wagrians,

13250-544: The return of some of the territory to Denmark. After World War II, Schleswig-Holstein took in over a million refugees . Today, Schleswig-Holstein's economy is known for its agriculture, such as its Holstein cows . Its position on the Atlantic Ocean makes it a major trade point and shipbuilding site; it is also the location of the Kiel Canal . Its offshore oil wells and wind farms produce significant amounts of energy. Fishing

13375-717: The same relationship with the Danish Crown as, for example, Brandenburg or Bavaria had with the Holy Roman Emperor . Around 1100, the Duchy of Saxony gave Holstein to Count Adolf I of Schauenburg . During the Migration Period , the Jutland peninsula was home to several tribes. The Jutes inhabitted the most northern part of the peninsula from Grenen to Olger's Dyke  [ de ] . This dyke, dating back to around

13500-629: The separation created by King Abel, while also granting Holstein independence to join the German Confederation as a sovereign entity. The resulting long-term political and territorial dispute was known as the Schleswig-Holstein Question . Holstein was entirely German-speaking, while Schleswig was predominantly Danish-speaking until the late 1700 and early 1800s. During this period, a linguistic shift began in southern Schleswig, transitioning from Danish to German. This meant that Schleswig

13625-411: The signing of the 1852 London Protocol , which failed to provide a solution to the issue and merely upheld the status quo. In 1863, conflict broke out again when Frederick VII died without legitimate issue. According to the order of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg , who became Christian IX . The transmission of

13750-676: The south of the river, formed a natural barrier. South of the forest lay the region now known as Holstein, which was divided between the Germanic Saxons , who inhabited the western part, and the Slavic Wagri , who lived in the eastern part. In the 8th century, the Wagri would become part of the Slavic tribal confederation known as the Obotrites . (Also known as the Wends by the Danes and Saxons). During

13875-620: The south. In the western part of the state, the lowlands have virtually no hills. The North Frisian Islands , as well as almost all of Schleswig-Holstein's North Sea coast, form the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park ( Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer ) which is the largest national park in Central Europe. The Baltic Sea coast in the east of Schleswig-Holstein is marked by bays, fjords , and cliff lines. Rolling hills (the highest elevation

14000-451: The study merely shows a proportional relationship but fails to prove that gun ownership causes mass shootings. The backlash from economist and gun rights advocate John Lott also raised objections to Lankford's methodology and refusal to share his data. He speculated that Lankford had overlooked a significant number of mass shootings outside the U.S., which if accounted for would adjust the nation's share closer to 2.88 percent; slightly below

14125-408: The throne. Despite this, Schleswig remained an autonomous duchy within the Kingdom, setting the stage for future conflicts. Beginning in 1460, both the Duchy of Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein , were ruled together by the Danish king, who acted as the duke of both regions. Holstein being a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire created a situation where the Danish king was sovereign of Denmark but also

14250-577: The time of the First Schleswig War, one-third of Schleswig and half of South Schleswig spoke German as their first language. By the time of the Second Schleswig War in 1864, half of Schleswig and the vast majority of South Schleswig spoke German as their first language. In the 19th century, fueled by nationalism both Danes and Germans claimed Schleswig-Holstein. The Germans wanted both Schleswig and Holstein to separate from Denmark and join

14375-525: The trade along the Hærvejen, giving them access to substantial wealth. After approximately 350 to 400 years of Danes being the sole inhabitants north of the Eider, the Frisians arrived in two waves, the first of which occurred in the 800s. They came from Frisia and initially settled on the islands of Heligoland , Sylt , Föhr and Amrum in the southwestern part of Jutland. Later, they expanded to Eiderstedt and

14500-550: The two lions were to face the nettle because of the discomfort to their bottoms which would have resulted if the lions faced away from it. Government agencies of Schleswig-Holsteins are using a logo showing a stylized version of the Schleswig Lions and the Holstein nettle combined with the abbreviation of Schleswig-Holstein "SH". Written either below or to the right of the lion and the nettle is "Schleswig-Holstein" below which either

14625-556: The typical middle-class consumer. In the past five years, the chain has expanded out of its Midwestern home territory to open stores in Georgia, Alabama, New York, and Oklahoma. September 18, 2010 marked Von Maur's entrance into the St. Louis, Missouri market as the anchor of The Meadows shopping center in Lake St. Louis . On November 11, 2010, Von Maur announced the chain would open its first store in

14750-557: The war by decisively winning the pivotal Battles of Dybbøl and Als . British attempts to mediate in the London Conference of 1864 failed. With the peace Treaty of Vienna (1864) , Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to Austria. The two victors divided the duchies despite their casus belli being the defence of the German-speaking Schleswig-Holsteiners' wish to remain unified. But

14875-466: The world average. Lankford has since followed up on his research, publishing his data and clarifying that the United States from 1998 to 2012 did have more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone, which is almost always the case with mass shooters. Using the data from Lott and Moody's 2019 study of mass shootings, Lankford explains that "41 of all 138 public mass shootings by single perpetrators worldwide were committed in

15000-607: The world, and mass shootings have become more common in recent years. In 2022, there were at least 10 mass shootings in Brazil, resulting in the deaths of over 50 people. Furthermore, In 2017, there were over 45,000 gun-related homicides countrywide. In Africa, whilst incidents of mass violence resulting from terrorism and ethnic conflict have occurred, "mass shootings" are generally understood as rare. After mass shootings, some survivors have written about their experiences and their experiences have been covered by journalists. A survivor of

15125-583: Was announced that Von Maur would be opening a new location in Oklahoma City as the fourth anchor store at Quail Springs Mall , replacing Sears . The 155,000-square-foot (14,400 m) facility opened on October 18, 2014 and marked the 30th location for Von Maur. In September 2016, Von Maur would open their third Georgia store in a former Nordstrom location at the Mall of Georgia in Buford, Georgia . In March 2016,

15250-417: Was announced that Von Maur would enter New York State with its first store at Eastview Mall , outside Rochester , replacing a Bon-Ton store. Von Maur's first northeast location opened on October 26, 2013. Von Maur announced in early January 2012 they would be opening their second Atlanta area store at the soon-to-be shuttered Bloomingdale's location at Perimeter Mall in north suburban Dunwoody , while

15375-457: Was linguistically divided with a Danish-speaking north and a German-speaking south. In 1848, King Frederick VII of Denmark declared that he would grant Denmark a liberal constitution and the immediate goal of the Danish national movement was to ensure that this constitution would give rights to all Danes, i.e. not only to those in the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded protection for

15500-449: Was often shortened to "Petersen's". The von Maur family assumed complete ownership of the store after R.H. Harned died in 1937. In the company's centennial year of 1972, Petersen Harned Von Maur opened its first branch store at Duck Creek Plaza in Bettendorf, Iowa . Another branch store opened at SouthPark Mall in Moline, Illinois , in 1974. In 1976, Petersen's opened its first store outside

15625-469: Was to have been combined with a three-story parking structure and had been predicted to open in the fall of 2014, but numerous project delays occurred. Von Maur's 32nd location, it opened on April 8, 2017. In September 2011, Von Maur announced that it would open a store in Coralville , Iowa at Iowa River Landing, replacing the chain's Iowa City store, previously located at Sycamore Mall. In November 2011, it

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