CBS Laboratories or CBS Labs (later known as the CBS Technology Center or CTC ) was the technology research and development organization of the CBS television network. Innovations developed at the labs included many groundbreaking broadcast, industrial, military, and consumer technologies.
36-439: Peter Goldmark may refer to: Peter Carl Goldmark (1906–1977), engineer and inventor Peter C. Goldmark Jr. (born 1941), American environmentalist, publisher, financier, and executive director Peter J. Goldmark (born 1946), rancher, geneticist and American politician [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with
72-509: A CBS Laboratories Line Scan Tube was developed for the Lunar Orbiter program to read out the processed film images taken by the Orbiter for transmission back to Earth. The CBS Laboratories Reconotron all-electrostatic image dissector tube was developed for the 1964 Mariner IV Mars mission as an azimuth star tracker, then was modified for the 1967 Mariner V Venus mission in order to withstand
108-415: A Mach-2, RF-4C reconnaissance aircraft, the target images from a KS-87 airborne film camera were processed, scanned and transmitted within 12 minutes of acquisition to a ground-based Image Interpretation Facility. In addition to designing and building commercial and government products and systems, the technical staff was also contracted to write reports and analyses for government clients. Although most of
144-502: A leader in electronics and communications research and development. Dr. Peter Goldmark joined CBS Laboratories in 1936. On September 4, 1940, while working at the lab, he demonstrated the Field-Sequential Color TV system . It utilized a mechanical color wheel on both the camera and on the television home receiver, but was not compatible with the existing post-war NTSC, 525-line, 60-field/second black and white TV sets as it
180-522: A new CBS Laboratories building in Stamford , Conn. said: "Our objective in establishing the Laboratories is to continue CBS leadership in communications and electronics and provide broader research and development services." One year later, a group of 60 engineers and scientists, led by Dr. Peter Goldmark, left New York City and moved into the new 30,000 square-foot facility. The results of their efforts over
216-586: A thousand 70mm archival quality film images per day, from which all the other ERTS photographic products were produced. During the Vietnam War, CBS Laboratories developed and produced the scanning and recording equipment for the Compass Link system, which provided one-way, near-real-time secure transmission of photographic and other battlefield imagery via satellite relays from Vietnam to Hawai'i and Washington, DC. Using available equipment, in many cases at
252-537: The "compatible color" technology developed for RCA and NBC (by a team led by Richard Kell, George H. Brown and others) was compatible with existing black and white TVs. Goldmark and others have pointed out that the CBS color wheel system did provide better picture quality (although lower image resolution) than RCA's system, but the compatibility problem proved its downfall. An improved RCA/NBC color system submitted in July 1953 became
288-705: The CBS Audimax I Audio Gain Controller was introduced. It was the first of its kind in the broadcasting industry, and updated versions (Audimax 4440) continued to be manufactured by Thompson-CSF, which acquired the technology after the Labs were closed. In the 1960s the CBS VoluMax Audio FM Peak Limiter was introduced, also the first of its kind in the broadcasting industry. Both the Audimax and VoluMax were considered
324-554: The ERTS-Landsat system, whose mission was to capture images of the Earth's surface in different spectral bands to provide data for Earth resource management and environmental monitoring. ThE ERTS satellites generated an immense amount of data, which was transmitted to dedicated ground stations to be recorded and processed for analysis. The ERTS EBR was a crucial part of the ground-station-based image data recording system, capable of producing
360-790: The Linotron was characterized as “the most important development in composition since the introduction of the Linotype machine at the turn of the century.” The first Linotron went into operation in October 1967 and the second a year later. The dean of the Senate and Chair of the JCP, Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona, pressed the key starting the Linotron 1010 on its first job, the Federal Supply Catalog. The Linotrons cost $ 2.3 million to develop and install, but in
396-516: The breadboard stage, it was developed, deployed and operational in the field and on shipboard 73 days after approval to proceed. Philco-Ford provided the satellite communications systems. In 1969, CBS Laboratories developed an advanced, state-of-the-art, MIL-Spec In-Flight Photo-Processor Scanner (IPPS) for JIFDATS (the Joint Services In-Flight Data Transmission System). Mounted in an external pod on
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#1732891534623432-556: The business as Epsco Labs, and after an unsuccessful attempt to convince the CBS Laboratories personnel to relocate to Buffalo, NY, EPSCO moved the complete operations and staff to a facility in Wilton, CT. The two original CBS Laboratories buildings on High Ridge Road in Stamford, CT were razed and the property sold. Although EPSCO Corp. immediately began the process of novating the CBS Laboratories government R&D contracts to EPSCO,
468-401: The data in 6-point type at the rate of a page every 10 to 12 seconds, up to 1,000 characters per second, justified including upper and lower case letters, resulting in a page negative made up and ready to be plated and printed. This was accomplished using a highly-specialized Cathode Ray Tube developed by CBS Laboratories which had unequaled geometric fidelity and resolution. The introduction of
504-578: The development of the communication sciences for education, entertainment, culture, and human service." Goldmark died at the age of 71 in an automobile accident on December 7, 1977, in Westchester County, New York . CBS Laboratories CBS Laboratories was established in 1936 in New York City to conduct technological research for CBS and outside clients. In October 1957 CBS President Dr. Frank Stanton, speaking at ground-breaking ceremonies for
540-464: The electron beam has no inertia, it can be electromagnetically scanned over the film at a very high speed. Also, because it is focused using a magnetic field, instead of glass lenses, the electron beam can be focused to a much smaller spot than laser or other optical methods, on the order of a half-millionth of an inch. One of the applications of the Electron Beam Recorder was in
576-441: The entire Epsco Labs facilities, staff and operations in 1976. As a result, all of the assets of the Laboratories, including all machinery, optical equipment, vacuum equipment, electronics, test facilities and equipment, as well as the office equipment, photo lab, machine shop and printing department were sold at auction over a four-day period in late May, 1976. CBS Laboratories' staff registered approximately 100 patents in
612-473: The fields of television, quadraphonic sound, scanning devices, laser scanning and recording, film handling systems, image and character generation, noise monitoring, hydrophones, forming electrophoretic and photoemissive surfaces, diffraction optics, photo-electronic imaging, electron guns, and more. The 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Dr. Dennis Gabor, Staff Scientist at CBS Laboratories, who
648-528: The first 13 months of operation the savings were estimated at $ 900,000. With it, “it can truly be said that in 1968 the Government Printing Office entered the electronic printing age.” A detailed discussion and description of the Linotron system can be found here. CBS Laboratories was a leader in the development of Electron Beam Recorders, (EBR), which use a finely focused beam of electrons to record information onto film. Because
684-622: The industry standard chosen by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in December 1953. Ironically, cameras using the color wheel system continued to be used for scientific research for several more decades, including the color lunar surface TV cameras during all the 1970s NASA Apollo Moon landings. After the success of the LP record, Goldmark spent the next two decades at CBS Laboratories working on various inventions, chief of which
720-539: The intense planetary illumination. The sensor was further modified for the 1969 Mariner mission to Mars to survive the more severe launch environment and to provide greater capability for automatic search, identification, and tracking. In 1964 the Mergenthaler Co. and CBS Laboratories won a GPO contract to build a machine called the Linotron. The Linotron took a computer magnetic tape from the publishing agency that had been programmed through GPO’s computers, and composed
756-616: The next 20 years resulted in a steady growth in facilities, personnel, sales, product development and technological leadership. Laboratory facilities grew to include five well-equipped buildings totaling more than 200,000 square feet. Six major departments were engaged in a wide range of research and development programs for government, industry, education, medicine and the broadcasting field. The total staff grew to more than 600 people, one-third of whom were professionals. Many of these professionals were internationally renowned in their respective fields and helped establish CBS Laboratories as
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#1732891534623792-644: The potential of competition from home video devices, particularly those that could record — a fear that eventually proved prescient. Goldmark was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1969. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1970. On November 22, 1977, President Jimmy Carter presented Goldmark with the National Medal of Science "For contributions to
828-451: The press on September 3 used a rapidly rotating color wheel that alternated transmission in red, green and blue. The system transmitted on 343 lines, about 100 less than a black and white set, and at a different field scan rate, and thus was incompatible with television sets currently on the market without an adapter. Although CBS did broadcast in color with the Goldmark system in 1950–1951,
864-401: The process turned out to be much more time-consuming than EPSCO anticipated, due to the legal and regulatory implications involved in obtaining Government and Contracting Agency approvals of the many classified programs underway at CBS Laboratories. This year-long time delay greatly increased EPSCO's ongoing costs of funding the acquisition, to the point where EPSCO made the decision to liquidate
900-450: The products developed by the Labs for sale to the broadcast industry, was sold to Thomson-CSF . The remainder of CBS Laboratories, including all of its Government research and development activities, was acquired in 1975 by EPSCO Corp., based in Buffalo, NY, for the purpose of enhancing its technological capabilities and facilitating the entrance into new Government markets. EPSCO renamed
936-593: The real-time broadcasts from the Moon during the Apollo 14 Moon landing, since it uses far less bandwidth than the NTSC system. Goldmark’s interest in recorded music led to the development of the long-playing (LP) 33-1/3 rpm vinyl record , which became the standard for incorporating multiple or lengthy recorded works on a single audio disc for two generations. The LP was introduced to the market place by Columbia Records in 1948. In 1959
972-621: The reports remain classified, a few have been unclassified and are available in the public domain. In 1974, CBS Corp., under then-President Arthur R. Taylor, made the decision to focus on its primary media and broadcasting operations, away from the Government R&;D and commercial product development, and divest these non-core assets. As part of this reorganization, the CBS Laboratories Professional Products Department, which manufactured
1008-554: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Goldmark&oldid=824987073 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Peter Carl Goldmark Peter Carl Goldmark (born Péter Károly Goldmark ; December 2, 1906 – December 7, 1977)
1044-620: The same time that CBS Laboratories developed technologies for the CBS Television Network, it also took on similar work for the Government. CBS Laboratories was selected by NASA Manned Spacecraft Center to provide the voice recorder for the Gemini space program (1964 - 1966). The Labs designed and built a very small (2.5 in square x .415 in thick) and reliable onboard voice recorder. An aerospace qualified film scanning system, consisting of
1080-629: The “gold standard” for audio processing used in the AM/FM and Television Broadcasting industry. At the same time, CBS Laboratories developed a solid-state character generator, a crucial component of the VIDIAC (Visual Information Display and Control) system built for the Air Force by a collaboration of several companies. Known as the "magnetic memory character generator," this component was responsible for storing and retrieving high quality alphanumeric characters, which
1116-487: Was EVR , the Electronic Video Recorder. This futuristic home video playback device used reels of film stored in plastic cassettes to electronically store audio and video signals, and was first announced in 1967. A B&W prototype was demonstrated in 1969 (promising color playback in future models), but the invention floundered when it proved to be difficult and costly to manufacture. CBS was also concerned about
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1152-482: Was a Hungarian-American engineer who, during his time with Columbia Records , was instrumental in developing the long-playing microgroove 33 1 ⁄ 3 rpm phonograph disc , the standard for incorporating multiple or lengthy recorded works on a single disc for two generations. The LP was introduced by Columbia's Goddard Lieberson in 1948. Lieberson was later president of Columbia Records from 1956–1971 and 1973–1975. According to György Marx , Goldmark
1188-482: Was a 405-line, 144-field scanning system. It was the first color broadcasting system that received FCC approval in 1950, and the CBS Television Network began broadcasting in color on November 20, 1950. However, no other TV set manufacturers made the sets, and CBS stopped broadcasting in field-sequential color on October 21, 1951. Nevertheless, the Field Sequential Color System was selected to televise
1224-457: Was developed for vinyl records, called SQ Quadraphonic , based on work by musician Peter Scheiber and Labs engineer Benjamin B. Bauer . That same year, CBS Labs Staff Scientist Dennis Gabor received the Nobel Prize in Physics for earlier work on holography . Upon Peter Goldmark's retirement, also in 1971, Senior Vice President Renville H. McMann assumed the role of Labs President. At
1260-551: Was essential for the high-speed data display. Electronic Video Recording was announced in 1967. In 1966, the CBS Vidifont was invented. It was the first electronic graphics generator used in television production. Brought to the marketplace at the NAB in 1970, it revolutionized television production. The minicam was developed for use in national political conventions in 1968. In 1971, a backwards-compatible 4-channel encoding technique
1296-503: Was one of The Martians . Goldmark married Frances Trainer, whom he later divorced. Together they had four children; three sons: Peter Jr. , Christopher, Andrew and one daughter: Frances. After divorcing Frances Trainer, Goldmark married Diane Davis and had two more children: Jonathan and Susan. In addition to his work on the LP record, Goldmark developed field-sequential color technology for color television while at CBS. The system, first demonstrated on August 29, 1940, and shown to
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