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48-649: The Pestalozzi Children's Village (German: Kinderdorf Pestalozzi ) was established in Trogen , Switzerland, in 1946, after the Second World War, to accommodate and educate children from both sides of the war. The concept soon spread to other countries, and in the UK the Pestalozzi Children Village was opened. The charity was named after a Swiss educationalist called Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi who believed in educating

96-578: A house for prayer open to all religions was built with funds from the British royal family . The length of stay varies from a few weeks (educational or recreational reasons) up to several years. Since 1982 the foundation is also active in countries of the Southern Hemisphere, and since 1990 supervised children's homes in Romania. The villages own school closed in 1993 and since, the children attend schools in

144-554: A museum. 47°24′14″N 09°27′36″E  /  47.40389°N 9.46000°E  / 47.40389; 9.46000 Ladybird (traditional, but see below ): Coccinellidae ( / ˌ k ɒ k s ɪ ˈ n ɛ l ɪ d iː / ) is a widespread family of small beetles . They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in the United Kingdom; "lady" refers to mother Mary . Entomologists use

192-603: A parent over the children. In 2005 the Trogen village consisted of twelve semi-detached houses for some 120 children and families as well as economy and administrative buildings. As of 2015, throughout the year around 1,500 children and young people from Switzerland and abroad hold reunions for a short time, inter alia with Swiss school classes. Worldwide, the foundation claims to support more than 400,000 children, young people and their teachers, parents and (educational) authorities in approximately 40 projects. The facilities also include

240-508: A sample of their toxic and bitter body fluid. Predator-deterring poisons are particularly important for the immobile pupa. Access to food can affect the concentration of both pigments and toxins. The similarity of coccinellid patterning in red and orange with black markings has led to suggestions that they and some species of chrysomelids form Müllerian mimicry rings particularly to defend them from birds. Despite their chemical defenses, coccinellids are preyed on by some clerid beetles in

288-407: Is broad and convex, and can cover the back of the head. Being beetles, they have hardened, non-overlapping forewings , known as elytra , which cover up the more fragile hindwings when the insects are not in flight. Their legs are relatively short, with a tarsal formula of 4-4-4 (may appear 3-3-3 because the third segment of each tarsus is reduced). The tarsus (end of leg) has two claws at

336-562: Is derived from the Latin word coccineus meaning ' scarlet ' . The common English name ladybird originated in Britain where the insects became known as "Our Lady's birds". Mary ("Our Lady") was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early art, and the seven spots of the species Coccinella septempunctata (the most common in Europe) were said to represent her seven joys and seven sorrows . In

384-826: Is further aided by creases in the membrane. These beetles may migrate long distances to hibernation and breeding sites, and areas with more food. They appear to be drawn to recognisable landmarks. The more crowded an area is, the more individuals leave, but will remain if there are enough prey species to feed on. "Trivial flights" refer to flying while foraging or when finding a place to lay eggs. One study of species in Britain found that coccinellids can fly as far as 120 km (75 mi). They flew at speeds of 30 km/h (19 mph) and could reach altitudes close to 1,100 m (3,600 ft). In temperate climates, coccinellids typically breed from late spring to early summer. In warmer temperate regions, reproduction may occur in spring, fall and winter; tropical species reproduce during

432-609: Is headed by a Chair of Trustees. Pestalozzi Children%27s Village Kinderdorf Pestalozzi ( lit.   ' Pestalozzi Children’s Village ' ) is a non-profit organization located in Trogen , Canton Appenzell . It was named after the Swiss education pioneer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . Established in 1945, the Stiftung Kinderdorf Pestalozzi provides the Kinderdorf village for war-affected children from all over

480-519: Is limited to adult male spiders which are actively searching for females and exposed – unlike the females and young, which remain sheltered in burrows. Coccinellidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. Asian and African species are less studied than others. Coccinellids can be found in a variety of habitats, both on the ground and in the trees. They may specialise using certain plants. Some species can live in extreme environments such as high mountains, arid deserts and cold regions. Several of

528-406: Is the most basal diet of Coccinellidae. Aphid-eating evolved three separate times and leaf-eating evolved twice, one of which evolved from a clade that contains both aphid-eating and pollen -eating. The fungi-eating also evolved from aphid-eating. Coccinellids mostly fly during the day. Springy, cylindrical veins in the hindwings stiffen when in flight and bend when folding. Folding of the wings

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576-568: The Cretaceous , the oldest fossils of the group are known from the Oise amber of France, dating to the Early Eocene ( Ypresian ) around 53 million years ago, which belong to the extant genera Rhyzobius and Nephus . The greatest number of fossils comes from the younger Eocene Baltic amber , including members of the extant genera Serangium and Rhyzobius as well as extinct genera belonging to

624-456: The monophyly (single ancestry) of most of these subfamilies. The monophyly of Coccinellinae has the most support. A 2021 genetic study sampling many species, identified three subfamilies, Microweiseinae (with three tribes), Coccinellinae (26 tribes) and a newly identified group, the Monocoryninae (one tribe). All three subfamilies were strongly supported, but the study noted that although

672-1082: The wet season in tropical regions. Many predatory species lay their eggs near colonies of prey, providing their larvae with a food source. Like most insects, they develop from larva to pupa to adult. Temperate species hibernate and diapause during the winter; tropical species are dormant during the dry season . Coccinellids migrate between dormancy and breeding sites. Species that prey on agricultural pests are considered beneficial insects . Several species have been introduced outside their range as biological control agents, with varying degrees of success. Some species are pests themselves and attack agricultural crops, or can infest people's homes, particularly in winter. Invasive species like Harmonia axyridis can pose an ecological threat to native coccinellid species. Other threats to coccinellids include climate change and habitat destruction . These insects have played roles in folklore , religion and poetry, and are particularly popular in nursery rhymes . The name Coccinellidae , created by Pierre André Latreille in 1807,

720-473: The wet season . Mating is promiscuous . In some species, females appear to be selective in their partners, preferring males of a certain size and colour. Males produce sperm packets each with 14,000 sperm, and insert three of them into the female, even though she can only hold 18,000 sperm. This is likely a form of sperm competition . Like other insects, coccinellids develop from egg, to larva, to pupa and finally adult. Eggs tend to be bright yellow, and

768-608: The International Baccalaureate Diploma course. On the 13th September 2024 Pestalozzi International Foundation merged with Pestalozzi World Children's Trust, which renamed to Pestalozzi International. Pestalozzi International provides child-centred education to children in the Global South through a variety of programmes. The Duke of Gloucester GCVO is the Patron of Pestalozzi International Foundation. The Foundation

816-898: The United States, the name was popularly adapted to ladybug . Entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs . Names in some other countries may be similar; for example, in Germany they are known as Marienkäfer meaning ' Marybeetle ' or ' ladybeetle ' . Coccinellids range in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03–0.7 in). They are sexually dimorphic ; adult females tend to be slightly larger than males. They are generally oval with domed backs and flattened undersides. They have large compound eyes and clubbed antennae with seven to eleven segments. The powerful mandibles (equivalent to jaws) typically have pairs of "teeth" which face each other. The coccinellid prothorax (front of thorax)

864-693: The Village, scholars participated in outreach and other programmes in the community. From 2016 – 2019, some of the Pestalozzi Scholars attended Claremont Sixth Form to study A Levels. In September 2019, the scholarship programme evolved and Pestalozzi worked in partnership with United World Colleges . The Pestalozzi-UWC scholars now attend UWC Atlantic in Wales and UWC in Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where they studied

912-466: The abdominal segments, in particular, each having six divided into pairs, and one to three segmented antennae. Their colouration varies from grey, blue-grey, grey-brown or brown and spotted with white, yellow, red or orange. They tend to brighten as they get closer to adulthood. Over 6,000 living species of Coccinellidae have been described. They are sparsely preserved in the fossil record. Although molecular clock estimates have placed their origin in

960-565: The brood of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata . Cannibalism has been recorded in several species; which includes larvae eating eggs or other larvae, and adults feeding on individuals of any life stage. Some coccinellids are mostly non-predatory, such as some species in the genera Epilachna and Henosepilachna . The majority of predatory species may also supplement their diet with other sources of food both in their larval and adult stages. Non-animal matter consumed include leaves, pollen, nectar , sap , fungi, and honeydew . Members of

1008-409: The females lay them close together, standing upright and near where they can access food. The number of eggs in a cluster can vary depending on the species; it is typically in the double digits but some species can lay over a thousand eggs in their lifetime. After hatching, the larvae will begin eating, including the other eggs in their clutch. Certain species lay extra infertile trophic eggs with

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1056-404: The fertile eggs, providing a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. Larvae typically have four instar stages with three moults between them. The larva eventually transitions into a pupa; which involves the development of a hunch, the fusion of the legs to the body, and the attachment of

1104-404: The first houses. The children from the different nations lived each in an own house and were taught in their native language. The houses were given names in the language of each nation, and were often chosen from fairy tales or songs. A strong emphasis was put into a cultural exchange with their countries of origin to enable a smooth return after the completion of their education. In the mornings

1152-765: The foundation benefited 321,000 children and adolescents in Switzerland and abroad. Arthur Bill  [ de ] began to teach at the village in 1947, assuming as its director in 1949. In 1961 he took a year off and was involved in the Swiss delegation to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Korea. Following he returned to the Pestalozzi village, where he was its director until 1972. Arthur Bill and his wife hired teachers from each nation to teach children in their native language and also act as

1200-426: The genus Enoclerus , several species of which are brightly coloured in red and black, and which possibly sequester the toxins of the prey to defend themselves against other predators. As an anti-predator defense, spiders of the genus Eresus , known as ladybird spiders, have evolved to replicate the patterns of coccinellids. This is a form of Batesian mimicry , as the spiders lack the chemicals. This resemblance

1248-767: The heart, hands and head as a complete educational system. Pestalozzi Village initially offered children vocational courses to equip them with skills from agriculture to carpentry. From 2019, Pestalozzi International Village UK sponsored students from developing countries to study the International Baccalaureate Diploma programme and then A Levels at Sussex Coast College Hastings , (formerly called Hastings College of Arts and Technology) in St Leonards-on-Sea . From 2016 – 2019 students attended Claremont School in Bodiam. The charity relied on contributions from

1296-490: The insects, including citizen science and education programs, habitat preservation and restoration, prevention of the spread of invasive species and a global monitoring program. Coccinellids have been valued in biological pest control , as they prey on agricultural pests such as aphids and scale insects. Their importance in controlling pests was noted as far back as 1814 in England. Their efficiency can vary: sometimes they have

1344-414: The larva stage lasts around three weeks and the pupa lasts seven to ten days. Adult coccinellids develop much of their final colouration within hours, but may not fully darken for weeks or months. The lifespan of an adult reaches up to a year. In temperate areas, coccinellids may hibernate or enter diapause during the winter. Individuals during this period gather in clumps, large or small depending on

1392-430: The larvae of moths and other beetles, as well as mites . Since much of their prey are agricultural pests, coccinellids are considered to be beneficial insects . A 2009 metastudy by Hodek and Honěk found that aphid-eaters constituted around 68 percent of species that live in temperate areas but only 20 percent of species worldwide. Around 36 percent of total species mostly feed on scale insects. Larvae and adults eat

1440-552: The lessons were taught in their native language, in the afternoon the lessons were in German. The first children came from the nations France, Finland, Greece, Poland, Austria and Germany. In 1950, 30 children from Great Britain arrived, which were assigned two houses. From 1960, in addition to European children, war orphans from Tibet lived at the orphanage, later mostly children from Korea, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Lebanon, since 1983 also orphans from Switzerland. In 1967

1488-437: The lighter colours, and melanins create darker colours. Other parts of the body also vary in colouration. These colour patterns typically serve as warning colouration , but some can act as camouflage , attract mates or even regulate heat. Several individual species may display polymorphism and even change colour between seasons. Coccinellid larvae are elongated with square heads. They are covered in hairs or setae ,

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1536-540: The most famous species have wide ranges, but others are more endemic and possibly threatened. Threats to coccinellids include climate change , agriculture, urbanisation, and invasive species . Coccinellid biodiversity will likely be affected by the rising of both average temperatures and heat fluctuations. Climate change may lead to smaller larvae, as well as increase energy and metabolic needs and interspecific predation. Agriculture and urbanisation threatens these insects though habitat destruction and homogenisation and

1584-707: The names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs . The more than 6,000 described species have a global distribution and are found in a variety of habitats. They are oval beetles with a domed back and flat underside. Many of the species have conspicuous aposematic (warning) colours and patterns, such as red with black spots, that warn potential predators that they taste bad. Most coccinellid species are carnivorous predators, preying on insects such as aphids and scale insects . Other species are known to consume non-animal matter, including plants and fungi. They are promiscuous breeders, reproducing in spring and summer in temperate regions and during

1632-483: The posterior to the surface. Pupae may be uncovered, partially covered or fully covered by larval skin depending on the species. The pupa is mostly immobile, but the head can move in response to irritation. When the adult emerges, it has its hindwings, while the elytron starts out softer and lighter in colour, with no patterns. The length of each development stage varies based on climate and between species. For Adalia bipunctata , eggs hatch after four to eight days,

1680-522: The principles of Swiss educationalist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . Children were educated in local schools in Hastings and St Leonards-on-Sea. In later years, the charity's focus changed to providing educational opportunities for young people aged 16 to 19 who are academically bright, but financially disadvantaged. Pestalozzi Scholars initially studied the International Baccalaureate Diploma at Sussex Coast College Hastings , living and learning together. While at

1728-529: The project and agreed to the building of a road which connected the Children's Village with Trogen. As the symbol of the village the Ladybird was chosen, and handkerchiefs displaying the ladybird were produced. With the assistance of voluntary helpers from all over Europe, 15 houses were built that served war orphans from the surrounding countries as a refuge. In the same year children from war-torn countries settled

1776-658: The public government bodies and individuals. Pestalozzi International Foundation was an educational charity based in St Leonards-on-Sea , East Sussex, England. The charity was founded in the UK in 1957 to support the Pestalozzi Swiss Village in Switzerland . The Pestalozzi Village was built on a 170-acre (0.69 km) estate in Sedlescombe, UK and opened in 1959. 40 children between the ages of 10 and 18 from 15 European countries were accommodated and educated according to

1824-974: The same foods, unlike in other insect groups. Ladybird species vary in dietary specificity . An example of a specialist species is those of the genus Stethorus , which feed on spider mites . Aphid-eaters tend to be generalist; they have a high voracity and can multiply quickly in response to outbreaks, and switch to other prey when the ephemeral aphids become scarce. Predators of scale insects tend to be less voracious and are slower breeders and developers; matching their prey. Under pressure from coccinellid predation, aphid species have evolved to become more toxic, forcing coccinellids to develop immunities. Coccinellid predators of aphids need to defend themselves against ants that tend and defend aphids for their honeydew, and coccinellid eggs laid near aphids are disposed of. Some species including Coccinella magnifica and Diomus have adapted to grow within ant nests as larvae, and some like Diomus thoracicus are predators of

1872-631: The species. Overwintering insects can be found both in lowland areas, aggregating under dead vegetation, and at the tops of hills, hibernating under rocks and on grass tussocks . In areas with particularly hot summers, the insects experience summer dormancy or aestivation ; in the tropics, coccinellids enter dormancy during the dry season . Coccinellids act both as predators, prey and parasitic hosts in food webs . The majority of coccinellids are carnivorous and predatory , typically preying on Sternorrhyncha insects like aphids, scale insects, whiteflies , psyllids and adelgids . Some species feed on

1920-452: The surrounding municipalities. The aims of the village were reformed and its focus laid on education and intercultural communication. The fundraising is carried out mainly through fundraisers, sponsorships and legacies: In the 2000s the Foundation has invested CHF 18 million annually into the fields of integration, intercultural exchange and development cooperation. As of 2012, the projects of

1968-445: The tip. As adults, these beetles differ from their closest relatives with the following morphological characteristics: Coccinellids are often distinctively coloured and patterned. The elytron may be light with dark spots or dark with light spots. Light areas are typically yellow, red, orange or brown, and the spots vary in size and shape and numbers. Some species have striped or checkered patterns . The pigment carotene creates

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2016-747: The tribe Halyziini of the subfamily Coccinellinae are obligate fungus feeders. Coccinellids of any lifestage are preyed on by predators such as birds, spiders, ants and lacewings . They are also hosts for parasites, including some flies , ticks , mites, hymenopterans and nematodes , and pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa . Wolbachia bacteria infects eggs and kills male zygotes. The promiscuity of Coccinellids has led to their being affected by sexually transmitted infections . The bright warning colouration of many coccinellids discourage potential predators , warning of their toxicity . A 2015 study of five ladybird species found that their colouration honestly signalled their toxicity, implying

2064-1192: The tribes Microweiseini ( Baltosidis ) and Sticholotidini ( Electrolotis ). The Coccinellidae are within the superfamily Coccinelloidea , which in turn is part of the infraorder Cucujiformia , a group containing most of the plant-eating beetles. The ladybirds form the majority of the species in the Coccinelloidea; many of the rest are fungus-feeding beetles or scavengers . Lymexyloidea [REDACTED] Tenebrionoidea [REDACTED] Cleroidea [REDACTED] Chrysomeloidea [REDACTED] Curculionoidea [REDACTED] Cucujoidea [REDACTED] Bothrideridae and allies [REDACTED] Latridiidae [REDACTED] Akalyptoischiidae [REDACTED] Alexiidae [REDACTED] Corylophidae and allies [REDACTED] Endomychidae [REDACTED] Coccinellidae [REDACTED] Coccinellidae have historically been divided into up seven subfamilies ( Chilocorinae , Coccidulinae , Coccinellinae , Epilachninae , Microweiseinae , Scymninae and Sticholotidinae ) and 35 tribes based on morphology. However, genetics studies have called into question

2112-761: The tribes are mostly monophyletic, their relationships are only weakly supported. The study suggests that the crown group appeared some 143 Mya in the Early Cretaceous , and that the group diversified rapidly during the Late Cretaceous, perhaps because the growth in diversity of angiosperm plants then encouraged the radiation of insects of the clade Sternorrhyncha such as aphids , on which ladybirds could feed. Microweiseinae [REDACTED] Monocoryninae Stethorini [REDACTED] Coccinellini [REDACTED] other tribes [REDACTED] An earlier 2009 study concluded that consumption of scale insects

2160-491: The use of pesticides . Invasive threats include other coccinellids, particularly C. septempunctata in North America and H. axyridis globally. These invaders outcompete the native species as well as eat their eggs. As of 2022, the IUCN Red List does not list the conservation status for any coccinellid, though there is an IUCN SSC Ladybird Specialist Group. Conservationists have suggested several measures for protecting

2208-465: The warning is genuine. Species with more contrast with the background environment tended to be more toxic. Coccinellid haemolymph (blood) contains toxic alkaloids , azamacrolides and polyamines , as well as foul-smelling pyrazines . Coccinellids can produce at least 50 types of alkaloids. When disturbed, ladybirds further defend themselves with reflex bleeding , exuding drops from their tibio-femoral (knee) joints, effectively presenting predators with

2256-408: The world. In August 1944 Walter Robert Corti launched in the monthly magazine " Du " a call for the foundation of a village for orphans of World War II . His initial plan was to build a refuge for about 8,000 children. In 1945, the association Vereinigung Kinderdorf Pestalozzi , and after Trogen decided to donate the association 4.5 hectares of land on 3 March 1946, the foundation stone

2304-411: Was laid on 28 April 1946. The village counted with considerable support from the pedagogues Elisabeth Rotten and Marie Meierhofer . The aim was to provide the children with education and a friendly atmosphere to give them the possibility to become cooperative, understanding world citizens and that after their graduation they would return to their home-country. The locals were very positive about

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