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58-481: Coronini as a whole was transformed by 20th century political changes, industrialization and economic fluctuations: Coronini village became a center for the mining industry, while Sfânta Elena was heavily affected rural-urban migration, and eventually by voluntary resettlement in the Czech Republic . During the 1990s, the commune became ill-famed as a hub for contraband in petroleum products . The Coronini commune

116-511: A dire situation: some took their families back into the Czech lands , others joined the Grenz. Others still worked on road projects, some as far afield as Serbia . With time, the local Czech group became religiously distinct from other communities: more than half of the population discarded Lutheranism in favor of Baptist denominations ( see Baptist Union of Romania ). This was allegedly a reaction against

174-456: A few weeks, the area was included in " Lugoj County ", set up and managed by the 11th Colonial Infantry Division . On August 6, 1919, the last Serbian troops withdrew and Coronini was taken by the Romanian Army —then recognized, under the 1920 Treaty of Trianon , as being part of Greater Romania . In 1922, it was visited by the deposed Hungarian King Charles IV , and, the following year, by

232-523: Is Gaura cu muzică , known for its natural acoustics. Coronini lends its name to the Coronini- Bedina nature reserve , which covers 3,864.80 hectares . It is also, with Sichevița , the proposed site of a new nature reserve, Fețele Dunării ("Facets of the Danube"), which is supposed to cover some 1,100 hectares. According to the 2011 census, the commune is home to 1,381 Romanians and 289 Czechs . At

290-518: Is attested by a denarius issued under Emperor Alexander Severus , under whose reign a Roman road was begun. In the 9th century, what is now Coronini may have been included in the lordship of Ajtony . The medieval period, when Banat was part of the Kingdom of Hungary , left several traces on Coronini's landscape. The location houses the 15th century Saint Ladislaus (Hungarian: Szentlászló ; historical Hungarian : Zenthlázlówára ) fortress, part of

348-622: Is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century. It began in Great Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in Europe and North America. Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labour, and financial investments in new industrial structures. Later commentators have called this

406-414: Is less able than the tertiary sector to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are " working poor ", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $ 2-a-day poverty line . There is also a phenomenon of deindustrialisation , as in the former USSR countries' transition to market economies, and the agriculture sector

464-648: Is located on the foothills of the Southern Carpathians , where these meet the Danube , and in proximity to the Clisura Dunării and Iron Gates areas. Facing Serbia on the right bank of the Danube, it is also close to a canyon formed by the Alibeg River . The Sfânta Elena area is located on a karstic plateau , which groups sinkholes and limestone pavements , features also present in neighboring areas ( Berzasca ,

522-435: Is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment. King of Hungary The King of Hungary ( Hungarian : magyar király ) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918. The style of title " Apostolic King of Hungary " ( apostoli magyar király ) was endorsed by Pope Clement XIII in 1758 and used afterwards by all monarchs of Hungary. Before 1000 AD, Hungary

580-587: Is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society . This involves an extensive reorganisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing . Industrialisation is associated with increase of polluting industries heavily dependent on fossil fuels . With the increasing focus on sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialisation increasingly includes technological leapfrogging , with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies. The reorganisation of

638-531: The 1989 Revolution and the onset of Romania's transition , Pescari became the center of public attention during the 1990s embargo imposed by the United Nations on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( see Yugoslav Wars ). Profiting from this situation, it became a main hub for a clandestine Romanian traffic with oil products, which were transported over the border and into present-day Serbia. Allegedly,

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696-644: The Habsburg monarchy . In 1696, after dethroning Prince Michael II Apafi , Leopold I took the title " Prince of Transylvania " . In 1765, Maria Theresa elevated Transylvania to the status of Grand Principality . The " Count of the Székelys " was originally a dignitary of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the title was later used by the Princes of Transylvania. The title was revived during the reign of Maria Theresa who adopted it at

754-697: The Hungarian Gendarmes . Koronini subsequently fell into the area of Banat disputed between the Kingdom of Romania , Yugoslavia , and, nominally, the Banat Republic . Claimed during the Romanian union process of 1918–1919 , it was instead part of an area of occupation by the Royal Yugoslav Army , extending eastward to Orșova , then included in a buffer zone occupied by the French Danube Army . For

812-685: The Hungarian component of Austria-Hungary in 1867, by 1900 Coronini was also included in Krassó-Szörény County . That year, it had 901 inhabitants, of whom 872 were ethnic Romanians. Late in World War I , and following the Aster Revolution , the village experienced administrative confusion: in November 1918, two Romanian women, Anușca Băloi and Drăgălina Țundrea, organized the populace and chased out

870-544: The King of Romania , Ferdinand I . By 1924, the Romanian land reform had resulted in a controversial liquidation of the Military Frontier garrison assets, with debates opposing landless peasants to Grenz infantry veterans; most available land was also divided into individual plots, but proved highly unsuitable for cultivation. In 1934, at least 9 inhabitants left as colonists to Caliacra County . Known primarily as Coronini ,

928-616: The Mudavița Seacă Valley , etc.). The area has also been described as fault plain , part of the Banat Mountains graben (itself known as Coroniniului or Lászlóvára ). Coronini is located near a stone formation known as Babacaia (also Babakái or Babocaise), and close to the hills Cralievăț, Cârșia Văradului, and Vuiții. It also houses caves such as Gaura cu muscă , once famous as the breeding ground of Simulium colombaschense , an endemic black fly species. Another such feature

986-1058: The economic communities do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the global south (Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in the free-trade dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered. Environmentalism and Green politics may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow, consumerist expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish. The relationships among economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction are complex, and higher productivity can sometimes lead to static or even lower employment (see jobless recovery ). There are differences across sectors , whereby manufacturing

1044-466: The ethnic Hungarian Lutheran clergy, perceived as enforcers of Magyarization policies, with the churchgoers opting instead for a Slovak Baptist preacher. Known by 1900 as Szent-Helena , and by 1910 as Dunaszentilona , the village was assigned to Krassó-Szörény County . It and the rest of Banat were united with Romania upon the end of World War I, after going through the same stages of Yugoslav and French occupation as Coronini. Between 1830 and 1930,

1102-513: The 2002 census, most of the 1,878 inhabitants were Romanian Orthodox (1,120 people), while 382 were Baptist and 368 Roman Catholic . The history of Coronini leads back beyond the period when the Banat area was an Imperial Roman domain ( see Roman Dacia ). It houses several archeological sites, which focus on cave paintings and dwellings from the Basarabi culture (8th–7th centuries BC), as well as

1160-702: The Archbishop of Esztergom. Then the King's coronation was considered absolutely legitimate. On the other hand, in 1439, the dowager queen Elizabeth of Luxemburg ordered one of her handmaidens to steal the Holy Crown from the palace of Visegrád, and then promoted the coronation of her newborn son Ladislaus V , which was carried out legitimately in Székesfehérvár by the Archbishop of Esztergom. A similar situation occurred with Matthias Corvinus , when he negotiated for return of

1218-528: The First Industrial Revolution. The " Second Industrial Revolution " labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine , the invention of the internal combustion engine , the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways, and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as

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1276-453: The Holy Crown, which was in the possession of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor . After it was returned, Matthias was legitimately crowned. As in all the traditional monarchies, the heir descended through the male line from a previous King of Hungary. In accordance with Hungarian tradition, this right usually passed to younger brothers, before passing to the son of the previous King, which caused family disputes on many occasions. The founder of

1334-646: The Pescari villagers made regular nightly trips with such items, meeting their Serb counterparts on the middle course of the Danube. After the end of the conflict, the population came to rely on subsistence agriculture , ecotourism and fishing for income. The commune, renamed back to Coronini in May 1996, again made the news in 2008, when a German tourist to Coronini captured a giant catfish , weighing in at almost 100 kilograms. The village of Sfânta Elena (" Saint Helen "; Czech : Svatá Helena ; Hungarian : Dunaszentilona )

1392-573: The Székelys" . The title " Apostolic King " was confirmed by Pope Clement XIII in 1758 and used thereafter by all the Kings of Hungary. The title of " King of Slavonia " referred to the territories between the Drava and the Sava Rivers. That title was first used by Ladislaus I . It was also Ladislaus I who adopted the title " King of Croatia " in 1091. Coloman added the phrase " King of Dalmatia " to

1450-411: The caves, some of which are superimposed over their Basarabi culture predecessors. Also then, the village came to house a quarry . A cemetery, attesting a larger Hungarian habitation, was accidentally discovered in central Coronini in 1896. The fortress, which became known as Lászlóvára , was destroyed by the string of Ottoman–Habsburg wars . At various intervals during the campaigns, Ottomans controlled

1508-535: The communist regime, when most men were employed in industrial fields (primarily at the mines opened near Moldova Nouă). After the December Revolution toppled Romanian communism (and the Velvet Revolution emancipated Czechoslovakia ), many inhabitants of the village left Romania and settled in what became the Czech Republic —with population numbers dropping back to 350 persons. A new Czech-language school

1566-461: The concept of Social class , i.e., hierarchical social status defined by an individual's economic power. It has changed the family system as most people moved into cities, with extended family living apart becoming more common. The movement into more dense urban areas from less dense agricultural areas has consequently increased the transmission of diseases. The place of women in society has shifted from primary caregivers to breadwinners, thus reducing

1624-424: The death of Mary , the granddaughter of Charles I, in 1395, the direct line was interrupted again, and Mary's husband Sigismund continued reigning, after being elected by the nobility of the Kingdom in the name of the Holy Crown. Later, Matthias Corvinus was elected by the nobles of the Kingdom, being the first Hungarian monarch who descended from an aristocratic family, and not from a royal family that inherited

1682-470: The economy has many unintended consequences both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth . Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place. The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy

1740-518: The first Hungarian royal house was Árpád , who led his people into the Carpathian Basin in 895. His descendants, who ruled for more than 400 years, included Saint Stephen I , Saint Ladislaus I , Andrew II , and Béla IV . In 1301 the last member of the House of Árpád died, and Charles I was crowned, claiming the throne in the name of his paternal grandmother Mary , the daughter of Stephen V . With

1798-482: The forestry tycoon Ion Margelia (or János Magyarly) of Oravița . In 1832, Alibeg was formally designated a part of the Military Frontier, and its borders were drawn up. In 1858, Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg , Governor of Banat , ordered the entire village to relocate on the Danube shore, and, from 1859, it became known as Koronini or Coronini , in his honor. According to oral history, the bufeni resented recolonization, as it striped them of good arable land (which

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1856-550: The historical sites in the Iron Gates Natural Park area. Archeological investigation carried out in 1970–1973 found that it was built on top of Dacian fortifications and newer walls erected in the 6th or 7th centuries, and that the Hungarian building was probably erected in the 15th century. The decision to construct Saint Ladislaus is thought to have come directly from King Sigismund , whereas other Banat fortresses from

1914-520: The law, such as Ion Bălean, who had killed an Ottoman tax collector in the 1780s. They had first settled Moldova Nouă , where they were known as bufeni , possibly from bufă ("owl"): their indentured labor , servicing the Military Frontier , sometimes required them to work at night, but spared them from conscription. In 1798, a branch of the bufeni moved to the Alibeg area, having been contracted by

1972-409: The legitimate King of Hungary without fulfilling the following criteria: This meant a certain level of protection to the integrity of the Kingdom. For example, stealing the Holy Crown of Hungary was no longer enough to become legitimate King. The first requirement (coronation by the Archbishop of Esztergom) was confirmed by Béla III , who had been crowned by Archbishop Berthold of Kalocsa , based on

2030-519: The mines of Vărad (intensively used from the Bronze Age as a source of gold , silver , copper , lead and iron ). Among the oldest artifacts found in the village are Hallstatt tools (discovered in 1972) and a bronze vessel with 178 silver coins, predating the Roman expeditions . Coronini was also the site of Halstatt funerals, probably related to those found on Moldova Veche sites. The Roman period itself

2088-716: The most important criticisms of industrialisation is that it caused children to stay away from home for many hours and to use them as cheap workers in factories. Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates. As of 2018 the international development community ( World Bank , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , many United Nations departments, FAO WHO ILO and UNESCO , endorses development policies like water purification or primary education and co-operation amongst third world communities . Some members of

2146-546: The number of children per household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of child labour and thereafter education systems. As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and an increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanisation and

2204-473: The period were inaugurated by his vassal Pipo of Ozora . The ramparts were first used in 1396 by Sigismund and Stephen Rozgonyi to block the Ottoman advance following defeat at Nicopolis . The loss of Golubac , over the river, probably contributed to the urgency of building Saint Ladislaus, used as a base during the 1428 attacks . The medieval period also produced new cave paintings and traces of habitation in

2262-455: The place of work. By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world. There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. The Industrial Revolution was accompanied by significant changes in the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory-related activities. This has resulted in

2320-461: The population had increased from 338 to 916 people. In 1924, a textile factory was set up by a Czech businessman, and it employed most of the female Czech workforce before closing down in 1938. By the time of World War II, Sfânta Elena, still administered separately, was slightly more populated than Coronini, and ranked as the 11th-largest locality in Moldova Nouă plasă . Agriculture declined under

2378-414: The royal style in 1105. The title " King of Rama " , referring to the claim to Bosnia , was first used by Béla II in 1136. It was Emeric who adopted the title " King of Serbia " . The phrase "King of Galicia" was used to indicate the supremacy over Halych , while the title "King of Lodomeria" referred to Volhynia ; both titles were adopted by Andrew II in 1205. In 1233, Béla IV began to use

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2436-579: The size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers. Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the nuclear family , consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. One of

2494-406: The special authorisation of Pope Alexander III . After his coronation he declared that this coronation would not affect the customary claim of the Archbishop of Esztergom to crown the king. In 1211, Pope Innocent III refused to confirm the agreement of Archbishop John of Esztergom and Archbishop Berthold of Kalocsa on the transfer of the claim, and he declared that only the Archbishop of Esztergom

2552-521: The title "King of Cumania" which expressed the rule over the territories settled by the Cumans (i.e., Wallachia and Moldavia ) at that time. The phrase " King of Bulgaria " was added to the royal style by Stephen V . Transylvania was originally a part of the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by a voivode , but after 1526 became a semi-independent principality vassal to the Ottoman Empire , and later to

2610-427: The title "King". However, not all rulers of Hungary were kings—for example, Stephen Bocskai and Francis II Rákóczi were proclaimed rulers as "High Princes of Hungary", and there were also three Governors of Hungary who were sometimes styled "regents", János Hunyadi , Lajos Kossuth and Miklós Horthy . From the 13th century on, a process was established to confirm the legitimacy of the King. No person could become

2668-416: The title. The same happened decades later with John Zápolya , who was elected in 1526 after the death of Louis II in the battle of Mohács . After this, the House of Habsburg inherited the throne, and ruled Hungary from Austria for almost 400 years until 1918. Admiral Horthy was appointed regent in 1920, but Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne were unsuccessful. The monarchy of Hungary

2726-467: The village was included in Caraș County and Moldova Nouă plasă . By the time of World War II , it had 969 inhabitants. Modernization continued in the 1930s, when some work was performed on the road connecting Orșova to Socol . It was designed as part of the a thoroughfare linking Bucharest to Belgrade . During the late stages of World War II , Clisura area saw activity by Yugoslav Partisans and

2784-469: The whole region as Temeşvar Eyalet . Coronini is the presumed site of Saint Michael Monastery, linked to Wallachian Orthodoxy and attested in Ottoman documents during the rule of Murad III (later ransacked). Turks left their mark in place-names: the cliffs of Babacaia were reportedly the site of an honor killing by an agha , and named after the victim; Alibeg River is named after a Şehzade . The area

2842-435: Was briefly governed by a council, led by Triša Kojičić. It was subsequently restored to Romania. Re-designated as Pescari in 1968, Coronini came to rely on the copper industry throughout the communist period , a factor which prevented its population from migrating into Timișoara and other towns. It was, with Moldova Nouă, one of two only spots in Clisura Dunării area not to register a significant loss in population. Following

2900-458: Was disestablished in 1847 for lack of water. Both villages had been named after Margelia's two daughters, marking the Czech community's good relationship with its employer, but, in 1827, the latter abruptly ended the business venture, and left with all the tools used in forestry. Although the village was incorporated in 1832, alongside Alibeg, Margelia's departure left Sfânta Elena's inhabitants faced with

2958-614: Was entitled to crown the King of Hungary. King Charles I of Hungary was crowned in May 1301 with a provisional crown in Esztergom by the Archbishop of that city; this led to his second coronation in June 1309. At that time the Holy Crown was not used, and he was crowned in Buda by the Archbishop of Esztergom. However, his final third coronation was in 1310, in Székesfehérvár , with the Holy Crown and by

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3016-605: Was eventually secured for the Habsburg domains under the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), and then transmitted to the Austrian Empire . It became the newest of Banat's ethnic Romanian colonies. Its population of woodcutters and agriculturists had originated in Oltenia , having first settled in the Banat in the 1640s. Newer waves arrived in 1716–1739, when Austria had direct control over Oltenia . Immigrant patriarchs included fugitives from

3074-620: Was formally abolished on 1 February 1946 on the establishment of the Second Hungarian Republic . Over the centuries, the Kings of Hungary acquired or claimed the crowns of several neighboring countries, and they began to use the royal titles connected to those countries. By the time of the last kings, their precise style was: "By the Grace of God, Apostolic King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, Grand Prince of Transylvania, Count of

3132-540: Was founded by Czech settlers in 1824, during the Imperial Austrian rule over the region ( see Czechs of Romania ). It is the oldest Czech settlement in the region, and the only such locality in Romania to hold both a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic church side by side. Like the bufeni , the first Czechs (known locally as Poemi ) to settle southern Banat were invited there by Margelia. Their decision to leave Bohemia

3190-558: Was motivated by the poverty the region faced upon the end of the Napoleonic Wars . First arrivals came from towns in and around the Bohemian Forest ( Plzeň , Klatovy , Domažlice ), followed later by families from Beroun , Čáslav , Chrudim , Hořovice or Příbram . The original village they founded was named Svatá Alžběta (" Saint Elisabeth ") and located some 2 kilometers away from the present-day locality; founded in 1823, it

3248-518: Was not yet recognized as a kingdom by the Pope and the ruler of Hungary was styled Grand Prince of the Hungarians . The first King of Hungary, Stephen I. was crowned on 25 December 1000 (or 1 January 1001) with the crown Pope Sylvester II had sent him and with the consent of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor . Following King Stephen I 's coronation, all the monarchs of Hungary and the Árpád dynasty used

3306-431: Was opened in 1998, but attendance had fallen from 150 to 70 pupils in the space of 6 years. The mines employing Sfânta Elena's population were closed down in 2004, as part of Romania's economic transition. After that date, the village continued to face economical and social problems, including lack of plumbing and sewage facilities. Industrialization Industrialisation ( UK ) or industrialization ( US )

3364-506: Was then assigned to an Austrian officer), and because it was done without proper arrangements. They were also ordered to invest in stone houses, renouncing their cheaper bordeie . During the following decades, the village was modernized, with road paving, river engineering and new works on the fortifications, and the introduction of gas lighting ; however, its population was plagued by modern infections— syphilis and tuberculosis were brought in by visitors and foreign workers. Assigned to

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