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63-480: The National Police of Peru is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organisation and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as an anti-terrorist force have produced markedly military characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately 140,000 personnel. The Peruvian armed forces report through

126-645: A naval aviation force, several naval infantry battalions and special forces units. The Peruvian Marines date back to 6 November 1821, when the Peruvian Navy requested a battalion of soldiers. Its first battle was an attack on the Spanish, successfully taking the city of Arica (today Tacna). Into the mid-20th century, the Peruvian Marines modernized their equipment and by the 1980s with the Shining Path emerging as

189-756: A Peruvian protest, as the controversy of the lands, specifically of the northern half of the Department of Loreto in Peru was a major point of contention first with the Gran Colombia, and then with Ecuador and Colombia. Ecuador reinstated its sovereign over the lands north of the Amazon, and assured British creditors of their rights over that territory. Thus, on October 26, 1858, the Peruvian congress authorized president Ramón Castilla to command and army against Ecuador if needed to secure

252-531: A campaign against Bolivia to successfully force the Colombian expeditionary force to leave the country. Furious, Bolivar resolved to declare war against Peru on June 3, 1828, with former president of Bolivia Antonio Jose de Sucre being appointed Commander of the Colombian Army. The Peruvian Navy immediately proceeded to occupy and establish blockades along the Gran Colombia coasts, winning the first confrontation in

315-570: A decree issued on 7 January 1825, Simón Bolívar established a National Militia. This National Guard, formed on the basis of discharged personnel from the army and organized under a military system, also constituted the reserve of the Army of Peru and was part of the armed forces . In 1845, Ramón Castilla , during his first government, reorganized the National Guard, distributing it in all departments, issued new rules and regulations aimed at delimiting

378-575: A defensive strategy, establishing defensive lines along the Jaen and Maynas , which were claimed by the Grancolombians and one of their motivations for the war. After a series of skirmishes, the Peruvian army was able to hold those provinces, but had to end the occupation of Guayaquil. On February 28, 1829, Peruvian president La Mar and Sucre signed the La Mar-Sucre convention, which ended hostilities but left

441-548: A new postal system and a new constitution. In 1862, he was succeeded by Miguel de San Román , who died less than a year later. Castilla refused to recognise Pedro Diez Canseco , the Second Vice President of the Republic as well as his brother-in-law, and claimed the presidency for himself. Diez Canseco, however, was chosen as interim president from April to August 1863, and was succeeded by Juan Antonio Pezet . He served as

504-724: A new threat to Peru, the Marines began to be tasked with counterterrorism operations. As part of the Peruvian Navy, the Peruvian Marines utilize the equipment and logistics of the Navy. Various Marine battalions are based in Ancón, Iquitos, Mollendo, Pucallpa, Puno and Tumbes. The Peruvian Marines also have a Special Forces composed of the Espíritus Negros and Fuerza Delta, based on the American Delta Force and US Army Rangers . On May 20, 1929,

567-572: A number of divisions, tasked with enforcing specific aspects of the law; among the more well known are DIROES (Special Operations), DIRANDRO (Anti-Narcotics Unit), DIRINCRI (Criminal Investigations), and DIRCOTE (Anti-Terrorism). After the Independence of Peru in 1821 by José de San Martín , the Civic Guard and the Civic Militia were created, with José Bernardo de Tagle as Inspector General. In

630-679: A single study center for the preparation of police officers (in the basis of Civil Guard Instruction Center "Mariano Santos" in La Campina – Chorrillos, and to be called the National Police Officer's School ) and a national school for the guards and agents (referred to National Police headquarters at the former Republican Guard Superior Institute in Puente Piedra, today the National Police Technical College), directly under

693-683: Is one of the largest police forces in Latin America, with large land, air and water units as well as special forces and commandos assigned to locations all over the country particularly with the formation of their Tactical Action Sub-Unit (Sub-Unidad de Acción Táctica) or SUAT. However, the PNP is plagued by corruption. In 2022, allegations of widespread corruption under General Commander Javier Gallardo – including reports of bribes involving tens of thousands of dollars for rank promotions and payments for more relaxed positions – led to institutional instability in

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756-467: The 1992 Peruvian self-coup . During the Fujimori administration, Montesinos would assume control of the government and placed weak officers as branch heads in order to maintain control, with every military branch's leader being personally filled by Montesinos. During this time, the armed forces' Grupo Colina death squad would kill dozens during various massacres in Peru and the military would participate in

819-583: The Battle of Punta Malpelo , forcing the Colombians to retreat. Victorious, the Peruvian navy set its sights on the strategic port of Guayaquil and proceeded to attack it at the Battle of Cruces , which saw the destruction of the Grancolombian pacific fleet and the naval blockade of the city of Guayaquil until the end of the conflict. In the land, the ties were more balanced, with the outnumbered Peruvian Army seizing

882-518: The Cenepa War against Ecuador in 1995. Following the downfall of Fujimori and Montesinos, the use of the terruqueo in the beginning of the twenty-first century was used to influence the public instead of violence performed by the military, though its use would provide impunity to members of the armed forces who violently responded to protests in the nation. Following the 2022 Peruvian political crisis , widespread protests occurred throughout Peru;

945-819: The French Republican Guard , that the Infantry Gendarmes Battalion No. 1 be called Peruvian Republican Guard Infantry Gendarmes Battalion No. 1, giving it the mission of security of the Government Palace and the National Congress . On September 15, 1948, José Luis Bustamante y Rivero granted autonomy to the Investigation and Surveillance Corps and on June 3, 1960, it changed its name to the Investigative Police. From that period on,

1008-760: The Ministry of Defence , while the National Police of Peru report through the Ministry of Interior. The Peruvian Army was officially established on 18 August 1821 when the Peruvian Guard Legion was established by the government of general José de San Martín during the Peruvian War of Independence . San Martín would found the Peruvian Navy months later on 8 October 1821. The first international conflict fought by

1071-517: The President of the Senate in 1864. In 1864, Castilla condemned the international policies of Pezet, only to be jailed and exiled to Gibraltar . During his absence, the historic Battle of Callao took place, which became Spain's final and unsuccessful move to reconquer independent Peru. After he returned to Peru, he was again deported to Chile on the orders of then president Mariano Ignacio Prado . In

1134-540: The Annual Calendar of Institutional Festivities of the National Police, August 30 of each year was designated as the Day of Saint Rose of Lima and Police Virtue, in accordance with the provisions of Supreme Decree No. 0027-89 and directorial resolution No. 355092 of August 6, 1992. Recently, the National Police of Peru has experienced 28 years of war against terrorism and drug trafficking and has more than 140,000 troops. The PNP

1197-733: The Armed Forces of Peru led the nation following the 1968 Peruvian coup d'état , first headed by Juan Velasco Alvarado , who instituted left-wing policies that included nationalizing the economy and enacting the Peruvian Agrarian Reform . During the Revolutionary Government, the nation's debt increased heavily as a result of excessive borrowing and the 1970s energy crisis . Following the Tacnazo and subsequent overthrow of Velasco in 1975, Francisco Morales Bermúdez would lead

1260-822: The Coast Guard. The Pacific fleet flagship is the guided-missile cruiser BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53) , named for the 19th-century Peruvian Admiral who fought in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The fleet also includes 7 Lupo class frigates (two built in Peru), 6 PR-72P class corvettes, 2 Pohang -class corvettes , several amphibious ships, 2 Type 209/1100 and 4 Type 209/1200 class German-built diesel submarines (the biggest submarine force in South America), as well as patrol vessels, tankers and cargo ships. The Peruvian Navy also has

1323-546: The FAP counts in its arsenal with MiG-29 ( interceptor ) and Mirage 2000 ( interdictor / multirole aircraft ). It also has Su-25 close-support aircraft, Mi-25 attack helicopters, Mi-17 transport helicopters, Aermacchi MB-339 , Embraer EMB-312 Tucano subsonic training aircraft, and the Cessna A-37B for light attack and COIN missions. In 1995, the FAP took part in the Cenepa War against Ecuador covering operations by

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1386-609: The Interim President of Peru (Revolution Self-proclaimed President) in 1863. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in a commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation . Later, he led the country when the economy boomed due to the exploitation of guano deposits. Castilla's governments are remembered for having abolished slavery and modernized

1449-562: The Ministry of the Interior. Law 24949 was finally enacted on December 6, 1988, amending the relevant articles of the 1979 Constitution of Peru with the aim of the formal foundation of the National Police of Peru, and took effect the next day. The objectives sought were, among others, to integrate the three police forces to make better use of economic resources, eliminate the conflict that existed between them caused by "double role" problems and, above all, provide better services to society. With

1512-421: The Revolutionary Government until 1980, with his military government participating in the political repression of leftists during Operation Condor . During the government of Alan García , the nation would begin to begin to experience hyperinflation and increased the beginning of the internal conflict in Peru with Shining Path . The armed force's perception that President Garcia's policies were detrimental to

1575-673: The Soviet Union. After an initial deal with China fell through, Peru has attempted to make a deal with General Dynamics to purchase new military vehicles. The Peruvian Navy ( Marina de Guerra del Perú ) is organized in five naval zones headquartered in Piura, Lima, Arequipa, Iquitos and Pucallpa . It has a strength of around 25,988 troops divided between the Pacific Operations and the Amazon Operations General Commands and

1638-686: The Spanish Army and offering his services to José de San Martín, who enrolled him in the Patriot Army with the rank of lieutenant (a rank he had held with the Spanish Army ). When San Martin resigned as "Protector of Peru", Castilla sided with José de la Riva Agüero , who in turn shortly became president in 1823. In 1824, when the Peruvian Congress named Simón Bolívar dictator or "Liberator of Peru", Castilla joined Simon Bolivar 's army, fighting in

1701-518: The United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with Vladimiro Montesinos , who had previously been charged with spying on the Peruvian armed forces for the CIA. Fujimori was elected president of Peru in 1990, planning a coup with his military handlers during his next two years in office, with Fujimori becoming a figurehead leader and adopting many of the objectives of Plan Verde following

1764-477: The age of 10 to study with his brother and later continued his education in Concepción, Chile , also helping his brother with his business. In 1817 he enrolled in the Spanish colonial army during the Peruvian War of Independence , fighting against the independence forces sent by Argentine general José de San Martín . Castilla became a prisoner of war, but managed to escape and returned to Peru in 1821, deserting

1827-409: The armed forces and traditional aristocrats viewing their platform of land reform and the political inclusion of the indigenous peoples of Peru as a threat. After Fernando Belaúnde , a presidential candidate in election, raised concerns of electoral fraud, the military would support Belaúnde and would commit the 1962 Peruvian coup d'état against President Prado. The Revolutionary Government of

1890-416: The armed forces performed human rights violations against demonstrators and the politicization of the armed forces created concerns about the creation of a civilian-military government in Peru. The Joint Command of the Armed Forces is tasked with the mission to "plan, prepare, coordinate and conduct military operations and actions to guarantee independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity and support

1953-456: The army and navy. After the war, the FAP began acquiring new aircraft, especially MiG-29 fighters and Su-25 close air support aircraft which are, along with the Mirage 2000 fighters, the main combat elements of the FAP. National Police of Peru The National Police of Peru ( Spanish : Policía Nacional del Perú , PNP ) is the national police force of Peru . Its jurisdiction covers

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2016-843: The army's organization. The equipment of the Peruvian Army includes infantry weapons that include rifles and carbines such as the M16A2 and the M4A1 and pistols like the FN Five-seveN and Smith & Wesson M&P9 . Vehicles include several types of tanks ( T-55 and AMX-13 ), armoured personnel carriers ( M-113 , UR-416 ), artillery ( D30 , M101 , M109 and M114 howitzers ), antiaircraft systems ( ZSU-23-4 Shilka ) and helicopters ( Mil Mi-2 , Mil Mi-17 ). Recently, Peru has sought to update their collection of tanks and armored personnel carriers that have not been updated since acquiring vehicles from

2079-533: The aviation divisions of the Peruvian army and navy were merged into the Peruvian Aviation Corps (CAP, Cuerpo de Aviación del Peru ). In 1950, the corps was reorganized again and became the Peruvian Air Force (FAP, Fuerza Aérea del Perú ). The Peruvian Air Force is divided into six wing areas, headquartered in Piura, Chiclayo , Lima, Arequipa, Rioja and Iquitos. With a strength of 17,969 troops,

2142-526: The borders on an ambiguous state. Yet, this was seen as a political win by the Peruvians, as holding these provinces opened the way of annexation, which would later be the cause of several Peruvian-Ecuadorian wars after the dissolution of the Gran Colombia in 1830. The next major conflict faced Peru against the newly independent state of Ecuador in the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860) , the first of

2205-452: The city of Cuenca on the Battle of Saraguro on February 13, 1829, and pushing north near Guayaquil. However, Venezuelan general De Sucre inflicted a defeat on the Peruvians at the Battle of Tarqui . The vastly outnumbered 900 Peruvian infantrymen were forced to retreat against the approaching 4,500 Grancolombian counterattack force in order to evade an encirclement. After the battle, Peru adopted

2268-497: The country as its coasts were in the middle of a blockade. Receiving no response from an unified Ecuadorian government, Castilla ordered 5,000 of his troops to advance into the Ecuadorian province of “Mapasingue”, near Guayaquil, in order to force Ecuador to accept the Peruvians terms and to abandon its desires on the Amazon. Force by military action, the four governments vying for control of Ecuador selected caudillo Guillermo Franco as

2331-617: The country, Castilla reinstated Menéndez as president, in order to achieve a constitutional transition to democracy. In 1845, Castilla won the Peruvian presidential elections and was sworn in in April of that year. During this time, the guano export boom was rapidly expanding, largely due to treaties signed with the British company Antony Gibbs , which had commercialized the guano trade in Europe. Important urban projects began during this period, too, such as

2394-434: The country. On 3 December 1854, in the city of Huancayo , an abolition of slavery law was passed. As this law was being applied, Castilla confronted and defeated Echenique in the Battle of La Palma on 5 January 1855. In 1859, Peru had a confrontation with neighboring Ecuador over disputed territory bordering the Amazon. Though Peru was considered successful, Castilla failed to secure a definitive agreement with Ecuador and

2457-468: The coup as they expected Mario Vargas Llosa , a neoliberal candidate, to be elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election . Vargas Llosa later reported that Ambassador Quainton, personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) purportedly being supportive of the candidacy of his opponent, Alberto Fujimori , were authentic, with Rendón writing that

2520-514: The creation of the National Police, Saint Rose of Lima was designated, by Supreme Decree No. 0027-89-IN, published on September 18, 1989, as its patron saint . In 1995, Saint Rose of Lima was decorated with the Order of Merit of the National Police in the degree of Grand Cross and was also awarded the Honorary Band of General of the National Police of Peru, in her capacity as Patron of the institute. In

2583-633: The decisive Battle of Ayacucho , which helped Peru gain its independence from Spain. In 1825 Bolivar named him as governor of his native province of Tarapacá . In 1833, Castilla married Francisca Diez Canseco. In 1839 Castilla beside the Chilean general Manuel Bulnes decided the victory of the Restorative Army in the battle of Yungay (War of the Confederation) and was named Minister of War and Minister of Finance in 1839 under Agustín Gamarra . Under

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2646-420: The first railroad from Lima to Callao , which helped in the transportation of guano from the production centers ready to be shipped abroad. After six years in power, Castilla was succeeded by José Rufino Echenique . In 1854, however, another rebellion was led in Peru's second-largest city, Arequipa , by Castilla himself, who was largely urged by other Peruvian liberals to help in the suppression of slavery in

2709-751: The functions of the Political authorities and the General Inspection of the aforementioned Force. In 1852, José Rufino Echenique reorganized the Police Forces into a single Corps and created the National Gendarmerie of Peru . In 1855, Castilla began his second government by proceeding to reorganize the Gendarmerie, merging the existing Police Corps into it, establishing strict entry requirements and increasing its number. Manuel Pardo y Lavalle assumed

2772-466: The government of President Pedro Castillo suggestions by the president's prime minister Mirtha Vásquez resulted with General Gallardo being fired on 14 January 2022. PNP officials believed that the leadership of Gallardo would damage the institution of the police force and sided with Minister of the Interior Avelino Guillén , who ordered his firing. General Gallardo attempted to stay in his position, though he later retired. On 27 December 2022, Gallardo

2835-403: The issue would haunt both countries until the end of the 20th century, when the 1997 Peace and Border Treaty of Itamaraty was signed by Peru and Ecuador in Brazil. In December 1860, a new constitution was enacted during Castilla's presidency and became Peru's supreme law until 1920. Castilla's second presidency, therefore, was marked by the liberation of slaves and indigenous Peruvians, as well as

2898-512: The latter post, Castilla was responsible for Peru's first lucrative guano exportation. Meanwhile, president Gamarra had been harboring intentions of annexing Bolivia back to Peru and, in 1841, he led an invasion army to Bolivia, only to be defeated and killed by the army of José Ballivián during the Battle of Ingavi , leaving Peru without a leader. During that year various infights among caudillos occurred who constantly proclaimed themselves Presidents. Manuel Menéndez , then Vice President, assumed

2961-422: The main conflicts between these two countries. The conflict originated due to the international debt Ecuador, as the Gran Colombia, had to take from European creditors, mainly British, after the war of independence from Spain. Wanting to find a source of income, finances minister Francisco de Paula gave the creditors rights to several territories in the forest, some of them over disputed lands with Peru. This caused

3024-463: The nation resulted with the creation of Plan Verde , a clandestine military operation that involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a neoliberal economy controlled by a military junta in Peru. A coup initially included in the plan was opposed by Anthony C. E. Quainton , the United States Ambassador to Peru . Military planners also decided against

3087-420: The nation's land, sea, and air territories. Formed from the merger of the Investigative Police , the Civil Guard , and the Republican Guard in 1988, it is one of the largest police forces in Latin America . Its mission is to preserve domestic order, public order and national security, in order to enforce the law and protect the people of Peru. The PNP is controlled by the Ministry of the Interior . The PNP has

3150-420: The national development of Peru". This branch of the armed forces was developed in the 1950s following World War II , when Peru evaluated operational tactics used and adapted them to their own military. On 1 February 1957, the Joint Command was created following a commission of defense agencies studied its role, with the Joint Command depending directly on the President of Peru while also being "the highest step in

3213-430: The national territory against European creditors. A blockade against Ecuadorian ports was also preferred. On November 1, 1858, the first Peruvian frigate arrived in Ecuadorian waters, and the start of the blockade of Guayaquil and Quito started. By this time, Ecuador was facing an internal crisis, called by Ecuadorian history books as the “Terrible Year”, in which a number of different politicians were fighting for control of

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3276-408: The newly formed republic was the Gran Colombia-Peru War , a maritime and terrestrial conflict against the state of the Gran Colombia , which was formed by the current-day states of Colombia , Ecuador , Panama and Venezuela . In early 1828, an incursion of Colombian troops in Bolivia sent by Simon Bolivar with the objective of gaining a foothold and influence in the country, forced Peru to launch

3339-400: The next century. The War of the Pacific , a conflict between the Bolivia-Peru alliance and Chile resulted with one of the armed forces' worst failures as Chilean troops occupied the capital of Lima and the southern provinces, with Peru ceding the mineral-rich Arica Province to Chile after signing the Treaty of Ancón and later treaties. The incompetence of the government and military

3402-459: The planning and coordination of the operations of the Army, Navy and Aeronautics Forces". Headquartered in Lima , it has a strength of 90,000 troops divided in four military regions with headquarters in Piura , Lima, Arequipa and Iquitos . Every military region is assigned several brigades of which there are different types, including infantry , cavalry and armored . There are also several groups and battalions which operate independently of

3465-411: The presidency on August 2, 1872, with one of his first actions being the reorganization of the Police Forces, establishing the Civil Guard . The formation of this old police force lasted until 1919, where it was again reorganized under Augusto B. Leguía 's second government through two supreme decrees issued on August 7, 1919. Leguía, at the suggestion of General Gerardo Álvarez, ordered, emulating

3528-402: The presidency, but was overthrown by a coup d'état led by Juan Crisóstomo Torrico in 1842. Soon after, Castilla, along with Domingo Nieto , overthrew Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco during the Battle of Carmen Alto. Nieto assumed the presidency but died a few months later. Castilla assumed the position on 17 February 1844 until 11 December of that year. After defeating the other caudillos around

3591-427: The sole representative of the country, signing the Treaty of Mapasingue with Castilla, thus agreeing to the Peruvian terms and stating the withdrawal of Peruvian troops from Ecuador. This angered the Ecuadorians, which called Franco as a traitor for collaborating with the Peruvians, and ousted him in the Battle of Guayaquil . This action strengthened the Peruvian position on the Amazon, which would not be challenged until

3654-457: The state. He assumed the presidency for the first time after general Domingo Nieto 's death for a short period in 1844, then in 1845 until 1851, again from 1855 to 1862 and, finally, during a brief period in 1863. Castilla was born in Tarapacá (then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru ), the second son of Pedro Castilla, of Spanish-Argentine origin, and Juana Marquezado de Romero, who was of part Aymara descent. In 1807 he traveled to Lima at

3717-404: The three security forces in the country were the Civil Guard , the Investigative Police and the Republican Guard . During Alan García 's first presidency, the 1986 Police Forces Act was signed, which formally laid the foundations for the definitive establishment of a new National Police. The Act established a single command (i.e. the Directorate General of Police) and also the formation of

3780-425: The unification of the police forces the Civil Guard became known as the "General Police" ( Spanish : Policia General ), the Republican Guard became the "Security Police" ( Spanish : Policía de Seguridad ) and the Investigative Police became the "Technical Police" ( Spanish : Policía Técnica ) until 1991, when all 3 commands of the National Police were abolished and a single command created in its place. After

3843-461: Was arrested for his alleged involvement of paid promotions of PNP officers. Under the 1988 National Police Act and subsequent legislative acts of Congress, the National Police has the following functions: Ram%C3%B3n Castilla Ramón Castilla y Marquesado ( Spanish pronunciation: [raˈmoŋ kasˈtiʝa] ; 31 August 1797 – 30 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo who served as President of Peru three times as well as

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3906-411: Was created in 1957 after observations were made that the branches needed a centralized organization to coordinate the activities of the branches. When the government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche attempted to move political power to civilians, the military became upset with the new approach. In addition, the 1962 Peruvian general election saw the rise of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance , with

3969-414: Was so great during the War of the Pacific period that it led to an intellectual movement dedicated to restoring pride for Peru, creating modern Peruvian nationalism . On 20 May 1929, the Peruvian Air Force was created as the Peruvian Aviation Corps when the aviation units of the army and navy merged. Following World War II and the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War , the Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru

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