50-604: See text Persoonia , commonly known as geebungs or snottygobbles , is a genus of about one hundred species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae . Plants in the genus Persoonia are shrubs or small trees usually with smooth bark, simple leaves and usually yellow flowers arranged along a raceme , each flower with a leaf or scale leaf at the base. The fruit is a drupe . Persoonias are usually shrubs, sometimes small trees and usually have smooth bark. The adult leaves are simple , usually arranged alternately but sometimes in opposite pairs, or in whorls of three or four. If
100-707: A family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere . The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species . Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentrations of diversity. Together with the Platanaceae (plane trees), Nelumbonaceae (the sacred lotus) and in the recent APG IV system the Sabiaceae , they make up the order Proteales . Well-known Proteaceae genera include Protea , Banksia , Embothrium , Grevillea , Hakea , and Macadamia . Species such as
150-428: A petiole is present, it is short. The flowers are arranged singly or in racemes, usually of a few flowers, either in leaf axils or on the ends of the branches. Sometimes the raceme continues to grow into a leafy shoot. The tepals are free from each other except near their base, have their tips rolled back and are usually yellow. There is a single stigma on top of the ovary and surrounded by four stamens . The fruit
200-551: A Southern Hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa. It also occurs in Central Africa, South and Central America , India , eastern and south eastern Asia , and Oceania . Only two species are known from New Zealand, although fossil pollen evidence suggests there were more previously. It is a good example of a Gondwanan family, with taxa occurring on virtually every land mass considered
250-552: A combination of brachy-paracytic stomata and the unusual trichome bases or, in other cases, the unusual structure of pollen tetrads. Xylocaryon was identified as a member of the Proteaceae from the similarity of its fruit to the extant genus Eidothea . Fossils attributable to this family have been found on the majority of areas that formed the Gondwana supercontinent. A wide variety of pollen belonging to this family dating back to
300-412: A family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
350-497: A greater biodiversity for Proteaceae than currently exists, which supports the fact that the distribution of many taxa has changed drastically with the passage of time and that the family has suffered a general decline, including high levels of extinction during the Cenozoic . First described by French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , the family Proteaceae is a fairly large one, with around 80 genera, but less than 2,000 species. It
400-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
450-666: A remnant of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, except Antarctica . The family and subfamilies are thought to have diversified well before the fragmentation of Gondwana, implying all of them are well over 90 million years old. Evidence for this includes an abundance of proteaceous pollen found in the Cretaceous coal deposits of the South Island of New Zealand . It is thought to have achieved its present distribution largely by continental drift rather than dispersal across ocean gaps. No conclusive studies have been carried out on
500-452: A source of dyes, firewood and as wood for construction. Aboriginal Australians eat the fruit of Persoonia , and the seeds of species from other genera, including Gevuina and Macadamia , form part of the diet of the indigenous peoples but are also sold throughout the world. The tender shoots of Helicia species are used in Java, and the nectar from the inflorescences of a number of species
550-682: A striking example of adaptive radiation in plants. This variability makes it impossible to provide a simple, diagnostic identification key for the family, although individual genera may be easily identified. Plant stems with two types of radii, wide and multi-serrated or narrow and uni-serrated, phloem stratified or not, trilacunar nodes with three leaf traces (rarely unilacunar with one trace), sclereids frequent; bark with lenticels frequently horizontally enlarged, cork cambium present, usually superficial. Roots lateral and short, often grouped in bundles ( proteoid roots ) with very dense root hairs, rarely with mycorrhiza . Generally speaking,
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#1732869104699600-792: A thick rootstock buried in the ground that shoots up new stems after a fire, and others are reseeders , meaning the adult plants are killed by the fire, but disperse their seeds, which are stimulated by the smoke to take root and grow. The heat was previously thought to have stimulated growth, but the chemicals in the smoke have now been shown to cause it. There are four dioecious genera ( Aulax , Dilobeia , Heliciopsis and Leucadendron ), 11 andromonoecious genera and some other genera have species that are cryptically andromonoecious: two species are sterile and only reproduce vegetatively ( Lomatia tasmanica , Hakea pulvinifera ). The species vary between being autocompatible and autoincompatible, with intermediate situations; these situations sometimes occur in
650-515: Is a drupe containing one or two seeds. The genus Persoonia was first formally described in 1798 by James Edward Smith and the description was published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . The generic name is in honour of Dutch mycologist and botanist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon . Smith did not nominate a type species but in 1988, Persoonia lanceolata was nominated as
700-678: Is also cultivated for its edible nuts, in Chile and New Zealand , and they are also used in the pharmaceutical industry for their humectant properties and as an ingredient in sunscreens . It is the most cold-resistant of the tree families that produce nuts. It is also planted in the British Isles and on the Pacific coast of the United States for its tropical appearance and its ability to grow in cooler climates . Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by
750-617: Is carried out by bees , beetles , flies , moths , birds ( honeyeaters , sunbirds , sugarbirds and hummingbirds ) and mammals (rodents, small marsupials , elephant shrews and bats ). The latter two means were evolutionarily derived from entomophily in different, independent events. The dispersion of some species exhibit serotiny , which is associated with their pyrophytic behaviour. These trees accumulate fruits on their branches whose outer layers or protective structures ( bracts ) are highly lignified and resistant to fire. The fruit only release their seeds when they have been burnt and when
800-431: Is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes
850-452: Is drunk in Australia. Traditional medicines can be obtained from infusions of the roots, bark, leaves, or flowers of many species that are used as topical applications for skin conditions or internally as tonics, aphrodisiacs, and galactogens to treat headaches, cough, dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, stomach ulcers, and kidney disease. The wood from the trees of this family is widely used in construction and for internal uses such as decoration;
900-529: Is found in areas with soils derived from sandstones and granites. The flowers of Persoonia species are pollinated by native bees, especially from the genus Leioproctus , most commonly L. speculiferus , and the introduced Apis mellifera . The following is a list of species of Persoonia accepted by Plants of the World Online as of September 2023: Proteaceae About 80, see text The Proteaceae / ˌ p r oʊ t i ˈ eɪ s iː / form
950-698: Is found only in the Great Victoria Desert , while a few other species venture into the arid zone, but most are concentrated in the subtropical to temperate parts of south eastern and south western Australia, including Tasmania. Most species are plants of well-drained, acid, sandy or sandstone-based soils that are low in nutrients, although one, Persoonia graminea , grows in swampy habitats. Three species ( P. acicularis , P. bowgada and P. hexagona ) tolerate mildly calcareous soils, and several south eastern species sometimes grow on basalt-derived soils, but these are unusual. The greatest diversity of species
1000-432: Is highly specialised. It usually involves the use of a "pollen-presenter", an area on the style -end that presents the pollen to the pollinator. Proteaceae flower parts occur in fours. The four tepals are fused into a long, narrow tube with a closed cup at the top, and the filaments of the four stamens are fused to the tepals in such a way that the anthers are enclosed within the cup. The pistil initially passes along
1050-463: Is recognised by virtually all taxonomists . Firmly established under classical Linnaean taxonomy , it is also recognised by the cladistics -based APG and APG II systems. It is placed in the order Proteales , whose placement has itself varied. A classification of the genera within Proteaceae was made by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their influential 1975 monograph " On the Proteaceae:
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#17328691046991100-525: Is thought to be extinct. The species of this family are particularly susceptible to the destruction or fragmentation of their habitat , fire, parasitic diseases, competition from introduced plants, soil degradation and other damage provoked by humans and their domesticated animals. The species are also affected by climate change . The Proteaceae have a rich fossil record, despite the inherent difficulties in identifying remains that do not show diagnostic characteristics. Identification usually comes from using
1150-444: Is valued for its vivid yellow flowers and grape-like fruit. Adenanthos sericeus (woolly bush) is planted for its attractive soft leaves and its small red or orange flowers. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (beef nut, red bauple nut) is commonly planted for its foliage and edible nuts. The Proteaceae are particularly susceptible to certain parasites, in particular the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi , which causes severe root rot in
1200-455: The Faroe Islands at a latitude of 62° north. Among the banksias , many of which grow in temperate and Mediterranean climates, the vast majority are shrubs; only a few are trees that are valued for their height. Among the tallest species are: B. integrifolia with its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola , which is noteworthy as the plants that form the subspecies are
1250-582: The lectotype . The term geebung is derived from the Dharug language word geebung , while the Wiradjuri term was jibbong . The etymology of "snottygobble" is more obscure. The English Dialect Dictionary published in 1904 lists snotergob , snot-gob and snotty-gobble as "the fruit of the yew-tree, Taxus baccata " noting that "children devour quantities of the red part of these berries, which they call snotty-gobbles, and suffer no ill-effects". The pulp around
1300-417: The nursery industry as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut flower industry , especially some Banksia and Protea species. Sugarbushes ( Protea ), pincushions ( Leucospermum ) and conebushes ( Leucadendron ), as well as others like pagodas ( Mimetes ), Aulax and blushing brides ( Serruria ), comprise one of
1350-477: The New South Wales waratah ( Telopea speciosissima ), king protea ( Protea cynaroides ), and various species of Banksia , Grevillea , and Leucadendron are popular cut flowers . The nuts of Macadamia integrifolia are widely grown commercially and consumed, as are those of Gevuina avellana on a smaller scale. The name Proteaceae was adapted by Robert Brown from the name Proteae coined in 1789 for
1400-432: The Proteaceae are one of few flowering plant families that do not form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. They exude large amounts of organic acids ( citric acid and malic acid ) every 2–3 days in order to aid the mobilization and absorption of phosphate. Many species are fire-adapted ( pyrophytes ), meaning they have strategies for surviving fires that sweep through their habitat. Some are resprouters , and have
1450-587: The Upper Cretaceous ( Campanian - Maastrichtian ) from the south east of Australia and pollen from the Middle Cretaceous ( Cenomanian - Turonian ) from northern Africa and Peru described as Triorites africaensis . The first macrofossils appear twenty million years later in the Palaeocene of South America and the north east of Australia. The fossil record of some areas, such as New Zealand and Tasmania, show
1500-821: The chemical substances present in this broad family. The genera Protea and Faurea are unusual as they use xylose as the main sugar in their nectar and as they have high concentrations of polygalactol, while sucrose is the main sugar present in Grevillea . Cyanogenic glycosides , derived from tyrosine , are often present, as are proanthocyanidines ( delphinidin and cyanidin ), flavonols ( kaempferol , quercetin and myricetin ) and arbutin . Alkaloids are usually absent. Iridoids and ellagic acid are also absent. Saponins and sapogenins can be either present or absent in different species. Many species accumulate aluminium . Many traditional cultures have used Proteaceae as sustenance, medicine, for curing animal hides, as
1550-415: The cup splits apart, and the pistil is released to spring more or less upright. Many of the Proteaceae have specialised proteoid roots , masses of lateral roots and hairs forming a radial absorptive surface, produced in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth, and usually shrivelling at the end of the growth season. They are an adaptation to growth in poor, phosphorus-deficient soils, greatly increasing
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1600-413: The diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the compound pseudanthium . In many genera, the most obvious feature is the large and often very showy inflorescences , consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. This character does not occur in all Proteaceae, however; Adenanthos species, for example, have solitary flowers. In most Proteaceae species, the pollination mechanism
1650-426: The evolution and classification of a southern family ", until it was largely superseded by the molecular studies of Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae are now divided into five subfamilies: Bellendenoideae , Persoonioideae , Symphionematoideae , Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae . In 2008 Mast and colleagues updated Macadamia and related genera in tribe Macadamieae. Furthermore, Orites megacarpus
1700-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
1750-467: The family by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , based on the genus Protea , which in 1767, Carl Linnaeus derived from the name of the Greek god Proteus , a deity who was able to change between many forms. This is an appropriate image, seeing as the family is known for its astonishing variety and diversity of flowers and leaves. The genera of Proteaceae are highly varied, with Banksia in particular providing
1800-504: The ground has been fertilized with ashes from the fire and is free from competitors. Many species have seeds with elaiosomes that are dispersed by ants ; the seeds with wings or thistledown exhibit anemochory , while the drupes and other fleshy fruit exhibit endozoochory as mammals and birds ingest them. Some African and Australian rodents are known to accumulate fruit and seeds of these plants in their nests in order to feed on them, although some manage to germinate. Proteaceae are mainly
1850-508: The hard stone in the drupes of Persoonia is edible although "the operation is a little like nibbling sweet cotton wool". Molecular hylogenetic studies indicate that Toronia , Garnieria and Acidonia all lie within the large genus Persoonia . Species of Persoonia are endemic to Australia, with one species, Persoonia toru found in New Zealand. In Australia, they are widespread in non-arid regions. One species, P. pertinax ,
1900-417: The inside of the perianth tube, so the stigma, too, is enclosed within the cup. As the flower develops, the pistil grows rapidly. Since the stigma is trapped, the style must bend to elongate, and eventually it bends so far, the perianth is split along one seam. The style continues to grow until anthesis , when the nectaries begin to produce nectar . At this time, the perianth splits into its component tepals,
1950-409: The nectar-feeders act as pollinators. The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as protandry , self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed. The systems for presenting pollen are usually highly diverse, corresponding to the diversification of the pollinators. Pollination
2000-617: The plants that grow in Mediterranean climates. Fusarium oxysporum causes a disease called fusariosis in roots that causes a yellowing and wilting, with serious ecological damages to woodland plants and economic losses in plants of commercial interest. Other common infections are caused by species of Botryosphaeria , Rhizoctonia , Armillaria , Botrytis , Calonectria and other fungi. The IUCN considers that 47 Proteaceae species are threatened, of which one species, Stenocarpus dumbeensis Guillaumin , 1935, from New Caledonia,
2050-542: The plants' access to scarce water and nutrients by exuding carboxylates that mobilise previously unavailable phosphorus. They also increase the root's absorption surface, but this is a minor feature, as it also increases competition for nutrients against its own root clusters. However, this adaptation leaves them highly vulnerable to dieback caused by the Phytophthora cinnamomi water mould , and generally intolerant of fertilization . Due to these specialized proteoid roots,
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2100-425: The same species. The flowers are usually protandrous. Just before anthesis, the anthers release their pollen , depositing it onto the stigma, which in many cases has an enlarged fleshy area specifically for the deposition of its own pollen. Nectar-feeders are unlikely to come into contact with the anthers themselves, but can hardly avoid contacting the stigma; thus, the stigma functions as a pollen-presenter , ensuring
2150-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
2200-448: The species of this genus, around 170 species, are shrubs, although some of them are valued for their flowers. Another species that is cultivated in some parts of the world, although it is smaller, is Telopea speciosissima (Waratah), from the mountains of New South Wales , Australia . Some temperate climate species are cultivated more locally in Australia for their attractive appearance: Persoonia pinifolia (pine-leaved geebung )
2250-439: The tallest trees of the banksias and they are more frost-resistant than other banksias, B. seminuda , B. littoralis , B. serrata ; among those that can be considered small trees or large shrubs: B. grandis , B. prionotes , B. marginata , B. coccinea and B. speciosa ; all of these are planted in parks and gardens and even along roadsides because of their size. The rest of
2300-782: The three main plant groups of fynbos , which forms part of the Cape Floral Kingdom , the smallest but richest plant kingdom for its size and the only kingdom contained within a single country. The other main groups of plants in fynbos are the Ericaceae and the Restionaceae . South African proteas are thus widely cultivated due to their many varied forms and unusual flowers. They are popular in South Africa for their beauty and their usefulness in wildlife gardens for attracting birds and useful insects. The species most valued as ornamentals are
2350-515: The trees that grow in southern latitudes as they give landscapes in temperate climates a tropical appearance; Lomatia ferruginea (Fuinque), Lomatia hirsuta (Radal) have been introduced in Western Europe and to the western United States . Embothrium coccineum (Chilean Firetree or Notro ) is highly valued in the British Isles for its dark red flowers and can be found as far north as
2400-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
2450-585: The wood from species of Protea , Leucadendron and Grevillea is especially popular. Many species are used in gardening, particularly genera of Banksia , Embothrium , Grevillea , and Telopea . This use has resulted in the introduction of exotic species that have become invasive; examples include the hakea willow ( Hakea salicifolia ) and the silky hakea ( Hakea sericea ) in Portugal. Two species of Macadamia are cultivated commercially for their edible nuts. Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazel)
2500-516: Was found not to be within the genus Orites , nor in the tribe Roupaleae, instead in the tribe Macadamieae, hence given the new species name Nothorites megacarpus . The full arrangement, according to Weston and Barker (2006) with the updates to genera from Mast et al. (2008), is as follows: Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It
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