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128-404: Unlike the old lordships organised as a personal union , the sovereignty of a territorial state was based on its land or territory and not on membership of a dynastic family or other personally-related rights. Juridical sovereignty is not necessarily required as the main characteristic of statehood. The modern understanding of sovereignty, which was introduced in the 16th century, did not exist until

256-649: A common executive, which was the Bavarian branch of the Wittelsbach family. The Palatinate branch of the House of Wittelsbach was a different territorial state, because even though the executive of this state stems from the same family, the Treaty of Pavia separated the two branches, resulting in two separate territorial states. Through the recognition of a shared executive, the separate smaller political units are able to qualify as part of

384-614: A gunpowder empire. The Ottoman Empire was one of the most dangerous military forces in the 16th and 17th century, this Islamic empire whose roots are traced back to small Anatolian provinces, became an empire spanning Europe and the Arabic world. The Ottoman Empire in 1453 conquered Constantinople making the city their new capital and renaming it Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire developed and extensively used artillery, handheld cannons/firearms, and gun carriages to aid their horsemen in conquering most of Southeastern Europe and most Arabic states throughout

512-434: A map eventually gave way to the idea of a bound world as a place of outlined territories. In the 15th century the creation of global sea passages that connected the world together in a true world economy of trade and transportation. Economies on almost every continent that once were separated became connected in a global maritime trading system where risk was distributed more evenly and demand and supply networks became larger as

640-841: A member of the Bavarian branch. As a result, the Upper Palatinate had to be ceded to the Bavarian branch in 1623, along with the Imperial office of Arch-Steward. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Treaty of Münster (also called the Peace of Westphalia ) in 1648, a new additional electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine, along with the new office of Imperial Arch-Treasurer. During their exile Frederick's sons, especially Prince Rupert of

768-402: A more stable security from the abuses typical of the medieval hierarchical authority and power structure. Within ancient rulers it was important that their state/empire foundation was constant with ethnic diversity, growth of population, economic and ecological diversity and an organized bureaucracy. It has been debated amongst scholars that a main motivating factor in territorial state formation

896-462: A new state system in nations. This was seen especially in the Holy Roman Empire, where several territorial states gained sovereignty and acquired new individual power. In fact such power included the independent state's ability to choose their own official religion rather than abiding to the nationwide religion, the obstruction of adhering to a higher authority, and equal state rights. Nowadays, it

1024-680: A pitched battle. After the fall of the Ming dynasty though, the Qing dynasty which replaced the Ming was much more willing to adopt these new technologies and use them to conquer their neighbours, thus ushering in a new age of Chinese dominance in East Asia. Their adaptation and use of the new gunpowder technology can be best seen in their conflict with the Russian Empire for control over the Amur Valley, which today

1152-552: A position that his younger brother Duke Max Emanuel in Bavaria , has since taken over, through which the House of Wittelsbach still maintains a connection to one of its former main territories, the Electoral Palatinate . With Duke Otto III of Lower Bavaria , who was a maternal grandson of Béla IV of Hungary and was elected anti-king of Hungary and Croatia as Bela V (1305–1308) the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside

1280-493: A result which encouraged economic cooperation. The growing global market economy, state populations, and economic ambitions encouraged the intensification of the use of land by territorial states to increase agricultural production for commercial markets. The economic and legal systems present in the territorial state indicated some form of government regulation and cooperative use of territorial land and water. Territorial jurisdiction consists of deciding patterns of land-use including

1408-547: A single territorial state. Feudal territories also should not be treated as part of a territorial state, unless they are integrated into a larger political unit that falls under the rule of a common executive. Scholars state that it is important to analyze the power dynamics of the separate units that fall under a common executive to decide whether or not they form part of the territorial state. For instance, in situations where monarch divides their territory between their heirs, and these new executives develop separate political units,

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1536-435: Is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union , by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a federation or a unitary state , a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with

1664-543: Is a former Bavarian dynasty , with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria , the Electoral Palatinate , the Electorate of Cologne , Holland , Zeeland , Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland ), Denmark, Norway, Hungary , Bohemia , and Greece . Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates , and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of

1792-547: Is also disputed. Some speculate that the Schweinfurters may be descendants of the Luitpolding dynasty, the Bavarian dukes of the 10th century. The Wittelsbach Conrad of Scheyern-Dachau , a great-grandson of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, became Duke of Merania in 1153 and was succeeded by his son Conrad II . It was the first duchy held by the Wittelsbach family (until 1180/82). Otto I's eldest son Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern

1920-634: Is an example of how mutual trade benefits from commercial markets encouraged peaceful negotiations between the Chinese Qing emperor and the Russian tsar that resulted in the defining and mapping the borders between the two states. Portolan charts , which were used since the 13th century developed the technique of representing a unified political space with bounded lines. For example, typical of many portolan charts representing Great Britain had England bound separately from Scotland as two distinct political entities. In

2048-510: Is still the border region between China and Russia. When the Russians and the Chinese, along with Korean allies, first engaged each other, about 370 Russian troops attempted to engage a Qing and Korean allied force of about 1,000 troops. Although the Qing troops didn't perform as well as their Korean counterparts, they still contributed during the battle, especially as the Russians were retreating. During

2176-684: Is the Gunpowder empires of the early modern period. These gunpowder empires were characterized by a large central power which could purchase weaponry that smaller states could not afford, allowing them to expand rapidly. In the 15th century there were many states which used gunpowder but the three big “gunpowder empires” were the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires. In the Early Modern Period these three Islamic Empires governed over vast swathes of territory which were not always homogeneous, in many cases, like

2304-661: Is thought by some that with the introduction of international organizations like the United Nations and regional states such as the European Union , territorial states would end up collapsing, however, that has not been the case. Apart from this, new economical, psychological, and technological advancements have brought new problems unto territorial states that could potentially bring the demise of territorial states. The territorial state has been around for centuries, but it has taken many forms throughout history, one example of this

2432-408: Is unlike the medieval hierarchical structure of control and jurisdiction that was in a state of perpetual uncertainty threatened by a shift in the balance of power. The idea of sovereignty emerged from a struggle of power between authoritative institutions like "emperors and popes, popes and kings, and kings and emperors." The idea of a "collective" of nations that maintained a "rule of law" that offered

2560-628: The German Empire was formed in 1871, Bavaria became the new empire's second most powerful state after Prussia. The Wittelsbachs reigned as kings of Bavaria until the German Revolution of 1918–1919 . On 12 November 1918 Ludwig III issued the Anif declaration (German: Anifer Erklärung ) at Anif Palace in Austria, in which he released his soldiers and officials from their oath of loyalty to him and ended

2688-661: The Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Otto had abdicated the Hungarian throne by 1308. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded non- Protestants from inheriting the throne of Great Britain , making Sophia of Hanover , a born princess of the House of Palatinate-Simmern , the heir presumptive upon Anne's death. Sophia died two months before Anne, however, and Sophia's eldest son George I of Great Britain succeeded

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2816-584: The Holy Roman Empire . They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918. The House of Windsor , the reigning royal house of the British monarchy , are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to

2944-547: The House of Hanover . When Otto I, Count of Scheyern died in 1072, his third son Otto II, Count of Scheyern acquired Wittelsbach Castle (near Aichach ). The Counts of Scheyern left Scheyern Castle (constructed around 940) in 1119 for Wittelsbach Castle and the former was given to monks to establish Scheyern Abbey . The origins of the Counts of Scheyern are unclear. Some speculative theories link them to Margrave Henry of Schweinfurt and his father Berthold , whose background

3072-644: The House of Luxembourg . On Duke Albert's death in 1404, he was succeeded in the Netherlands by his eldest son, William . A younger son, John III , became Prince- Bishop of Liège . However, on William's death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between John and William's daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut . This last episode of the Hook and Cod wars finally left the counties in Burgundian hands in 1433. Emperor Louis IV had reunited Bavaria in 1340 but from 1349 onwards Bavaria

3200-605: The Mauryan Empire preventing sovereign states from acquiring power. The Mauryan Empire lasted from 272 BC to 231 BC in which the death of the last ruler Asoka allowed the next empire (the Mughal Empire ) to re-establish new sovereign states. The Inca Empire (1430 to 1530 AD) had developed to become a territorial state. It is estimated that the rule was imposed through an administrative system of 8 to 12 million people. Territories were divided into 80 provinces that were ruled by

3328-640: The New World Spanish imperial cartography used the church as a symbol of a defined unified Catholic territory. The English colonies left their maps void of indigenous populations which left the lands mostly marked as empty and unoccupied. New World maps were created for the purpose of finding out where places and people were located in an ever expansive territory. In the Russian conquest and mapping of Siberia, maps were divided into regions where indigenous populations under certain jurisdiction were located to be contacted later. Centuries after their aspirations to map

3456-566: The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire , closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III , the kingdoms of France and Sweden , and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, participated in the treaties. The Thirty Years' War posed a religious conflict between Catholics Habsburgs and their counterpart Protestants . The end of this war allowed many nations to claim independence and gradually give birth to

3584-497: The Treaty of Pavia , Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II , Rupert I and Rupert II . Rudolf I in this way became the ancestor of the older (Palatinate) line of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger (Bavarian) line, the descendants of Louis IV. Through

3712-512: The Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. His six sons succeeded him as Duke of Bavaria and Count of Holland and Hainaut in 1347. The Wittelsbachs lost the Tyrol with the death of Duke Meinhard and the following Peace of Schärding – the Tyrol was finally renounced to the Habsburgs in 1369. In 1373 Otto , the last Wittelsbach regent of Brandenburg, released the country to

3840-783: The War of the Jülich succession broke out, ended by the 1614 Treaty of Xanten , which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg . In 1619, the Protestant Frederick V, Elector Palatine became King of Bohemia but was defeated by the Catholic Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria ,

3968-691: The War of the Spanish Succession was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on Louis, le Grand Dauphin — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European balance of power ; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire. Before 1707, see England and Scotland . After 1801, see United Kingdom below. In 1826,

Territorial state - Misplaced Pages Continue

4096-591: The co-princes of Andorra being the President of France . King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the History of Yuan ) or 1308 (according to Goryeosa ) to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Mongol Empire and Mongol imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he

4224-420: The 19th century and so did not yet apply. Rather, a territorial state reflects the exclusive use of physical force within some type of geographic territory. The territorial state shares many characteristics with the institutional, geographically defined state typical of the modern era. The first sign of state existence dates back to 6000 BC. Written and pictorial records from a settlement called Jericho maintain

4352-578: The 738-year rule of the House of Wittelsbach in Bavaria. The republican movement thereupon declared a republic. Before and during the Second World War , the Wittelsbachs were anti-Nazi. Crown Prince Rupert had earned Hitler 's eternal enmity by opposing the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. In 1933, shortly after Hitler's rise to power , he protested against the appointment of governors at the head of

4480-521: The Austrian historian Theodor Mayer subordinated the feudal state as secondary to the Personenverbandsstaat , his concept of a personal dependency state, understanding it in contrast to the territorial state. This form of statehood, identified with the Holy Roman Empire , is described as the most complete form of medieval rule, completing conventional feudal structure of lordship and vassalage with

4608-543: The Bavarian dukes became leaders of the German Counter-Reformation . From 1583 to 1761, the Bavarian branch of the dynasty provided the Prince-electors and Archbishops of Cologne and many other bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, namely Liège (1581–1763). Wittelsbach princes served at times as Bishops of Regensburg , Freising , Münster , Hildesheim , Paderborn and Osnabrück , and as Grand Master of

4736-604: The Bavarian prince Clement . In the imperial election a few days later Charles III Philip voted for his Bavarian cousin Prince-Elector Charles Albert . After extinction of the Neuburg branch in 1742, the Palatinate was inherited by Duke Charles Theodore of the branch Palatinate-Sulzbach . After the extinction of the Bavarian branch in 1777, a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession ,

4864-469: The Dutch land-based muskets but also by Dutch vessels which fired into Chenggong's troops at very close range. However, the highly trained and disciplined troops never broke ranks and when the Dutch realized this, along with the fact that they had been outflanked by a small force sent around them, they were the ones that fled the field of battle. After this point, the Dutch were never able to defeat Zheng's armies in

4992-518: The Electoral residence moved to Düsseldorf in Berg. His brother and successor Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine moved the Palatinate's capital back to Heidelberg in 1718 and then to Mannheim in 1720. To strengthen the union of all lines of the Wittelsbach dynasty Charles Philip organized a wedding on 17 January 1742 when his granddaughters were married to Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach and to

5120-454: The Empire and also as Elector-Archbishop-Electors of Mainz and Archbishop-Electors of Trier . After the death of the Wittelsbach king Rupert of Germany in 1410 the Palatinate lands began to split under numerous branches of the family such as Neumarkt , Simmern , Zweibrücken , Birkenfeld , Neuburg and Sulzbach . When the senior branch of the Palatinate branch died out in 1559,

5248-676: The French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December), allowed Maximilian to raise Bavaria to the status of a kingdom. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806. The King still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August 1806, joining the Confederation of the Rhine . The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The Congress of Vienna 1814−15 led to

Territorial state - Misplaced Pages Continue

5376-429: The Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806). The Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden , and General Jean Victor Marie Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich . In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, prime minister Montgelas now believed that

5504-735: The House of Oldenburg (the ruling House in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein). Besides the "main" Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt, ruled by the Kings of Denmark, there were states encompassing territory in both Duchies. Notably the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and the subordinate Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Beck, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The duchies of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen were in personal union from 1909, when Prince Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt succeeded also to

5632-600: The Inca government and that was divided by rulers. The formation of the provinces ever under the rule of small political groups. Borders were watch to oversee who would enter and leave. Inca rulers would have people live in open settled areas for the land to be used, worked and watched. Much of the agriculture formation of land was terracing. Many laborers would work on new agricultural land. Rulers were in control of all agricultural work as well as other man labor work such as llama herding, and pottery. The Tarascan state (1300 to 1530 AD)

5760-640: The Middle East, and North Africa. The Ottoman Empire had a centralized government in Istanbul which held power over the military, the provincial governors, and local religious leaders. In the Ottoman Empire, the military was controlled by the state, the lesser leaders of troops were all beholden to the Sultan, and in exchange, they were given territories to rule over. This tied the nobles to the central government. Because

5888-472: The Ming armies. When Jiguang was reassigned to the Northern frontier of China, he found that the soldiers were too entrenched in the old ways and refused to adopt the new weapons, even though the accuracy of the musket was far superior to that of the traditional weapons they used. The Ming were able to prove themselves against modern European armies in 1661 when the Ming dynasty launched an invasion of Taiwan which

6016-488: The Ming dynasty, the Ming did make significant strides forward in adapting this new technology and modernizing its armies. Arquebuses first appeared in Ming China in the early 1540s with many pirates initially using them. However, Ming officials were eventually able to capture pirates with guns and thus began manufacturing those guns. The effort by the Ming to modernize their armies was spearheaded by Qi Jiguang, who only realized

6144-718: The Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of Wang Ko , one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen. Due to Andorra's special government form resulting from the Paréage of 1278 , it is a diarchy with co-princes . One of them is the Bishop of Urgell , the other was originally the Count of Foix . It is through this feudal co-prince that the Principality has entered partial personal union with: In 1607

6272-430: The Ottoman Empire, smaller states were conquered for tax purposes and added to the empire. These gunpowder empires owed much of their stability to their large centralized governments and technologically advanced militaries. In addition, these Islamic Empires would spread their religion to conquered territories, while not forcing their subjects to accept their faith many received favorable status for converting. In addition to

6400-595: The Palatinate-Sulzbach branch under Elector Charles Theodore succeeded also in Bavaria. With the death of Charles Theodore in 1799 all Wittelsbach land in Bavaria and the Palatinate was reunited under Maximilian IV Joseph , a member of the branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld . At the time there were two surviving branches of the Wittelsbach family: Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (headed by Maximilian Joseph) and Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (headed by Count Palatine William ). Maximilian Joseph inherited Charles Thedore's title of Elector of Bavaria, while William

6528-455: The Pinakotheken. The former Bavarian Royal Family receives around 14 million Euros in payments annually from the proceeds of the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund which also owns agricultural and forestry lands, while its main source of income is urban real estate in Munich. The respective head of the family decides on their distribution and use. He has the right to live in the castles mentioned. While Albrecht lived in Berg Palace from 1949 until

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6656-401: The Rhine , gained fame in England. The house of Palatinate of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg as heir to the Swedish throne ruled simultaneously the Duchy of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719). In 1685, the Simmern line died out, and the Catholic Philip William , Count Palatine of Neuburg inherited the Palatinate (and also Duke of Jülich and Berg ). During the reign of Johann Wilhelm (1690–1716)

6784-434: The Rhine. When Henry's branch died out in 1340 the Emperor Louis IV , a son of Duke Louis II, reunited the duchy. The family provided two Holy Roman Emperors : Louis IV (1314–1347) and Charles VII (1742–1745), both members of the Bavarian branch of the family, and one German King with Rupert of Germany (1400–1410), a member of the Palatinate branch. The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under

6912-414: The Roman borders to Ethiopia, Arabia, Egypt and central Europe. Sargon II had also stated that he had captured the territory of his enemies with them becoming part of his new claimed land. When ancient rulers would capture new land, made sure that the state would be all the same. Once rulers have conquered new land, it was viewed as expanding travels to their people. Another important intake of conquering land

7040-431: The Romans (1400–1410), two Anti-Kings of Bohemia (1619–20/1742–43), one King of Hungary (1305–1308), one King of Denmark and Norway (1440–1448), and one King of Greece (1832–1862). The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled the German territories of Bavaria from 1180 to 1918 and the Electorate of the Palatinate from 1214 until 1805. In both countries they had succeeded rulers from the House of Welf . The Duchy of Bavaria

7168-476: The Safavid Empire was able to become a well respected and powerful nation from the 1500s until its fall in 1736. In 1514 the Persian's faced a military defeat at the hands of the Ottoman's, displaying the power of gunpowder. From then on the Safavid would expand their military to include these weapons. Like the other gunpowder empires, guns contributed to the Persian's imperial success, but they had more formidable weapons in their arsenal. The Safavid's were able to use

7296-436: The Second World War: the Ducal Bavarian Brewery of Tegernsee and the König Ludwig Schlossbrauerei . Since 2011, the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory is also owned by a member of the family. The head of the house is also Grand Master of the Wittelsbach House Orders , the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception , the Order of Saint Hubert and the Order of Theresa . Duke Franz maintained

7424-443: The Sultan would leave many in place giving different provinces their own unique local cultures. These separate entities make the empire appear to be fragmented, but these policies served to unite the people, they were given enough freedom not to break away. The weakest of these three territorial states, the Safavid dynasty had 1/5th the population of the Ottomans and 1/20th the population of the Mughal Empire, though numerically smaller

7552-412: The Teutonic Order . In 1623 under Maximilian I the Bavarian dukes were invested with the electoral dignity and the duchy became the Electorate of Bavaria . His grandson Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria served also as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (1692–1706) and as Duke of Luxembourg (1712–1714). His son Emperor Charles VII also claimed the throne of Bohemia (1741–1743). With

7680-429: The Treaty of Nerchinsk, which is a good example of diplomacy between two gunpowder empires, as the Russians also made use of gunpowder technologies to conquer their way across Eastern Europe and Central Asia to get to China in the first place. Laws authorized by the territorial prince were only valid within the defined region of his associated territorial state. These laws, which applied to the whole sovereign territory of

7808-468: The adaption of territorial states can be seen during the reigns of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2040 - 1640 BC), and the Egyptian New Kingdom (1550 - 1070 BC) . Due to natural causes, the Old Kingdom fell and gave way to the Middle Kingdom where several merchants began to gain power and deviate from the pharaoh's power. This deviation introduced a form of territorial state due to the introduction of independent rules and power from that of their nation. During

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7936-405: The behavior of the people living within territorial lands. Territorial states became fixed to local and expanding global markets for the economic capital that they produced. These growing global market economies also allowed for many "prosperous urban centers" to be able to counter any opposing threats from neighbouring rulers. Without any urban or commercial growth being found in a particular area,

8064-419: The big three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, there were three other states in East Asia that were significantly affected by the introduction of gunpowder. These three, China, Japan, and Korea also quickly adapted the use of muskets and professional standing armies. However, because of the relative power dynamics of East Asia, only the Chinese under the Ming and Qing dynasties was able to expand rapidly, thus making them

8192-462: The center, and mounted archers on both wings. Babur used this formation at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 against Delhi Sultanate and in the Battle of khanwa in 1527 against Rajputs . In both of these battles, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons,the Delhi sultanate and the Rajput Confederacy were defeated. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over

8320-435: The chances of a large territorial rule happening increases. This can be seen with such nations like France or England in which monarchs forcibly took control of these territories. As seen later on, the increase in prosperous cities correlated with the increase in consumer demand. This insatiable demand led to more global exportation and importation among transnational city states. Another quality that territorial states required

8448-477: The claim. Christopher III of the House of Palatinate-Neumarkt was king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway in 1440/1442–1448, but left no descendants. The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken succeeded to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654–1720 when Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated her throne on 5 June 1654 in favour of her cousin Charles X Gustav . Under Charles X, Charles XI , Charles XII , Sweden reached its greatest power (see Swedish Empire ). Charles XII

8576-414: The course of the empire's history. The reigns of Akbar The Great , Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb have been described as a major height of Indian history . By the time of Aurangzeb, the Mughal army was predominantly composed of Indian Muslims, with tribal elements like the Sadaat-e-Bara forming the vanguard of the Mughal cavalry. The Mughal Empire became a powerful geopolitical entity with at times, 24.2% of

8704-410: The death of Charles' son Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria the Bavarian branch died out in 1777. The Palatinate branch kept the Palatinate until 1918, having succeeded also to Bavaria in 1777. With the Golden Bull of 1356 the Counts Palatine were invested with the electoral dignity, their county became the Electorate of the Palatinate . Princes of the Palatinate branch served as bishops of

8832-403: The degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch. The term was coined by German jurist Johann Stephan Pütter , introducing it into Elementa iuris publici germanici (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760. Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as: They can also be codified (i.e., the constitutions of

8960-424: The development of the territorial state. Cartography was a very important use of keep in order how owned land, land survey was also used by the state and landlords to keep track of land mostly for control. Indeed, it is a unit bound by lines on charts and maps. The practice itself easily supports the idea of creating a sovereign unit that is unified and bound by a single governmental authority. The treaty at Nerchinsk

9088-401: The efforts of Louis IV, the Wittelsbachs controlled the Duchy of Bavaria , the Electorate of the Palatine , the County of Tyrol , the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the County of Holland , County of Zeeland and the County of Hainault . This gave them a chance to dominate the Empire as the previous imperial houses of Hohenstaufen , Salians , Ottonians and Carolingians had. However, in

9216-518: The electorate passed to Frederick III of Simmern , a staunch Calvinist , and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France . The Neuburg cadet branch of the Palatinate branch also held the Duchy of Jülich and Berg from 1614 onwards: When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609,

9344-513: The elites handled most of the taxation and mustering of troops the Ottoman state was able to stay organized. Another critical feature of the Ottoman Empire is the freedom of religion; in the Empire, there was a system called the Millet system which gave non-Muslim religious communities autonomy to pick their rulers as long as they followed the laws and paid taxes. Also, local communities often were allowed to cling to certain customs, some were abolished, but

9472-730: The end of Wittelsbach rule in Sweden. Prince Otto of Bavaria was chosen by the London Conference of 1832 to be king of newly independent Greece . This was confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople , whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom , France and the Russian Empire ). Throughout his reign, Otto faced political challenges concerning Greece's financial weakness and

9600-609: The end of his life in 1996, his son and successor Franz primarily uses the side wing of the Nymphenburg Palace that is available to him. The administration of the House of Wittelsbach is also based there. The private assets of the House of Wittelsbach include the castles of Tegernsee Abbey , Wildenwart (near Frasdorf ), Leutstetten (near Starnberg ) and Kaltenberg as well as agricultural lands and forestry with an area of 12,500 hectares, real estate and industrial shares. These include two breweries that only became significant after

9728-550: The end of the kingdom, the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund (Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds) was established through a compromise in 1923 and the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science was established by the former Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria . The Wittelsbach State Foundation received the Wittelsbach family's art treasures acquired before 1804 and has since been the owner, although not

9856-464: The establishment of significant territorial gains for the Kingdom of Bavaria . Although the Duchy of Berg remained lost, almost all of Franconia , previously ruled by a number of Prince-bishops , as well as parts of Swabia , which had belonged to various mediatised secular and ecclesiastic princes, came under Bavarian rule. In both areas a number of formerly free imperial cities were also integrated into

9984-413: The existence of heavy urbanization for over two thousand years but throughout their history, states have only encompassed a small portion of the earth. Cities emerged around the same time period between 8000 and 7600 BC and eventually merged with states to create city-states that ruled for a few thousand years. City-states were often centered with a capitol controlled by a priest that collected offerings from

10112-527: The extent of territorial states, lines or dotted lines on a map became the definition of a political units claim to an area. This result would occur from the significant cost to build an actual border in many areas. The Peace of Westphalia ( German : Westfälischer Friede ), is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster . They ended

10240-712: The federal states and thus the de facto abolition of German federalism. In 1938, he emigrated to Italy and, after the German Army occupied Italy in September 1943, went into hiding in Florence. His son, Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria , initially left Germany for Hungary with his family, but was eventually arrested by the Gestapo in October 1944, after Germany had occupied Hungary in March. With his wife, four children and three half-sisters, he

10368-574: The feudal co-prince was Henry IV of France , who issued an edict that his position should be held by the French Head of State. While during the French Revolution , the new government did not take up the title, all versions of France since 1806 regardless of their government form have accepted that their head of state is an ex officio co-prince. This led to personal unions with: : After 1707, see Great Britain below. Note: The point at issue in

10496-543: The foundation Wittelsbach Compensation Fund . He also appoints one of the 3 board members of the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science , while the other two are a representative of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture and a museum specialist appointed by the latter. There are around 13,500 cultural items belonging to the Wittelsbach State Foundation while another 43,000 are owned by the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund , mainly shown in museums and collections such as

10624-471: The interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic ; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris, which allied Bavaria with France. The 1805 Peace of Pressburg (now Bratislava ) between Emperor Napoleon of France and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , as a consequence of

10752-463: The kingdom. The previously heavily fragmented Palatinate territory was rounded off and partially moved. Smaller, mostly ecclesiastical territories on the southern border with Austria were also added. In this way, the border of Bavaria, which largely still exists today, was redefined and the state grew by more than a third in size. Under Maximilian's descendants, Bavaria became the third most powerful German state, behind only Prussia and Austria . When

10880-478: The larger territorial state with coercive military power. The ability to enforce taxation is an important coercive power for states to possess. To be able to tax other smaller political units would show that the ruling territorial state maintains a hegemonic control with economically coercive means. States during this period were often composed of multiple semi-autonomous political entities. Despite this, these semi-autonomous entities were often headed by members of

11008-485: The long run, even to the present day. Documents dating back to the ancient states, have shown texts that have lists or descriptions of capitals, locations of tax stations and forts. The documents would also have alliances that were made through marriages, or treaties. The aim of the respective territorial princes was to incorporate all the legal rights of a territory into their personal government and thus impose their personal claim to power over it. An early attempt at this

11136-451: The manager, of a large part of the holdings of the ancient and classical art museums in Munich, while more recent art collections came into the possession of the compensation fund, into which most of the possessions from the former Wittelsbach House Property Fund were transferred in 1923, including art treasures and collections (in particular the art collection of King Ludwig I , today mostly in

11264-741: The museums Alte Pinakothek and Neue Pinakothek and in the Glyptothek in Munich), the Secret House Archives (today a department of the Bavarian State Archives) and the former royal castles of Berg , Hohenschwangau (including the Museum of the Bavarian Kings ), Berchtesgaden and Grünau hunting lodge. The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach appoints a board of up to 8 directors of

11392-462: The newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed. The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling house of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into

11520-590: The next generation they were outmaneuvered in Imperial politics by the Habsburgs and the most importantly by the Luxemburgs who both held compact and large possessions in the Duchy of Austria for the former and the Kingdom of Bohemia for the latter that allowed them to expand eastward. The Bavarian branch kept the Duchy of Bavaria until its extinction in 1777. The Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV acquired Brandenburg (1323), Tyrol (1342), Holland , Zeeland and Hainaut (1345) for his House but he had also released

11648-414: The only states to have emerged were the ones that could compete in war with other territorial states that resulted in states forming large military forces with technological and tactical advantages. Designated the military revolution, in Europe between 1500 and 1700 occurred a high frequency of wars that got bigger and lasted longer. This allowed for "changes in the art of war" in which better tactics evolved,

11776-411: The other. The mainstream view of territorial state formation emerged around the 12th century as a consequence of the transfer of royal sovereign rights for a particular region to a feudal lord. This meant that within territories unrestrained feudal jurisdiction gave way to a larger central authority that maintained a more stable territory through bureaucracy, a skilled and qualified army, and taxation. This

11904-536: The personal association between the nobility.  But the applicability of this concept to cases outside of the Holy Roman Empire has been questioned, as by Susan Reynolds. The concept has also been questioned and superseded in German histography because of its bias and reductionism towards legitimating the Führerprinzip . Personal union Philosophers Works List of forms of government A personal union

12032-496: The power of the musket after being defeated in battle by Japanese pirates. Jiguang trained his soldiers to function in small, flexible units that could be composed of any type of weapon, including the new guns that had only so recently entered China. Jiguang also carefully drilled his troops in the use of this new weapon by having them memorize a song that would assist them in loading their muskets. However, even with Jiguang's efforts muskets were not fully or effectively incorporated into

12160-474: The practice of other religions. By the time he was invited by the Lodi governor of Lahore Daulat Khan to support his rebellion against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan , Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery and a method for deploying them. Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli , who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in

12288-637: The reign of the New Kingdom, diplomatic relations were established with the Hyksos and Hitites , where they each had sovereign communities within their nations that acted as territorial states. After the collapse of the Harappan Civilization in 1700 BC, India underwent a transition from complete territorial rule to sovereign territorial states. During this time, Indo-Aryans and the Vedic peoples made way into

12416-611: The role of the government in the affairs of the Church. The politics of Greece of this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers’ Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered when Greece

12544-543: The royal house have reigned as Dukes of Merania (1153–1180/82); Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Bavaria (1180–1918); Counts Palatine of the Rhine (1214–1803 and 1816–1918); Margraves of Brandenburg (1323–1373); Counts of Holland , Hainaut , and Zeeland (1345–1433); Elector-Archbishops of Cologne (1583–1761); Dukes of Jülich and Berg (1614–1794/1806); Kings of Sweden (1441–1448 and 1654–1720); and Dukes of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719). The family also provided two Holy Roman Emperors (1328–1347/1742–1745), one King of

12672-478: The ruling family and can thus be classified as sharing a common executive. Other types of states include the Personenverbandsstaat , which is a type of state in the early and high Middle Ages, in which a ruler does not rule over a territory with specific land boundaries with the support of administrative officials, as in a territorial state, but rather his sovereignty is based on a personal relationship of dependence between feudal lords and their vassals. In 1939,

12800-462: The second and final battle between these two forces, the Russians fielded 500 musketeers while the combined Qing and Korean force was able to muster 1,400 soldiers, of which only 400 were using the new gunpowder technology. Again, the Russians were defeated by the Qing and Korean force with the Koreans especially playing a vital role in both battles. Conflict between Russia and China would later cease due to

12928-545: The single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach . Duchies with peculiar rules for succession . See the Schleswig-Holstein Question . The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460–1864. (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire , while Schleswig was a part of Denmark). The situation was complicated by the fact that for some time, the Duchies were divided among collateral branches of

13056-473: The size of the army grew substantially allowing for the considerable growth of armed states. This model of the territorial state maintains that war and state formation are independent of economic development occurring only as a consequence of war. The other competing theory maintains that there is a definite stronger link between commerce and territorial state formation. The spirit of "exploration and commerce" that began as maritime routes and destination points on

13184-436: The state, were also applicable to everyone living with the state, not just to its own citizens . This was based on the principle of territoriality which stated that all people were subject to the sovereignty and laws of the state on whose soil they were located. As a result of agreements between territorial states, legal regulations could also apply abroad. In the European Union it can be seen that this principle has survived in

13312-476: The states clearly express that they shall share the same person as head of state) or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken (e.g., by the death of the monarch when the two states have different succession laws ). The concept of a personal union has only very rarely crossed over from monarchies into republics . There are currently two personal unions in the world: the 15 Commonwealth realms , who share Charles III as their head of state, and one of

13440-545: The surrounding lands. By 2500 BC, some cities began developing into empires that ruled by force and tribute and from then on, the existence of states and cities were central to the great civilizations. The formation of towns and cities allowed for the creation of small independent states, which led to the emergence of large territorial states. Originally, Ancient Egypt was ruled through a strong central government in which Egyptian kings, or Pharaohs had complete say over political, economical or military matters. The transition to

13568-432: The territories no longer can be considered a single territorial state. In other instances where the larger common executive does not have economic or militaristic control over the smaller semi-independent political unit, then the smaller political unit cannot be considered part of the territorial state. Although it is not the mainstream view, the development of cartography alongside territorial expansion can also be linked to

13696-571: The territory of India and made a set of religious texts known as the Vedas , hence the time period known as the Vedic Age (1700 - 600 BC). With Hinduism also on the rise, it gave way to independent states where each had to maintain peace and order with other neighbouring independent states. Unlike most independent states, there were differences in power among those residing in India. This however did not last due to

13824-491: The throne in 1714. In this way, the House of Hanover inherited the British crown. It remained on the throne until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. The line of Jacobite succession, which recognises the right for a Catholic monarch from the House of Stuart , acknowledges Franz, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria to be the rightful heir as "Francis II". However, no individual since Henry Benedict Stuart has publicly taken up

13952-599: The throne of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, until 1918, when he (and all the other German monarchs) abdicated. : After 1707, see Great Britain above. After 1801, see United Kingdom below. After 1542, see England above. Because heads of state and government of republics are ordinarily chosen from within the citizens of the state in question, sovereign republics very rarely share common leaders. A few examples are: House of Wittelsbach Palatinate branch : (extant) Löwenstein : (morganatic, extant) The House of Wittelsbach ( German : Haus Wittelsbach )

14080-439: The tradition founded by his father of holding a large annual reception with a sit-down dinner at Nymphenburg Palace. Around 1,500 mostly changing guests from state politics, municipalities, churches and sciences, art and medicine as well as friends and relatives are invited. He also invites smaller groups of changing guests to Berchtesgaden Castle to discuss specific topics that are important to him. His 80th birthday party, in 2013,

14208-624: The well respected Persian culture and Shia faith to tie its people together and gain global recognition. This is evidenced by the Mughal empire deferring to the Safavid's in military matters and the fact that Safavid officials could find positions in the Mughal or Ottoman Empires easily. The Safavid Empire was united by the Persian culture, the Persian language, and the Shia faith to unite its peoples but they still allowed

14336-459: The world population. The Mughals inherited elements of Persian culture and art, as did the Ottomans and Safavids. Indian Muslims maintained the dominance of artillery in India, and even after the fall of the Mughal empire, various non-Muslim Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies. Although the Qing dynasty would make much more use of gunpowder than

14464-459: Was a form of unification under a common executive. Even in the territories that had separate branches of power or semi-independent political units, it is necessary that these branches or political units adhered to a single executive entity. For Example, all of the counties that were part of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach fell under a single territorial state. Even though these counties were partially independent, they still fell under

14592-678: Was a very powerful man during Külüg Khan 's reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in Liaodong . However, he lost his power in the Mongol imperial court after the death of the Külüg Khan. Because the Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. King Chungsuk , Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316,

14720-573: Was also skilled as a politician, he was reluctant in making peace. While Sweden achieved several large scale military successes early on, and won the most battles, the Great Northern War eventually ended in Sweden's defeat and the end of the Swedish Empire . Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. Her abdication in favour of her husband Frederick I in 1720 marked

14848-695: Was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and 1853 to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War . As a result, there was an assassination attempt on his wife Queen Amalia in 1861. In 1862, Otto was deposed while in the countryside, and in 1863, the Greek National Assembly elected George I of the House of Glücksburg , aged only 17, King of the Hellenes , marking

14976-475: Was compensated with the title of Duke in Bavaria. The form Duke in Bavaria was selected because in 1506 primogeniture had been established in the House of Wittelsbach resulting in there being only one reigning Duke of Bavaria at any given time. Maximillian Joseph assumed the title of king as Maximilian I Joseph on 1 January 1806. The new king still served as a Prince-elector until the Kingdom of Bavaria left

15104-594: Was contemporary with and an enemy of the Aztec Empire against which it fought many wars. The Tarascan empire blocked Aztec expansion to the northwest, and the Tarascans fortified and patrolled their frontiers with the Aztecs, possibly developing the first truly territorial state of Mesoamerica. There are a few accepted theories on the emergence of territorial states and they both concern money and war with each stressing one over

15232-553: Was elevated to the Electorate of Bavaria in 1623, and in 1806, Napoleon elevated it to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1815, the majority of the Palatinate was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Baden , with the remainder becoming the Circle of the Rhine . On Duke Otto II 's death in 1253, his sons divided the Wittelsbach possessions between them: Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria , and Louis II Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of

15360-455: Was father of the count palatine of Bavaria, Otto IV (died 1156), who was the first Count of Wittelsbach and whose son Otto was invested with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1180 after the fall of Henry the Lion and hence the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach. Duke Otto's son Louis I, Duke of Bavaria acquired the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1214. Throughout history, members of

15488-658: Was held at the Schleissheim Palace near Munich. The party was attended by 2,500 guests including the then-incumbent Minister-President of Bavaria , Horst Seehofer . In addition to numerous honorary positions in Bavaria , including many cultural and scientific institutions, Franz was also a member of the European Foundation for the Imperial Cathedral of Speyer in the State of Rhineland-Palatinate for many years,

15616-608: Was made by Henry the Lion of the House of Welf in the Stem Duchy of Saxony , but his plans foundered due to resistance of competing rulers who had opposing rights within the same territory . An early successful example of the creation of a territorial lordship is the Archduchy of Austria , which was able to be turned into a state lordship in 1359 through the forged privilegium maius . Other personal claims of territories can be dated back to ancient rulers. Augustus had claimed to expand

15744-478: Was sent to a series of Nazi concentration camps , including Oranienburg , Flossenbürg and Dachau . Badly hit by hunger and disease, the family barely survived. At the end of April 1945, they were liberated by the United States Third Army . Albrecht's eldest son, Franz von Bayern (Francis of Bavaria) is the current head of the house. In the course of the division of state and house assets after

15872-582: Was split among the descendants of Louis IV, who created the branches Bavaria-Landshut , Bavaria-Straubing , Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich . With the Landshut War of Succession Bavaria was reunited in 1505 against the claim of the Palatinate branch under the Bavarian branch Bavaria-Munich . From 1549 to 1567 the Wittelsbach owned the County of Kladsko in Bohemia. Strictly Catholic by upbringing,

16000-429: Was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora . Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. Charles's son Charles XI rebuilt the economy and refitted the army. His legacy to his son Charles XII was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army, and a large fleet. Charles XII was a skilled military leader and tactician. However, although he

16128-409: Was the control and exploitation of the territorial resources by force, which was the main source of revenue for the state. It was important to maintain control over the areas resources because failure to do so resulted in a loss in revenue, which weakened the states authority. People will always recognise the authority of the political unit that offers protection and security. It is widely considered that

16256-507: Was the expansion of language, money and expanding political boundaries. The territorial state prior to the French Revolution can be defined by three basic criteria. They are as follows: If a people finds itself under military control it becomes part of that military's territorial state, whether or not it identifies with the occupiers. While there are often many political units within a territorial state they will be categorized as part of

16384-493: Was under Dutch control at the time under the command of a Ming warlord named Zheng Chenggong. 10 years prior to this invasion, the Dutch had put down a peasant revolt in Taiwan with only 120 troops because the peasants were undisciplined and routed easily during their battle with the Dutch. Now, under Chenggong, the Chinese troops maintained their formation as they approached the Dutch forces, even though they were under fire from not only

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