The Pequabuck River is a river, approximately 19 miles (30.6 km) in length, which rises in Litchfield County , Connecticut , and courses through neighboring Hartford County before emptying into the Farmington River in Farmington . The river has played a crucial role in the development of Plainville, Connecticut , in particular. The river's lower drainage basin consists of industrial and urban areas, and effluents from these areas pollute the river's waters. The Pequabuck drove a water wheel that provided 8 horsepower to the Upper Lock Shop in Plymouth, Connecticut , a facility which would eventually become the Lewis Lock Company in 1851 and, finally, the once-renowned Eagle Lock Company . The river banks were historically the site of one of United States' first malleable iron-producing units, known as Malleable Iron Works (later Andrew Terry and Company).
30-515: The name Pequabuck was derived from an indigenous Algonquin phrase meaning "clear pond" or "open pond". It is believed that this term originally referred to a pond or wetland at the headwaters of the Pequabuck River. 41°43′8.5″N 72°50′20.5″W / 41.719028°N 72.839028°W / 41.719028; -72.839028 This article related to a river in Connecticut
60-399: A number of characteristics occur in a language assigned to a proposed subgroup, but the same feature is also found in other adjacent languages that are not analyzed as part of the subgroup in question. Appeal to both genetic subgroups and areal diffusion is required. Goddard notes: "Each Eastern Algonquian language shares features with each of its immediate neighbors, and the resulting continuum
90-502: A number of kindred tribes and tribal members, the Pocasset Pokanoket Land Trust (partly administered by Darryl Jamieson), theater and educational company Atelier Jaku, record labels Joyful Noise Recordings and Stone Tapes , and producer Yonatan Gat (founder and curator of Stone Tapes). The labor involved in this endeavor includes educational symposia, storytelling presentations, traditional ceremonies, and especially
120-525: A proposal made by Siebert, Costa adduces evidence indicating an east-west split with the SNEA subgroup. On both phonological and lexical grounds, a distinction within SNEA can be made between a Western SNEA group consisting of the languages of central and Eastern Long Island, Connecticut and southern Rhode Island: Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk, Quiripi-Naugatuck, and Unquachog; and an Eastern group consisting of Massachusett and Narragansett. Loup, probably aboriginally found on
150-414: A sequence of one "weak" syllable plus one "strong" syllable), counting long vowels ( à , è , ì , ò ) as a full foot (a foot consisting of a single "strong" syllable). The primary stress is then normally on the strong syllable of the third foot from the end of the word—which, in words that are five syllables long or less, usually translates in practical terms to the first syllable (if it has a long vowel) or
180-722: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Algonquin language Algonquin (also spelled Algonkin ; in Algonquin: Anicinàbemowin or Anishinàbemiwin ) is either a distinct Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language or a particularly divergent Ojibwe dialect . It is spoken, alongside French and to some extent English , by the Algonquin First Nations of Quebec and Ontario . As of 2006, there were 2,680 Algonquin speakers, less than 10% of whom were monolingual. Algonquin
210-565: Is a dialect of Nipissing Ojibwa which, together with Mississauga Ojibwa and Odawa , form the Nishnaabemwin (Eastern Ojibwa) group of the Ojibwa dialect continuum. The consonant phonemes and major allophones of Algonquin in Cuoq spelling, one of several common orthographies, and its common variants are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets): In an older orthography still popular in some of
240-527: Is a similar dialect to the Oji-Cree dialect (Severn/Anishininimowin) of northwestern Ontario, despite being geographically separated by 800 kilometres (500 miles). There are several dialects of Omàmìwininìmowin (the Algonquin language), generally grouped broadly as Northern Algonquin and Western Algonquin . Speakers at Kitigan Zibi consider their language to be Southern Algonquin , though linguistically it
270-640: Is descended from Proto-Algonquian . It is considered a particularly divergent dialect of Ojibwe by many. But, although the speakers call themselves Omàmìwininì or Anicinàbe , the Ojibwe call them Odishkwaagamii ('those at the end of the lake'). Among Omàmìwininì (Algonquins), however, the Nipissing are called Otickwàgamì (the Algonquin orthography for the Ojibwe Odishkwaagamii ) and their language as Otickwàgamìmowin . The rest of
300-517: Is less diversity, by any measure, among [Eastern Algonquian languages] as a group than among the Algonquian languages as a whole or among the non-Eastern languages." The validity of PEA as a genetic subgroup has been disputed by Pentland and Proulx. Pentland questions the Eastern Algonquian status of the southern New England languages and Powhatan and Carolina Algonquian. Proulx has proposed that
330-526: Is of a sort that is likely to have resulted from the spread of linguistic innovations among forms of speech that were already partly differentiated but still similar enough to make partial bilingualism easy." Proceeding north to south, the languages of the Maritimes and New England are strongly differentiated from those farther south (Mahican, the Delaware languages, Nanticoke, Carolina Algonquian, and Powhatan). At
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#1733093624286360-530: Is pronounced [ʌnokiː kiːʒɪɡ] . Algonquin does have nasal vowels, but they are allophonic variants (similar to how in English vowels are sometimes nasalized before m and n ). In Algonquin, vowels automatically become nasal before nd , ndj , ng , nh , nhi , nj or nz . For example, kìgònz ('fish') is pronounced [kiːɡõːz] , not [kʰiːɡoːnz] . Word stress in Algonquin is complex but regular. Words are divided into iambic feet (an iambic foot being
390-474: Is the language for which the entire Algonquian language subgroup is named; the similarity among the names often causes considerable confusion. Like many Native American languages, it is strongly verb-based, with most meaning being incorporated into verbs instead of using separate words for prepositions, tense, etc. Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin) is an Algonquian language , of the Algic family of languages, and
420-594: The Algonquian languages and the so-called " Ritwan " languages, Wiyot and Yurok . Ojibwe and its similar languages are frequently referred to as a " Central Algonquian " language; however, Central Algonquian is an areal grouping rather than a genetic one. Among Algonquian languages, only the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a true genetic subgroup. The northern Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin language) dialect of Anishinabemowin as spoken at Winneway, Quebec (Long Point), and Timiskaming First Nation , Quebec,
450-512: The Algonquin communities, known as the Malhiot ( [mɛːjot] ) spelling, which the above Cuoq spelling was based upon, are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets): The Algonquin consonants p , t and k are unaspirated when they are pronounced between two vowels or after an m or n ; plain voiceless and voiceless aspirated stops in Algonquin are thus allophones . So kìjig ('day') is pronounced [kʰiːʒɪɡ] , but anokì kìjig ('working day')
480-469: The Atlantic coast of North America and adjacent inland areas, from what are now the Maritimes of Canada to North Carolina . The available information about individual languages varies widely. Some are known only from one or two documents containing words and phrases collected by missionaries, explorers or settlers, and some documents contain fragmentary evidence about more than one language or dialect. Many of
510-477: The Delaware languages and Mahican have been recognized in that Mahican shares innovations with Munsee and Unami, suggesting a subgroup containing Common Delaware and Mahican; this group has been referred to as Delawaran. Efforts to preserve and revive the Eastern Algonquian language and culture are being undertaken by a group called the Medicine Singers (aka 'Eastern Medicine Singers') in cooperation with
540-543: The Eastern Algonquian languages were greatly affected by colonization and dispossession. Miꞌkmaq and Malecite-Passamaquoddy have appreciable numbers of speakers, but Western Abenaki and Lenape (Delaware) are each reported to have fewer than 10 speakers after 2000. Eastern Algonquian constitutes a separate genetic subgroup within Algonquian. Two other recognized groups of Algonquian languages, Plains Algonquian and Central Algonquian , are geographic but do not refer to genetic subgroupings. A consensus classification of
570-532: The Eastern Algonquian languages within their Glottolog database as follows: The languages assigned to the Eastern Algonquian group are hypothesized to descend from an intermediate common ancestor proto-language , referred to as Proto-Eastern Algonquian (PEA). By virtue of their common ancestry, the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a genetic subgroup, and the individual Eastern Algonquian languages descend from PEA. By contrast, other Algonquian languages are hypothesized to descend directly from Proto-Algonquian,
600-514: The Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin) communities call themselves Omàmiwininiwak ('down-stream men'), and the language Omàmiwininìmowin ('speech of the down-stream men'). Other than Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin), languages considered as particularly divergent dialects of the Anishinaabe language include Mississauga (often called "Eastern Ojibwe") and Odawa . The Potawatomi language
630-461: The known Eastern Algonquian languages and dialects by Goddard (1996) is given below with some emendation, for example treatment of Massachusett and Narragansett as distinct languages. In the case of poorly attested languages, particularly in southern New England, conclusive classification of written records as representing separate languages or dialects may be ultimately impossible. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology classifies
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#1733093624286660-408: The latter consisting of Mahican and Common Delaware, a further subgroup. The amount of evidence for each subgrouping varies, and the incomplete record for many parts of the Eastern Algonquian area makes interpretation of relations between the languages difficult. As well, diffusion means that some common features may have spread beyond their original starting point through contact, and as a result,
690-587: The northern border of the Western SNEA area and to the west of Massachusett, would appear to share features of the Western and Eastern subgroups. The closely related Lenape ( Delaware ) languages Munsee and Unami form a subgroup, with the two languages descending from an immediate ancestor called Common Delaware (CD). Goddard notes a small number of innovations in morphology and phonology that set Munsee and Unami off from their neighbours. As well, similarities between
720-642: The same time the Southern New England languages (discussed below) share significant similarities, indicating a closer degree of relationship between them. Micmac has innovated significantly relative to other Eastern Algonquian languages, particularly in terms of grammatical features, but it shares a number of phonological innovations and lexical features with Maliseet-Passamaquoddy and Eastern and Western Abenaki. The proposed Abenakian subdivision comprises Eastern and Western Abenaki as well as Maliseet-Passamaquoddy; several phonological innovations are shared by
750-519: The second syllable (if not). The strong syllables of the remaining iambic feet each carry secondary stress, as do any final weak syllables. For example: /ni.ˈbi/ , /ˈsiː.ˌbi/ , /mi.ˈki.ˌzi/ , /ˈnaː.no.ˌmi.da.ˌna/ . Eastern Algonquian languages The Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a subgroup of the Algonquian languages . Prior to European contact, Eastern Algonquian consisted of at least 17 languages, whose speakers collectively occupied
780-637: The similarities can be explained as the result of diffusion. Goddard has countered that the extent of the similarities would require extensive diffusion very early in the breakup of the Eastern Algonquian languages and that such a position would be difficult in principle to differentiate from analyzing PEA as a genetic subgroup. Similarities among subsets of some of the Eastern Algonquian languages have led to several proposals for further subgroupings within Eastern Algonquian: Abenakian, Southern New England Algonquian (SNEA), and Delawaran, with
810-590: The three languages. Goddard notes the similarities shared by the Southern New England languages. Siebert made the first explicit proposal for a Southern New England subgroup. Costa develops the proposal in some detail, providing arguments based upon several shared innovations found within SNEA. Costa, largely following Siebert, proposes that the following languages are assigned to SNEA: Massachusett, Narragansett, Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk (probably also including Western and Niantic), Quiripi-Naugatuck, Unquachog, and Loup A. Etchemin may also have been part of this group but
840-411: The ultimate common language ancestor of the Algonquian languages. In historical linguistics in general, the primary criterion for status as a genetic subgroup is that there are shared innovations assigned to the proposed subgroup that cannot be assigned to the ultimate ancestor language. A complex series of phonological and morphological innovations define Eastern Algonquian as a subgroup. "There
870-582: The very small amount of material available precludes a more definitive conclusion. Costa outlines three sound changes that are innovations uniquely assignable to Proto-Eastern Algonquian, and hence constitute evidence for the subgrouping (the asterisk denotes a reconstructed sound in the proto-language: (a) palatalization of Proto-Eastern-Algonquian (PEA) *k; (b) merger of PEA consonant clusters *hr and *hx; (c) shift of word-final PEA *r to š , all of which occur in Massachusett phonology . As well, refining
900-834: Was considered a divergent dialect of Anishinaabemowin (the Anishinaabe language) but now is considered a separate language. Culturally, Omàmìwininì (Algonquin) and the Michi Saagiig (Mississaugas) were not part of the Ojibwe–Odawa–Potawatomi alliance known as the Council of Three Fires . The Omàmìwininìwak (Algonquins) maintained stronger cultural ties with the Abenaki , Atikamekw and Cree . Among sister Algonquian languages are Blackfoot , Cheyenne , Cree , Fox , Menominee , Potawatomi , and Shawnee . The Algic family contains
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