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54-469: The Dolmen culture reached the regions of Penedono during antiquity. The area of Antas, for example, was primarily constructed on the religious-funerary monumental dolmen that was constructed during the Neolithic. In the flanks of the mountains these tribes established castros that were later appropriated by Roman garrisons to support their positions in the lands. They also constructed new roads that intersect

108-615: A Breton language term meaning ' stone table ' but doubt has been cast on this, and the OED describes its origin as "Modern French". A book on Cornish antiquities from 1754 said that the current term in the Cornish language for a cromlech was tolmen ('hole of stone') and the OED says that "There is reason to think that this was the term inexactly reproduced by Latour d'Auvergne [sic] as dolmen , and misapplied by him and succeeding French archaeologists to

162-513: A World Heritage Site and is a part of the Douro wine region . The Côa Valley has yielded significant archaeological findings that trace the origins of its inhabitants to the Paleolithic period, approximately 20,000 years ago. Evidence indicates that early humans inhabited the region, engaging in fishing and hunting for sustenance. They left behind notable rock engravings on the durable schist rock along

216-602: A foral in 1195 to recognize land claims of the local inhabitants and provided privileges to renegade knights. In October 1217, a second foral was conferred by Afonso II , the Queen and his children: the Infantes Sancho and Afonso III , and Infanta Eleanor . In 1321, during the reign of King Denis there existed three parochial churches in Penedono, to the invocation of São Pedro, São Salvador and Santa Maria Madalena. Over time

270-497: A commonly used dye at the time, was also grown and exported in Porto. Other goods produced in the area included wine, fruits, vegetables, meat and fish, notably excluding the potato, which had not yet been adopted. The locality's importance as a trade center had declined, not least due to the Jewish expulsion in the 15th century, but may have recovered by the end of the century. The population

324-529: A fortified settlement dating back to the Chalcolithic era. This site featured two lines of walls and a central tower, suggesting a small fortified community that may have housed around forty people. After what was likely a period of abandonment, the site was reoccupied in the 2nd millennium BCE, during the Bronze Age, as indicated by the discovery of decorated ceramics and structures made of wood and clay. During

378-801: A large flat horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the Late Neolithic period (4000–3000 BCE ) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus (burial mound). Small pad-stones may be wedged between the cap and supporting stones to achieve a level appearance. In many instances, the covering has eroded away, leaving only the stone "skeleton". In Sumba (Indonesia), dolmens are still commonly built (about 100 dolmens each year) for collective graves according to lineage. The traditional village of Wainyapu has some 1,400 dolmens. The word dolmen entered archaeology when Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne used it to describe megalithic tombs in his Origines gauloises (1796) using

432-648: A second part such as de l'alarb ('of the Arab'), del/de moro/s ('of the Moor/s'), del lladre ('of the thief'), del dimoni ('of the devil'), d'en Rotllà/Rotllan/Rotlan/Roldan ('of Roland '),. In the Basque Country , they are attributed to the jentilak , a race of giants. The etymology of the German : Hünenbett, Hünengrab and Dutch : hunebed – with Hüne / hune meaning 'giant' – all evoke

486-524: A separate district even after the division between old and new Christians was extinguished. On 16 July 1514, King Manuel I attributed a new foral to Foz Côa and by 1527 its population was 152. The town's population gradually grew to 560 households in 1708, when it was owned by the counts of Portimão, later reverting to the Portuguese crown. During the next 50 years the town stagnated and in 1758 it had only 571 households or 1,413 inhabitants, much smaller than

540-404: A third of the resident population. In 1708, Penedono was part of the comarca of Pinhel, divided between the ecclesiastical parishes of São Salvador and São Pedro, abbeys of the royal Padroado . The municipality included at that time its first Casa da Misericórdia , Hospital and five chapels, in addition to seven civil parishes: Granja, Castainço, Alcarva, Prova, Antas, Beselga and Ourozinho. At

594-674: A variety of fruits which thrive in the Mediterranean-like climate such as peaches, figs, melons, oranges, and grapes, olives and olive oil. Tourism also plays a role in the local economy, both due to the Côa Valley Archaeological site and the region's gastronomy and wine production. Furthermore, every winter, the municipality hosts a festival during the almond blossom season, attracting national and international tourists. The gastronomy of Vila Nova de Foz Côa reflects its agricultural surroundings. Local dishes feature fish from

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648-471: A variety of names in other languages, including Galician and Portuguese : anta , Bulgarian : Долмени , romanized :  Dolmeni , German : Hünengrab/Hünenbett , Afrikaans and Dutch : hunebed , Basque : trikuharri , Abkhaz : Adamra , Adyghe : Ispun Danish and Norwegian : dysse , Swedish : dös , Korean : 고인돌 , romanized :  goindol (go-in = 'propped' + dol = 'stone') , and Hebrew : גַלעֵד . Granja

702-467: Is a city and a municipality at the confluence of the rivers Douro and Côa in the district of Guarda , Portugal. The municipality covers an area of 398.15 square kilometres (153.73 sq mi) and it hosted a population of 6,304 people in 2021, while around 3,300 people lived in the city. The municipality includes part of the Côa Valley Archaeological site , declared by UNESCO as

756-558: Is also known for its sweet treats, particularly those made with almonds, such as "súplicas," and "lampreias de ovos." In the municipality there are three national monuments: The castle of Numão, the Pillory of Vila Nova de Foz Côa, and the Mother Church (Igreja Matriz) of Vila Nova de Foz Côa, with a Manueline façade. Another important monument in the municipality is the schist castle of Castelo Melhor, of Leonese construction dating back to

810-557: Is deeply rooted in agriculture. The municipality is located in the Douro DOC region and its cooperatives and vineyards grow grapes used in the production of Douro and Port wines. Almonds once played a significant role in the local economy as the municipality hosts Portugal's largest concentration of almond trees. However, this importance has diminished in recent years due to competition from Californian almond imports. Other relevant agricultural goods include olives and olive oil, game, fish and

864-541: Is used in Portugal , Galicia , and some parts of Spain . The rarer forms anta and ganda also appear. In Catalan-speaking areas , they are known simply as dolmen , but also by a variety of folk names, including cova ('cave'), caixa ('crate' or 'coffin'), taula ('table'), arca ('chest'), cabana ('hut'), barraca ('hut'), llosa ('slab'), llosa de jaça ('pallet slab'), roca ('rock') or pedra ('stone'), usually combined with

918-580: The alcalde of the village castle . Of the sheep and goats that grazed in the lands without license, there was an obligation to pay one real per head, and in the case of cattle, 10 réis. Among the rights of the local authority, the alcalde had rights of portage and to cook bread. During the 1527 population cadastral inventory of King John III , the municipality of Penedono included 486 homes and 1500 inhabitants. The most populous area of Antas, with 130 homes, followed by Castaínço (85), Beselga (82), Prova (78), Vila (73) and Alcarva (48); Antas represented almost

972-625: The Golan Heights , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria , and southeast Turkey . Dolmens in the Levant belong to a different, unrelated tradition to that of Europe, although they are often treated "as part of a trans-regional phenomenon that spanned the Taurus Mountains to the Arabian Peninsula ." In the Levant, they are of Early Bronze rather than Late Neolithic age. They are mostly found along

1026-552: The cromlech ". Nonetheless it has now replaced cromlech as the usual English term in archaeology, when the more technical and descriptive alternatives are not used. The later Cornish term was quoit – an English-language word for an object with a hole through the middle preserving the original Cornish language term of tolmen – the name of another dolmen-like monument is in fact Mên-an-Tol 'stone with hole' (Standard Written Form: Men An Toll .) In Irish Gaelic , dolmens are called Irish : dolmain . Dolmens are known by

1080-489: The 1950s, but then migration to the Portuguese colonies or abroad to Europe intensified, leading to a population decline. After the fall of the Portuguese dictatorship in the 1970s, some return to Foz Côa, but this is not enough to stop the municipality's population decline over the following decades. On July 12, 1997, Vila Nova de Foz Côa became a city. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 14 civil parishes ( freguesias ): The economy of Vila Nova de Foz Côa

1134-624: The Bronze Age to the early Iron Age, with about 40,000 to be found throughout the peninsula. In 2000, the dolmen groups of Jukrim-ri and Dosan-ri in Gochang , Hyosan-ri and Daesin-ri in Hwasun , and Bujeong-ri, Samgeori and Osang-ri in Ganghwa gained World Cultural Heritage status. (See Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites .) They are mainly distributed along the West Sea coastal area and on large rivers from

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1188-470: The Douro River and its tributaries and a variety of meats, including pork, goat, lamb, and game such as rabbit, hare, and partridge. Foz Côa’s culinary identity uses distinct regional herbs and vegetables, such as asparagus, chestnuts (pilongas), sorrel, chard, nettles, and fennel. These dishes are often accompanied by local bread made from wheat or rye, as well as regional cheese, chouriço, and olives. The area

1242-582: The Iron Age, there was a low population density in the area, due to the challenging climate. Hillforts of the castro culture were situated largely on the plateau and were of a small size. Hillforts have been identified at Espinhaço, Santa Comba, Tapadão, Curral da Pedra and Fumo. Following the Roman conquest of Hispania, this population likely fell under the domain of a center of power in Marialva, Mêda . During this period,

1296-571: The Jordan Rift Valley's eastern escarpment, and in the hills of the Galilee, in clusters near Early Bronze I proto-urban settlements (3700–3000 BCE), additionally restricted by geology to areas allowing the quarrying of slabs of megalithic size. In the Levant, geological constraints led to a local burial tradition with a variety of tomb forms, dolmens being one of them. Dolmens were built in Korea from

1350-818: The Liaoning region of China (the Liaodong Peninsula ) to Jeollanam-do . In North Korea, they are concentrated around the Taedong and Jaeryeong Rivers . In South Korea, they are found in dense concentrations in river basins, such as the Han and Nakdong Rivers , and in the west coast area ( Boryeong in South Chungcheong Province, Buan in North Jeolla Province, and Jeollanam-do. They are mainly found on sedimentary plains, where they are grouped in rows parallel to

1404-473: The Muslim states of Al-Andalus . During these periods, the occupation of the lands around Foz Côa is believed to be largely nominal, due to a lack of archaeological findings and toponymy associated with these cultures. Furthermore, it is believed that the population in this area was small during this period. During the reconquista, both the kings of Portugal and Spain made efforts to establish population centers in

1458-431: The absence of clear evidence for this. Human remains, sometimes accompanied by artefacts, have been found in or close to the dolmens which could be scientifically dated using radiocarbon dating . However, it has been impossible to prove that these remains date from the time when the stones were originally set in place. Early in the 20th century, before the advent of scientific dating, it was proposed by Harold Peake that

1512-507: The area is marked by rural activities, that occupy the fields of its inhabitants. Rye, corn and potato are the primary crops harvested in the fields, while other areas are covered in chestnut trees, vineyards, olive and almond orchards. In addition cattle-raising and dairying are important sectors of this economy. Dolmen A dolmen ( / ˈ d ɒ l m ɛ n / ) or portal tomb is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb , usually consisting of two or more upright megaliths supporting

1566-546: The border region, culminating in the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297, settling the borders. During this period, the lands that currently form the municipality of Vila Nova de Foz Côa were split. In the 12th century, Freixo de Numão and its castle rose to prominence and a large area surrounding it is given to the castle's lord. In 1299, the town of Foz Côa received its first royal charter ( foral ) from King Dinis , establishing formal recognition and local governance. This charter delineated

1620-409: The boundaries of Foz Côa, including locations such as Veiga de Santa Maria, Azinhate, and Aldeia Nova. This foral would be renewed by the same king in 1314. During the reign of King Ferdinand I , on 1 February 1371 the lands of Numão and Foz Côa are donated to Fernando Alfonso de Valencia and On 12 March 1372, Freixo de Numão would be attributed town status. During the end of the 14th century, Foz Côa

1674-475: The direction of the river or stream. Those found in hilly areas are grouped in the direction of the hill. Also called Muniyaras, these dolmens belong to the Iron Age . These dolmenoids were burial chambers made of four stones placed on edge and covered by a fifth stone called the cap stone. Some of these Dolmenoids contain several burial chambers, while others have a quadrangle scooped out in laterite and lined on

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1728-561: The dolmens of western Europe were evidence of cultural diffusion from the eastern Mediterranean. This "prospector theory" surmised that Aegean-origin prospectors had moved westward in search of metal ores, starting before 2200 BCE, and had taken the concept of megalithic architecture with them. Dolmens can be found in the Levant , some along the Jordan Rift Valley ( Upper Galilee in Israel ,

1782-502: The early 13th century. The Douro railway line passes through the north of the municipality, servicing three locations, Vesúvio, Freixo de Numão and Pocinho . The later station is located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the city of Foz Côa and it is the current eastern terminus of the railway line. From Pocinho, Comboios de Portugal runs regional services eight times a day to Porto , via Peso da Régua , Marco de Canaveses , Penafiel , Paredes and Ermesinde . The municipality

1836-682: The first document appeared that identified the region as Pene de Dono , which was actually a transliteration of Penha ou Castelo de Dono (referring to a 10th-century lord's possession). This reference was actually a letter from a rich lady, the devoted Flâmula (or Chama), who was sick and worried about her death, who sent a message to her aunt Mumadona, a founder of the Monastery of São Salvador de Guimarães, innumeral properties, castles and settlements within Aveiro and Douro and salt fields in Aveiro. Flâmula requested that her possessions and lands be sold and that

1890-454: The hills, discovering gold and silver deposits, in addition to precious metals, which they exported back to Rome. But the land was successively occupied by barbarians from eastern Europe, including tribes of Alans , Vandals , Suebi and Visigoths . Two centuries later these groups were displaced by Arab invaders from North Africa, who remained until expulsed in the second half of the 9th century, by Ferdinand I of León and Castile . In 960,

1944-703: The image of giants buried ( bett / bed / grab = 'bed/grave') there. Of other Celtic languages , Welsh cromlech was borrowed into English and quoit is commonly used in English in Cornwall . It remains unclear when, why and by whom the earliest dolmens were made. The oldest known are found in Western Europe , dating from c. 7,000 years ago. Archaeologists still do not know who erected these dolmens, which makes it difficult to know why they did it. They are generally all regarded as tombs or burial chambers, despite

1998-555: The lands of the municipalities of Muxagata in 1836, Freixo de Numão in 1853 and Almendra and Marialva in 1855, losing the parish of Marialva to Mêda in 1872. The wine production in the municipality for export would begin in the end of the 18th century, but would only ramp up during the second half of the 19th century. By 1887, the Douro railway line would reach Foz Côa and the Spanish border, which would further support wine production and its transport. The most important wine producing estate

2052-462: The left side of river Pambar as is evident from the usage of neatly dressed granite slabs for the dolmens. At least one of them has a perfectly circular hole of 28 cm diameter inside the underground chamber. This region has several types of dolmens. Large number of them are overground with about 70–90 cm height. Another type has a height 140–170 cm. There is an overground dolmen with double length up to 350 cm. Fragments of burial urns are also available in

2106-491: The monies should be used to benefit captives, pilgrims and monasteries. Of the fortifications mentioned in this sale were the castles Trancoso, Moreira, Longroiva, Numão, Vacinata, Almendra, Pena de Dono, Alcobia, Sernancelhe and Caria, as well as other penal and populations. By the end of the 12th century, the villa de penna de dono pertained to the Kings of Portugal, and with the intention of increase settlement King Sancho signed

2160-477: The neighboring Torre de Moncorvo. Then from the 1820s, during the Liberal Wars , political persecution first again liberalists and later the miguelists . During the following years, conflict again emerged due to political discussions on Setembrism and Cartism , leading to aggression, murder and house fires. Between the end of the 18th century and 1826, 150 families left the town, a number that likely increased until

2214-564: The neighboring and at the time more important municipality of Freixo de Numão, with approximately 3,180 inhabitants. In the middle of the sixteenth century, the church of the Mós was of the Counts of Marialva, to which belonged the right to appoint the parish priests. Subsequently, a bull of March 14, 1583, allowed the transfer of his possession to the University of Coimbra , leaving their income to revert to

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2268-417: The parish of Santa Maria Madalena was extinguished, and its lands divided into the remaining authorities. Similarly São Salvador, also, became extinct. The last foral was donated to Pene de Dono during the reign of Manuel I of Portugal , undersigned by Fernão de Pina, on 27 November 1512. The land rents and rights of the crown at the time were set at 2$ 970 réis to be paid by the residents and municipality to

2322-559: The population settled around courses of water and started planting new species such as olives and wine vines. Several findings of roman presence can be found throughout the municipality, in sites such as Quinta de Santa Maria de Ervamoira and Sequeira in the parish of Horta. Between the 5th and 10th centuries, the territory was under the Kingdom of the Suebi , the Visigothic Kingdom and later

2376-520: The region near the dolmens. This indicates that the dolmens with 70–90 cm height were used for burial of the remains of people of high social status. Burial urns were used for the burial of the remains of commoners. The dolmens with raised roofs might have been used for habitation of people. Why some people lived in the cemeteries has not been satisfactorily explained. Vila Nova de Foz C%C3%B4a Vila Nova de Foz Côa ( European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvilɐ ˈnɔvɐ ðɨ ˈfɔʃ ˈkoɐ] )

2430-483: The second half of the 19th century. Its population would only recover back to 3,500 inhabitants by the end of the century. This population trend was similar in Freixo de Numão, although other localities in the modern municipality of Vila Nova de Foz Côa would see their population grow. Also during the 19th century, the municipality of Vila Nova de Foz Côa would gradually expand, reaching its current size by 1872. It integrated

2484-503: The sides with granite slabs. These are also covered with cap stones. Dozens of Dolmens around the area of old Siva temple (Thenkasinathan Temple) at Kovilkadavu on the banks of the River Pambar and also around the area called Pius nagar, and rock paintings on the south-western slope of the plateau overlooking the river have attracted visitors. Apart from the dolmens of Stone Age, several dolmens of Iron Age exist in this region especially on

2538-468: The spelling dolmin (the current spelling was introduced about a decade later and had become standard in French by about 1885). The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) does not mention dolmin in English and gives its first citation for dolmen from a book on Brittany in 1859, describing the word as "The French term, used by some English authors, for a cromlech ...". The name was supposedly derived from

2592-495: The time Pedro Álvares Cabral de Lacerda e Valadares, descendant of Fernando Afonso Correia, master of Farelães and Valadares, was the alcalde of the castle. In the second half of the same century, Joaquim de Azevedo, abbey of Cedavim, composed his História Eclesiástica da cidade e Bispado de Lamego , now Penedono, to be transferred to the comarca of Trancoso . By decree on 23 December 1873, it magisterial rights were stripped, and municipal authority remained. In turn, in 1895 Penedono

2646-519: The university coffers. It should be recalled that at the time it was common for universities to have their own income, which allowed them to be financially autonomous. The connection to the University is still visible today in numerous epigraphs indicating the limits of university properties. During the 18th century, the area of the municipality was largely rural, with cereals such as wheat, rye and barley, olive oil and almonds being important goods. Sumac,

2700-558: The valley’s banks. Archaeological sites such as Canada do Inferno, Vale de Figueira, Vale de José Esteves, and Vale Cabrões contain engravings from this period and later, marking a continuous human presence throughout successive generations, including the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze, and Iron Ages. The area also shows substantial evidence of ancient settlement structures, notably at Castelo Velho in nearby Freixo de Numão, where archaeological investigations uncovered remains from

2754-409: Was briefly under the municipality of Torre de Moncorvo , during the reign of King João I , later regaining its autonomy. During the modern era, the population of the town of Foz Côa was small. Nonetheless, it had a notable Jewish population which was involved in trade and industry, influencing the local economy, but in 1496 they were expelled or forced to convert. Those who converted were confined to

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2808-450: Was extinguished on 7 September, to be restored on 13 January 1898, along with all pre-existing civil parishes. The municipality of Penedono is limited in the north by the municipality of São João da Pesqueira , east by Vila Nova de Foz Côa and Meda , south by Trancoso and west by Sernancelhe . Administratively, the municipality is divided into 7 civil parishes ( freguesias ): The agricultural sector dominates this region; as such,

2862-531: Was largely religious, with several chapels and shrines dotting the landscape. The first half of the 19th century was period of instability, intolerance and political conflict in the town of Foz Côa. In 1808, following the expulsion of the Napoleonic forces, the town's inhabitants would accuse the families descendant from new Christians involved in business and trade of conspiring with the occupiers. Over twenty houses were raided and sacked, and several families fled to

2916-436: Was of Vale Meão with 600 hectares, headed by Antónia Ferreira . The planting of this estate started 1887 and ended in 1896, and it was a labor intensive job, employing at one point more than 1,000 workers. Between the end of the 19th century and 1920, the municipality's population stagnated. Migration towards Porto or Brazil increased, while after World War I epidemics limited population growth. The city resumed growing until

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