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17-679: Pele La ( Pele Pass ; la means pass in Dzongkha ) is a high-mountain motorable pass located in Bhutan . From Wangdue Phodrang , one can travel east to Pele Pass in Bhutan's central region, which is located at an elevation of 3,420 m (11,220 ft). From its vantage point, on days with clear weather, observers can view Jomolhari soaring at 7,326 m (24,035 ft), Mount Jitchu Drake at 6,662 m (21,857 ft), and Mount Kang Bum standing tall at 6,526 m (21,411 ft). The pass acts as

34-495: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

51-482: A demarcation between the western and central regions of the country. Just at the pass, local artisans sell traditional Bhutanese handicrafts and handlooms. This Bhutan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dzongkha The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha

68-614: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Voiced alveolar fricative trill The voiced alveolar trill

85-442: A number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects. People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues. Features of the voiced alveolar trill: In Czech , there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r , there is another laminal trill, written ř , in words such as rybá ř i [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and

102-447: A transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by the linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by

119-585: Is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near

136-610: Is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental , alveolar , and postalveolar trills is ⟨ r ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r . It is commonly called the rolled R , rolling R , or trilled R . Quite often, ⟨ r ⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That

153-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

170-474: Is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages. In many Indo-European languages , a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian , Spanish , Cypriot Greek , and

187-736: The Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted

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204-551: The Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in

221-460: The common surname Dvo ř ák . Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised . It is thus partially fricative , with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ] , and some speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ] , [ɾʒ] , or [ɹʒ] . In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨ r ⟩ plus

238-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

255-487: The raising diacritic, ⟨ r̝ ⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨ r̻ ⟩. (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention , it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ ɼ ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable. Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill: Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese , University of Hawaii Press, ISBN   0-87022-070-5 Symbols to

272-494: The superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

289-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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