19-611: Peguis (ca. 1774 – 28 September 1864) was a Saulteaux chief , who moved from the Great Lakes area (near Sault Ste. Marie , Ontario) to Red Lake (now in Minnesota ), then arriving in what is now southern Manitoba in the 1790s. In 1817, he signed the first treaty ( Selkirk Treaty or Treaty No. 1) with Lord Selkirk , granting land along the Red River to the Selkirk settlers . In 1840, he
38-516: A reserve, surveyed as reserve 16A, for Metis families connected to Mikiseesis' Rainy Lake Band. Reserve 16A and the Rainy Lake Band reserve were unified in 1967. It was the third in a series of eleven numbered treaties between the Crown and First Nation band governments . Despite being the third of these treaties it is more historically significant in that its text and terms served as the model for
57-546: A vast tract of Ojibwe territory, including large parts of what is now northwestern Ontario and a small part of eastern Manitoba , to the Government of Canada. Treaty 3 also provided for rights for the Waasaakode Anishinaabe ("light skinned Anishinaabe") and other Ojibwe, through a series of agreements signed over the next year. The treaty was modified in 1875 when Nicolas Chatelain negotiated an adhesion that created
76-465: Is a French term meaning "people of the rapids," referring to their former location in the area of Sault Ste. Marie. They are primarily hunters and fishers, and when still the primary dwellers of their sovereign land, they had extensive trading relations with the French, British and later Americans at that post. The Saulteaux historically were settled around Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg , principally in
95-511: Is a general term for the Saulteaux. The neighbouring Plains Cree call them the Nahkawiyiniw ( ᓇᐦᑲᐏᔨᓂᐤ ), a word of related etymology. Their form of Anishinaabemowin (Anishinaabe language), known as Nakawēmowin ( ᓇᐦᑲᐍᒧᐏᐣ ) or Western Ojibwa language (ISO 639-3: OJW), is also an Algonquian language . Like most First Nations, most members use English as the first language. Many of
114-526: Is the first language of many members. The Ontario Saulteaux culture is descended from the Eastern Woodlands culture. The Central Saulteaux, better known as Manitoba Saulteaux, are found primarily in eastern and southern Manitoba , extending west into southern Saskatchewan . During the late 18th century and early 19th century, as partners with the Cree in the fur trade , the Saulteaux migrated northwest into
133-739: The Plains Ojibwe , are a First Nations band government in Ontario , Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia , Canada . They are a branch of the Ojibwe who pushed west. They formed a mixed culture of woodlands and plains Indigenous customs and traditions. The Saulteaux are a branch of the Ojibwe Nations within Canada . They are sometimes called the Anihšināpē ( Anishinaabe ). Saulteaux
152-497: The Cree in culture) or their Métis population (who are a little bit Anishinaabe). The language of their Métis population is described as the Bungi language . The Western Saulteaux are found primarily in central Saskatchewan , but extend east into southwestern Manitoba and west into central Alberta and eastern British Columbia . They call themselves Nakawē ( ᓇᐦᑲᐍ )—an autonym that
171-668: The Manitoba Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to Treaty 1 and Treaty 2 . The Manitoba Saulteaux culture is a transitional one from the Eastern Woodlands culture of their Ontario Saulteaux neighbours and Plains culture of the Western Saulteaux neighbours. Often, the term Bungi or Bungee (from bangii, meaning "a little bit") has been used to refer to either the Manitoba Saulteaux (who resemble
190-572: The Province). The second, The Dominion of Canada v The Province of Ontario , dealt with the question of whether or not Ontario had to indemnify Canada for the expenses incurred in negotiating the treaty and the ongoing costs of fulfilling the treaty obligations. Canada lost this case as well with the Supreme Court of Canada and the Privy Council holding that Canada was responsible for Indian affairs and
209-711: The Saulteaux have three major divisions. The Eastern Saulteaux, better known as the Ontario Saulteaux, are located around Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods in Northwestern Ontario and southeastern Manitoba . Many of the Ontario Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to Treaty 3 . Their form of Anishinaabemowin (Anishinaabe language) is sometimes called Northwestern Ojibwa language (ISO 639-3: OJB), or simply Ojibwemowin (Ojibwe). Today English
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#1732868691975228-641: The Swan River and Cumberland districts of west-central Manitoba, and into Saskatchewan along the Assiniboine River , as far its confluence with the Souris (Mouse) River. Once established in the area, the Saulteaux adapted some of the cultural traits of their allies, the Plains Cree and Assiniboine . Consequently, together with the Western Saulteaux, the Manitoba Saulteaux are sometimes called Plains Ojibwe . Many of
247-694: The Western Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to Treaty 4 and Treaty 6 ; Saulteau First Nations in North Eastern British Columbia are a signatory to Treaty 8 . The Western Saulteaux culture is that of the Plains culture . Treaty 3 Treaty 3 was an agreement entered into on October 3, 1873, by Chief Mikiseesis (Little Eagle) on behalf of the Ojibwe First Nations and Queen Victoria . The treaty involved
266-806: The areas of present-day Sault Ste. Marie and northern Michigan . Pressure from European Canadians and Americans gradually pushed the tribe westward to Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta , with one community in British Columbia . Today most of the Saulteaux live in the Interlake District; Swan River, Duck Bay, Camperville, the southern part of Manitoba, and in Saskatchewan (Kamsack and surrounding areas). Because they were forced to move to land ill-suited for European crops, they were lucky to escape European-Canadian competition for their lands and have kept much of that assigned territory in reserves. Generally,
285-507: The litigation that ensued between the Crown in Right of Ontario and the Crown in Right of Canada over the significance of the treaty and the respective roles of Canada and the provinces in relation to aboriginal peoples. The first of these cases is St. Catherines Milling v. The Queen which dealt with the question of the ownership of lands subject to a treaty (a question that was decided in favour of
304-439: The remainder of the numbered treaties. Treaties 1 and 2 covered an area about the same size and had to be amended to reflect some of the developments arising out of the negotiation of Treaty 3 . At the time that it was negotiated it was anticipated that the terms of Treaty 3 would serve as a model for future treaties and would require the amendment of Treaties 1 and 2. Treaty 3 has particular historical significance because of
323-450: The welfare of Indians and that the treaty had been negotiated to achieve broad national purposes (such as the building of the transcontinental railway) rather than to benefit Ontario. The significance of these decisions is still a matter of discussion in the Canadian courts. Treaty 3 is also significant as there exists a written record of the native peoples' understanding of the treaty. This
342-536: Was one of the early western First Nations converts to Christianity and was given the baptized name William King ; his children adopted the surname "Prince". He and his people had helped both the Hudson's Bay Company and the Selkirk settlers; indeed, without Peguis' help, the Selkirk settlers might well have starved. However, by the 1850s, he had become concerned at illegal settlement by European migrants on traditional lands. He
361-517: Was sometimes called Cut Nose since his nose had been injured in a fight in 1802. His name is commemorated in the name of Peguis First Nation , Chief Peguis Trail (Winnipeg Route 17), and many organizations, place names, and institutions of Manitoba. Saulteaux The Saulteaux (pronounced / ˈ s ɔː l t oʊ / , SAWL -toh or in imitation of the French pronunciation / ˈ s oʊ t oʊ / , SOH -toh; also written Salteaux, Saulteau and other variants ), otherwise known as
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